Handbook On Building Fire Codes
Document No. :: IITK-GSDMA-Fire05-V3.0Final Report :: C - Fire CodesIITK-GSDMA Project on Building CodesHandbook on Building Fire CodesbyG.B.MenonFire Adviser, Govt. of India {Retd.} CochinEx-Chairman CED-22 Fire Fighting Sectional CommitteeBureau of Indian Standards.J.N.VakilAsst.General Manager{Retd},TAC/GIC,AhmedabadEx-Chairman CED-36 Fire Safety Sectional CommitteeBureau of Indian Standards.
This document has been developed under the project on BuildingCodes sponsored by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority,Gandhinagar at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur. The views and opinions expressed are those of the authors and notnecessarily of the GSDMA, the World Bank, IIT Kanpur, or the Bureauof Indian Standards. Comments and feedbacks may please be forwarded to:Prof. Sudhir K Jain, Dept. of Civil Engineering, IIT Kanpur, Kanpur208016, email: nicee@iitk.ac.in
Handbook on Building Fire CodesHANDBOOK ON BUILDING FIRE CODESCONTENTSPage 8Section-3Fire Science-Basic PrinciplesChapter 1 Basic Principles of CombustionChapter 2 Combustion Process(Relevantto Fire Science)Section-4Fire Extinction/Suppression TechnologyChapter 1 Constituents of FireChapter 2 Methods of Fire ExtinguishmentChapter 3 Extinguishing MediaChapter 4 Fixed Fire Extinguishing SystemsChapter 5 First-aid Fire Fighting 4165-174Section-5Building Fire Hazards175-185Section-6Life Hazards in Buildings andMeans of Escape / Egress / Exit186-201Section-7Fire Safety in Building Designand Construction-Basic Principles202-217Section-8Fire Protection/Fire SafetyManagement for various classesof Occupancies218-241Section-9242-246IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Building Codes and RegulationsAn OverviewPage 3
Handbook on Building Fire CodesANNEXURESPage RefAnnex-AProposed Contents of RevisedNational Building Codes247Annex-BLegislation Relating to Fire Safety/Fire Protection in India248Annex-CList of Indian Standards Relatingto Fire Safety/Fire Protection249 -257Annex-DCalorific Values of CommonMaterials and Typical Values ofFire Load Density258 -260Annex-EBroad Classification of Industrialand Non-Industrial Occupanciesas per degree of Hazard261 -264Annex-FQualifications and ExperienceProposed for Fire ProtectionEngineer/Consultant forRegistration/Accreditation265 -267Annex-GRole of Insurance Industryvis-a-vis Risk ManagementMeasures-An Update268 -271Annex-HList of Figures272 -274Annex-IGraphic Symbols for fire ProtectionPlanAnnex-JFire Protection - Safety SignsIITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0275 -279280 -287Page 4
Handbook on Building Fire CodesHANDBOOK ON BUILDING FIRE CODESSECTION-1 - INTRODUCTIONBuilding, whether used for living, working, entertainment or forother purposes, forms an integral and major constituent of humanhabitat. As a sequel to the all round socio-economic progress, andthe steady urbanisation processes gathering momentum all over ourcountry for the past few decades, there has been enormous increasein the number of buildings of all classifications, including high-riseand special buildings, especially in the urban and surrounding areas.With the technological advances on all fronts, not only the factor of susceptibility, but the complexity of fires, explosions and thehazards which these buildings are exposed to have also increasedmanyfold. These hazards have been instrumental in causing heavylosses in lives and property throwing up fresh challenges toplanners, architects and fire protection services in evolving betterand improved methods of design and fire protection in order tomitigate such losses.The first version of the National Building Code was publishedby the Bureau of Indian Standards in 1970, which was subsequentlyrevised in 1983. The 1983 edition of NBC consists of 10 Parts, of whichPart-4 deals with Fire Safety / Fire Protection aspects. All the Parts ofNBC, including Part-4, are under revision now.The recently revised version of Part 4, Fire and Life Safety, is under print and expected to beout by June 2005, as per information furnished by BIS.Part-4 of the NBC, dealing exclusively and comprehensively onFire and Life Safety is the prime Code document on the subject in ourcountry, supplemented by several other State and LocalAuthority level Development Control Regulations and BuildingBye-laws. The whole objective of these regulatory documents is forensuring the implementation and maintenance of basic minimumstandards of construction, structural as well as fire and life safety inbuildings of all types of occupancies which is, infact, the social, moraland legal responsibility of the entire community.Building Codes and Fire Protection are two sides of the samecoin which serve to alleviate losses of lives and property due to fire.Buildings vary so much in their interior layout, siting, height, area,IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 5
Handbook on Building Fire Codescubic capacity, use and construction. The architectural andstructural design of a building and construction have a significant effect on its fire safety standards. Similarly, the fire protectionmeasures incorporated for the building, both active and passive, alsoprovide reasonable safety from the effects of fire.Building Codes and Regulations prescribe only thebasic minimum requirements for achieving fire and life safety inbuildings, and nothing in these documents prohibit better type ofbuilding construction, more exits, or provision of other saferconditions than what are prescribed in the documents. It is alsorecognised that absolute safety from fire is seldom attained inpractice. Further, it has to be borne in mind that while implementingthe provisions of the Codes and Regulations, the nature ofoccupants as well as the activities pursued by them in the building,must also be taken into consideration.For ensuring proper and adequate implementation of theprovisions of the Building Codes and Regulations, it will benecessary to associate qualified and trained Fire ProtectionEngineers / Consultants with the building industry right from theplanning and design stage of the buildings. To provide necessaryguidance and assistance in this regard the proposed qualificationsand experience for their registration / accreditation, are also includedin one of the Annexures to this Handbook.All those concerned in the construction activity have to keepan up-to-date track of all the current Building Codes and Regulationsas well as the relevant standards on the subject. Since such topicsare seldom taught in any educational or academic institutions, anattempt has been made through this Handbook to provide necessaryinformation and guidance for facilitating better understanding andknowledge of various aspects of Fire Science, Fire Protection / Safetyand such other related subjects for all those concerned with theformulation, operation and implementation of the relevant Codes andStandards on Fire and Life Safety. It is hoped that this Handbook,being the first of its kind, to be published on the subject, will be founduseful for reference by all concerned.This Handbook has been prepared based on latest study material available with internationally accepted technical literature on fireand life safety, and Building Codes, including our National Codes, aswell as the long standing experience of the authors in the field.IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 6
Handbook on Building Fire CodesHANDBOOK ON BUILDING FIRE CODESSECTION 2 - TERMINOLOGY1.Alternative escape routesEscape routes sufficiently separated by either direction andspace, or by fire resisting construction, to ensure that one is stillavailable, should the other be affected by fire.Note:- A second stair, balcony or flat roof which enables aperson to reach a place of safety.2.Alternative exitOne of two or more exits, each of which is separate from theother.3.AtriumA space within a building, not necessarily vertically aligned,passing through one or more structural floorsNote:- Enclosed lift wells, enclosed escalator wells, buildingservices ducts and stairways are not classified as atria.4.Auto Ignition Temperature (AIT)AIT is the lowest temperature at which substance will ignitespontaneously or by itself without any external source ofignition.5.Automatic Fire Detection and Alarm SystemFire Alarm system comprising components for automaticallydetecting a fire, initiating an alarm of fire and initiating otheractions as appropriate.Note:- This system may also include manual fire alarm call points.6.Automatic Sprinkler System:A system of water pipes fitted with sprinkler heads at suitableintervals and heights and designed to actuate automatically,control and extinguish a fire by discharge of water.IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 7
Handbook on Building Fire Codes7.BuildingAny structure for whatsoever purpose and of whatsoevermaterials constructed and every part thereof whether used ashuman habitation or not and includes foundations, plinth,walls, floors, roofs, chimneys, plumbing and building services,fixed platform, varandah, balcony, cornice or projection, part ofa building or anything affixed thereto or any wall enclosing orintended to enclose any land or space and signs and outdoordisplay structures. Tents, Shamianahs, tarpaulin shelters, etc,erected for temporary and ceremonial occasions with thepermission of the Authority shall not be considered as building8.Building, Height of:The vertical distance measured in the case of flat roofs, fromthe average level of the ground around and contiguous to thebuilding to the terrace of the last livable floor of the buildingadjacent to the external wall; and in the case of pitched roof upto the point where the external surface of the outer wall intersectsthe finished surface of the sloping roof, and in the case ofgables facing the road, the mid point between the eaves leveland the ridge. Architectural features serving no other functionexcept that of decoration, shall be excluded for the purpose ofmeasuring heights.9.Co-efficient of linear expansionThe amount by which unit length of a solid substance expandswhen its temperature is raised by 1oC is called the co-efficient oflinear expansion of the substance.10. CombustionCombustion is an exothermic, self-sustaining reaction involvinga condensed-phase fuel, a gas-phase fuel, or both. The processis usually associated with the oxidation of the fuel by atmosphericoxygen with the emission of light.11. Combustible materialThe material which either burns itself or adds heat to a fire.when tested for non-combustibility in accordance with acceptedstandard [c(1)]IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 8
Handbook on Building Fire Codes12. CompartmentationThe division of a building into fire-tight compartments by fireresistant elements of building construction in order to control afire for a stated period of time within the compartment of origin.13. Compartment (Fire)A building or part of a building, comprising one or more rooms,spaces or storeys, constructed to prevent the spread of fire to orfrom another part of the same building, or an adjoining building14. Compressed GasesAre gases which exist solely in the gaseous state under NTP(Normal Temperature and Pressure) inside the container.15. Covered AreaGround area covered by building immediately above the plinthlevel. The area covered by the following in the open places isexcluded from covered area (like garden, well & well structures,porch, portico, watchman’s booth, security room, pumphouse,sub-stations or such other utility structures).16. Cryogenic GasesAre liquefied gases which exist in the container at temperaturesfar below normal atmospheric temperature, but usually slightlyabove their Boiling Point at NTP, and at correspondingly low tomoderate pressures.17. Dead EndArea from which escape is possible in one direction only18. Down ComerAn arrangement of fire fighting within the building by means ofdown comer pipe connected to terrace tank through terracepump, gate valve and non return valve, and having mains notless than 100mm internal diameter with landing valves on eachfloor landing. It is also fitted with inlet connections at groundlevel for charging with water by pumping from fire servicesappliances and air release valve at roof level to release trappedair inside.19. Element of Structurea) a member forming part of the structural frame of a building orany other beam or column;b) a loadbearing wall or loadbearing part of a wall;c) a floor;IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 9
Handbook on Building Fire Codesd) a gallery;e) an external wall; andf) a compartment wall (including a wall common to two or morebuildings).20. Emergency LightingLighting provided for use when the supply to the normal lightingfails.21. Emergency Lighting System:A complete but discrete emergency lighting installation fromstandby power source to the emergency lighting lamp(s), forexample, self contained emergency luminaire or a circuit fromcentral battery generator connected through wiring to severalescape luminaries.22. Escape Lighting:That part of emergency lighting which is provided to ensure thatthe escape route is illuminated at all material times (for example,at all times when persons are on the premises), or at times themain lighting is not available, either for the whole building or theescape routes.23. Escape RouteRoute forming that part of the means of escape from any pointin a building to a final exit.24. Evacuation LiftA lift that may be used for the evacuation of disabled people in afire.25. Exposure HazardThe risk of fire spreading from a building, structure or otherproperty to an adjoining building or structure, or to another partof the same building or structure by radiated heat across theintervening space.26Fire DamperA closure which consists of a normally held open damper installedin an air distribution system or in a wall or floor assembly anddesigned to close automatically in the event of a fire in order tomaintain the integrity of fire separation.IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 10
Handbook on Building Fire Codes27. Fire DetectorA device which gives a signal in response to a change in theambient conditions in the vicinity or within the range of thedetector, due to a fire.28. Fire DoorA fire-resistive door approved for openings in fire separationwalls.29. Fire ExitA way out leading to an escape route. This can either be adoorway or even a horizontal exit.30. Fire fighting AccessApproach facilities provided to or within a building to enable fireservice personnel and equipment to gain access thereto for fireand rescue operations.31. Fire fighting ShaftA protected enclosure containing a fire fighting stair, fire fightinglobbies and, if provided, a fire fighting lift, together with itsmachine room.32. Fire LiftThe lift installed to enable fire services personnel to reachdifferent floors with minimum delay.33. Fire LoadCalorific energy, of the whole contents contained in a space,including the facing of the walls, partition, floors and ceilings.34. Fire Load DensityThe fire load per unit area.35. Fire PointIs the lowest temperature at which the heat from the combustionof a burning vapour is capable of producing sufficient vapour toenable combustion to be sustained.IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 11
Handbook on Building Fire Codes36. Fire PreventionThe whole set of precautions to prevent the outbreak of fire andto limit its effects.37. Fire ProtectionDesign features, systems or equipment in a building, structureor other fire risk, to minimise the danger to persons and propertyby detecting, containing and/or extinguising fires.38. Fire ResistanceFire resistance is a property of an element of building constructionand is the measure of its ability to satisfy for a stated periodsome or all of the following criteria:(a) Resistance to collapse(b) Resistance to penetration of flame and hot gases, and(c) Resistance to temperature rise on the unexposed faceupto a maximum of 180oC and / or average temperatureof 150oC39. Fire Resistance RatingThe time that a material or construction will withstand thestandard fire exposure as determined by fire test done inaccordance with the standard methods of fire tests of materials/structures.40. Fire SeparationThe distance in meters measured from the external wall of thebuilding concerned to the external wall of any other building onthe site, or from other site, or from the opposite side of street orother public space to the building for the purpose of preventingthe spread of fire.41. Fire Separating Wall:The wall provides complete separation of one building fromanother, or part of a building from another part of the samebuilding, to prevent any communication of fire or heattransmission to wallitself which may cause or assist in thecombustion of materials on the side opposite to that portion whichmay be on fire.IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 12
Handbook on Building Fire Codes42. Fire Stop:A fire resistant material or construction having a fire resistancerating of not less than the separating elements installed inconcealed spaces or between structural elements of a buildingto prevent the spread/propagation of fire and smoke throughwalls, ceilings and the like as per the laid down criteria.43. Fire Tower:An enclosed staircase which can only be approached from thevarious floors through landings or lobbies separated from boththe floor areas and the staircase by fire-resisting doors, andopen to the outer air.44. Flash PointIs the lowest temperature at which the vapour produced by asubstance will flash momentarily when a flame is applied.45. Floor Area RatioThe quotient obtained by dividing the total covered area(plinth area) of all floors by the area of the plot;FAR Total covered area of all floorsPlot area46. GalleryAn intermediate floor or platform projecting from a wall of anauditorium or a hall providing extra floor area, additional seatingaccommodation etc. It shall also include the structures providedfor seating in stadia.47. Group HousingGroup or multi-storeyed housing for more than one dwelling unit,where land is owned jointly (as in the case of co-operativesocieties or the public agencies, such as local authorities orhousing boards, etc.) and the construction is undertaken by oneAgency/Authority.48. High Rise BuildingAs per NBC Part-4, all buildings 15m and above in height shallbe considered as high rise buildings.IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 13
Handbook on Building Fire Codes49. Horizontal ExitAn arrangement which allows alternative egress from a floor areato another floor at or near the same level in an adjoining buildingor an adjoining part of same building with adequate fireseparation.50. InhibitionA process of fire extinguishment in which the extinguishing agentused prevents the development of chemical reactions in the flameinitiating and sustaining the fire.51. Interior FinishGenerally consists of those materials or combinations ofmaterials that form the exposed interior surface of walls andceilings.52. Latent HeatThe thermal energy or the heat of a substance absorbed whenit is converted from a solid to a liquid, or from a liquid to a gas /vapour, is called latent heat. It is measured in Joules per unitmass(J/kg).53. Latent Heat of VapourisationThe heat which is absorbed by a liquid for conversion to itsvapour stage is the latent heat of vapourisation for that liquid.The heat which is absorbed by water for conversion to steam isthe latent heat of vapourisation of water.54. Latent Heat of FusionThe heat which is absorbed during change of state from solid toliquid is called the latent heat of fusion. When ice melts to formwater and heat is absorbed, it is called as the latent heat offusion of ice.55. Liquefied GasesAre gases which, at normal atmospheric temperature inside thecontainer exists partly in the liquid state and partly in the gaseousstate and under pressure, as long as any liquid remains in thecontainer.IITK-GSDMA-Fire 05-V3.0Page 14
Handbook on Building Fire Codes56. Means of EgressA c
Chapter 2 Methods of Fire Extinguishment 43-47 Chapter 3 Extinguishing Media 48-65 Chapter 4 Fixed Fire Extinguishing Systems 66-164 Chapter 5 First-aid Fire Fighting Equipment 165-174 Section-5 Building Fire Hazards 175-185 Section-6 Life Hazards in Buildings and 186-201 Means of Escape / Egress / Exit Section-7 Fire Safety in Building Design .
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