Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste Landfills
Environmental GuidelinesSolid waste landfillsSecond edition, 2016www.epa.nsw.gov.auEnvironmentEnvironment ProtectionProtection AuthorityAuthority
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ContentsPart A: General information . 1Structure and purpose of these guidelines .1The legislative context in New South Wales .2(a) The Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997.2(b) Other legislation .3Siting restrictions.3Impact assessment requirements .4Preparation of technical reports .5Part B: Minimum standards for landfills . 61.Leachate barrier system .61.1Design of leachate barrier system .61.2Geomembranes (flexible membrane liners) .81.3Geosynthetic clay liners .81.4Gravel drainage layers .91.5Collection pipework . 101.6Protection geotextiles. 101.7Separation geotextiles . 111.8Drainage geocomposites . 121.9Leachate extraction and level-control system. 121.10 Justification of alternative leachate barriers. 131.11 Landfilling on closed cells . 142.3.4.Leachate storage and disposal . 152.1Leachate storage . 152.2Leachate treatment and disposal . 152.3Conducting a water balance. 19Stormwater management . 213.1Erosion control . 213.2Sediment control . 21Water quality monitoring . 234.1Leachate monitoring . 234.2Stormwater monitoring . 254.3Ambient surface water monitoring . 264.4Groundwater monitoring. 27iii
5.6.Landfill gas management and monitoring . 315.1Landfill gas control . 325.2Landfill gas surface emissions monitoring . 335.3Landfill gas sub-surface monitoring . 345.4Gas accumulation monitoring in enclosed structures . 355.5Emissions from combustion of landfill gas . 365.6Microbiological gas treatment systems. 375.7Gas control measures at the receptor . 40Amenity issues: odour, dust, noise, litter and fire control . 406.1Odour control . 416.2Dust control. 426.3Noise control . 446.4Litter and debris control . 466.5Fire prevention . 477.Waste acceptance and site security procedures . 478.Covering of waste . 509.10.8.1Daily cover . 508.2Intermediate cover . 518.3Alternative daily cover materials. 518.4Additional covering requirements for special wastes . 52Final capping and revegetation. 539.1Final capping requirements . 539.2Monitoring the cap’s integrity and performance . 559.3Justification of alternative capping . 559.4Alternative caps: phytocaps . 56Closure . 5910.1 The closure plan . 5910.2 Certified statement of completion . 6010.3 Development on closed landfills . 6011.Quality assurance . 6111.1 Construction Quality Assurance Plan . 6211.2 Construction Quality Assurance Report . 6911.3 Schedule: Independent conformance testing for geosynthetic materials . 70Glossary . 77References. 88iv
Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste Landfills, Second edition 2016Part A: General informationStructure and purpose of these guidelinesA landfill is an engineered, in-ground facility for the safe and secure disposal of society’swastes.Landfills may produce the following pollution streams: leachate, stormwater runoff, landfillgas, offensive odour, dust, noise and litter. These pollutants can degrade the quality ofsurrounding surface water bodies, groundwater, soil and air. Landfilling activities have thepotential to adversely affect local amenity, and they may also affect threatened species offlora and fauna, native vegetation and items of aboriginal heritage.These guidelines provide guidance for the environmental management of landfills in NSW byspecifying a series of ‘Minimum Standards’. They involve a mix of design and constructiontechniques, effective site operations, monitoring and reporting protocols, and post-closuremanagement.The NSW Environment Protection Authority (EPA) will use these guidelines to assessapplications for new or varied landfill licences under the Protection of the EnvironmentOperations Act 1997 and to assess issues that arise during the operational and post-closureperiods of landfills.The minimum standards in these guidelines apply to general solid waste and restricted solidwaste landfills. There are some additional (higher) standards for restricted solid wastelandfills, recognising the more highly contaminated nature of those wastes.The minimum standards in these guidelines reflect the following broad goals for landfillingin NSW: landfills should be sited, designed, constructed and operated to cause minimum impactsto the environment, human health and amenity the waste mass should be stabilised, the site progressively rehabilitated, and the landreturned to productive use as soon as practicable. wherever feasible, resources should be extracted from the waste and beneficially reused adequate data and other information should be available about any impacts from thesite, and remedial strategies should be put in place when necessary all stakeholders should have confidence that appropriately qualified and experiencedpersonnel are involved in the planning, design and construction of landfills to highstandards.These guidelines combine and replace the existing documents Environmental Guidelines:Solid Waste Landfills (NSW EPA, 1996) and the Draft Environmental Guidelines for IndustrialWaste Landfilling (NSW EPA, 1998).The Glossary contains detailed explanations and definitions of all technical and scientificterms used in these guidelines.1
Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste Landfills, Second edition 2016The legislative context in New South Wales(a) The Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997The principal legislation governing waste management and landfill disposal of waste in NSWis the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997.Most new landfills receiving waste from off-site must hold an environment protection licenceissued by the EPA under the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997. There aresome exceptions, mainly relating to sites receiving small quantities of building and demolitionwaste, virgin excavated natural material or waste tyres. Schedule 1 of the Protection of theEnvironment Operations Act 1997 should be referred to for more information about theselicensing thresholds. The EPA has published a Guide to Licensing under the Protection ofthe Environment Operations Act 1997.All landfills must meet the requirements of the Protection of the Environment Operations Act1997 and the regulations made under that Act. The landfill occupier must not pollute watersin breach of section 120, cause air pollution in breach of sections 124, 125 or 126, or emitoffensive odour in breach of section 129 of the Act.The landfill occupier must notify the EPA of pollution incidents causing or threateningmaterial harm to the environment within the meaning of section 148 of the Protection of theEnvironment Operations Act 1997.Under Part 9.4 of the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997, the EPA canrequire licensees to provide and maintain a financial assurance to secure or guaranteefunding for works required under a licence. Most landfill licences contain such a condition.The EPA may claim on a financial assurance under section 303 of the Act if a licensee failsto carry out any work or program required by or under the licence. The financial assurancemust be maintained during the operation of the facility and during the post-closure perioduntil the EPA is satisfied that the site is stable and not polluting.The Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 prescribes the waste classificationsystem in NSW. The Act defines six waste classes: general solid waste (putrescible) general solid waste (non-putrescible) restricted solid waste special waste hazardous waste liquid waste.The EPA’s Waste Classification Guidelines (NSW EPA, 2014) provide further guidance onhow to classify waste for disposal.Landfill licences issued by the EPA list the types of waste that the landfill can receive.General solid waste and restricted solid waste can be disposed of in landfills licensed toreceive those waste types. Restricted solid waste contains higher (up to four times) levels ofcontaminants than general solid waste; therefore, restricted solid waste landfills must bemanaged with more stringent environmental controls than those for general solid wastelandfills.Special wastes are clinical and related waste, asbestos waste and waste tyres. Thesewastes can be disposed of at a landfill under licence, provided that additional handling andoperational measures are implemented.2
Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste Landfills, Second edition 2016Liquid and untreated hazardous wastes are not permitted to be landfilled in NSW. However,some hazardous wastes can be treated to remove or lock up (immobilise) contaminants. Thismay enable the waste to be reclassified as restricted or general solid waste, and only thendisposed of in a landfill. Special EPA approval might be required to facilitate treatment anddisposal.These guidelines should also be read in conjunction with the regulations and policy onresource recovery orders and exemptions made under clauses 91 to 93 of the Protection of theEnvironment Operations (Waste) Regulation 2014. They enable the EPA to exempt wasteapplied to land from certain requirements under the waste regulatory framework and to exempta land application site from the need to be licensed as a waste disposal facility (landfill). Anorder or exemption may be general or specific. General orders and exemptions, and guidanceon how to apply for a specific order or exemption are published on the EPA’s website.(b) Other legislationMost proposals for new or expanded landfills require development consent or approval underan Environmental Planning Instrument made under the Environmental Planning andAssessment Act 1979. This Act is administered by the NSW Department of Planning andEnvironment and local councils. The Department has published a guideline EIS PracticeGuideline: Landfilling (Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, 1996)The Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 sets out several project assessmentprocesses, and the applicable process will depend on the scale of the project, the nature ofthe waste, and the location. The NSW Department of Planning and Environment and therelevant local council should be consulted for more information on the applicable assessmentprocess in each case.Regardless of the planning assessment process, these guidelines will form the basis of theEPA’s input at the planning stage.In addition, all landfill proposals must address the requirements of statutes protectingthreatened and endangered species of fauna and flora, native vegetation and items ofAboriginal cultural heritage. Relevant statutes administered by the Office of Environment andHeritage are the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, the Threatened Species ConservationAct 1995 and the Native Vegetation Act 2003.Contaminated sites in NSW are regulated under the Contaminated Land Management Act1997. Older, closed landfills are sometimes managed under this Act. The EPA has publishedrisk assessment guidelines for this purpose. These contaminated sites guidelines apply toolder, closed landfills that are not regulated by the EPA under the Protection of theEnvironment Operations Act 1997. Active or recently closed landfills are managed throughthe landfill licensing process under the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997and the minimum standards in these guidelines. For more information refer to Managingcontaminated land in NSW at www.epa.nsw.gov.au/clm/management.htm.Siting restrictionsLocation is an important factor in determining the environmental risk posed by a landfill.Judicious location of a landfill is the single most effective environmental management tool.Some of the minimum standards in these guidelines will be easier to achieve, and somedesign elements may even be omitted, by selecting a site where natural barriers (e.g.hydrogeological barriers) protect environmental quality and where the separation distancesto sensitive receptors ensure that there will not be adverse impacts on existing and futuredevelopment. The risk of leachate contamination increases where the site is in poorhydrogeological conditions, near sensitive water bodies such as wetlands, or near watersources used for drinking, irrigation, industrial use or stock watering.3
Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste Landfills, Second edition 2016These guidelines do not contain express buffer distances or locational requirements.However, there are a number of recognised environmentally sensitive and inappropriateareas for landfilling. The EPA supports the list of such locations set out in the NSWDepartment of Planning and Environment’s EIS Practice Guideline: Landfilling, Table 1(NSW Department of Urban Affairs and Planning, 1996).In summary, the list of inappropriate areas for landfilling includes sites located as follows: within 250 metres (or other protection zone) of an area of significant environmental orconservation value identified under relevant legislation or environmental planninginstruments, including national parks, historic and heritage areas, conservation areas,wilderness areas, wetlands, littoral rainforests, critical habitats, scenic areas, scientificareas and cultural areas within specially reserved drinking water catchments, such as special areas identified bythe Sydney Catchment Authority, Sydney Water and lo
Environmental Guidelines: Solid Waste Landfills, Second edition 2016 2 The legislative context in New South Wales (a) The Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997 The principal legislation governing waste management and landfill disposal of waste in NSW is the Protection of the Environment Operations Act 1997.
3. Urban waste generation by income level and year 12 4. Waste collection rates by income 15 5. Waste collection rates by region 15 6. Waste composition in China 17 7. Global solid waste composition 17 8. Waste composition by income 19 9. Solid waste composition by income and year 20 10. Waste composition by region 21 11. Total MSW disposed of .
Fire safety in waste facility 41 Litter and illegal dumping 41 Waste levy 42 Asbestos waste 42. . regular use of road-sweeper on sealed roads and water carts on unsealed roads to minimise dust emission . Solid waste landfills - compliance audit program 2 active tipping face kept small, especially during windy conditions
Background Paper for Beyond Waste Summary Document 2 evolution in knowledge about the proper handling of solid waste and the proper construction, monitoring, and closure of landfills. . or landfilling of mixed waste The "Waste Not Washington Act" also directed Ecology to prepare a third solid waste management plan and review the plan at least .
Integrated Solid Waste Management Generation-Source Perspective Residential Collection of Waste Segregation of Waste Recycling waste (organic & inorganic) Waste Exchange Discarded waste Treatment Recovery Final waste Final disposal Hazardous Waste for Treatment & Disposal 3R Services (Healthcare, Laboratory, etc.) Industrial &
Oct 01, 2007 · Recovery Act (RCRA). Under Subtitle D of RCRA, states are encouraged to develop comprehensive plans for the management of non-hazardous industrial solid waste and municipal solid waste (MSW). Subtitle D also sets criteria for MSW landfills and other solid waste disposal facilities, and prohibits the open dump
Minnesota's Waste Management Act has been in place since 1980 and establishes criteria for the management of three types of solid waste - mixed municipal solid waste (MMSW), construction and demolition wastes (C&D), and industrial solid waste (ISW). The waste management hierarchy establishes preferred management methods based on environmental
state or federal solid waste regulations, just to RCRA Subtitle C (Hazardous Waste). 2. DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS WASTE 40 CFR 261.3(a) – definition of hazardous waste: (a) A solid waste, as defined in §261.2, is a hazardous waste if: (1) It i
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