Biology, 1 Of 6
High School Biology - Core Concept Master Cheat SheetBiology, 1 of 601: The Science of Biology03: The Cell Characeristics of lifeOrganization: all lives are well organizedEnergy use: all lives need energy to supportReproduction: all lives should be able to reproduce itselfGrowth: all lives grow and develop.Response to stimuli: all lives can respond to internal orexternal stimuliHomeostasis: all lives have the ability to maintain arelatively stable internal environment—self-regulation Basic Theory of modern biologyCell Theory Cell is the building unit of all living organisms. All cells come from pre-existing cells All metaboism occur in cells of the body—cells arefunctional unit for all livesGene Theory All genetic information is stored in DNA – genes Genes control most, if not every, aspects of an organism The DNA language can be transcribed into RNA languageand then translated into protein language for its finalfunctionHomeostasis All living organisms have the ability to maintain a relativelyconstant internal environment Purpose: to ensure proper function of the bodyCell organelles and their functions: Nucleus: the control centero Holds all of cell’s genetic informationo Makes decisions about cell needs Ribosome: the factoryo Synthesizes proteins Rough Endoplasmic Reticulumo Edits and finalizes proteins made by ribosomes. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulumo Synthesizes carbohydrates and lipids. Golgi Apparatus: the post officeo Tags and ships packages to their destinations Mitochondria: the power houseo Produces ATP for the cell’s activities. Lysosome: the recycling center.o Recycles waste and foreign bacteria.The cell membrane: lipid bilayer which envelops the cell. ForProtection, Communication, and Selective ExchangePassive Transporto Does not use energyo Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusiono Natural movement from high concentration to lowconcentration.Active Transporto Uses energyo Movement from against natural diffusionProkaryotes Examples: bacteria, microscopic organisms Structure: DNA, ribosomes, and cell membranes. Except for ribosomes, prokaryotes DO NOT have organelles.Eukaryotes Animals: with organelles and cell membraneso Plants: with organelles and cell membranes like animalcells, but also have chloroplasts and cell walls.02: Chemical Basis of LifeAtoms:o electrons: both energy and substance particleso neutronso protonsMolecules:o Formed by atomso Joined by chemical bondso molecular formula and structure formulaChemical Bond:Ion bond: ion bond forms when atoms lose or gainelectrons.Covalent bond: Covalent bonds form when atoms shareelectrons, very strong bonds. The major one in organicchemicals.Hydrogen bond: Weak electrical attraction between thepositive end of one molecule and the negative end of anotherBuffers: solutions which resist change in pH upon addition ofsmall amounts of acid or base.pH: pH represents the concentration of hydrogen ions [H ]in solution.pH -log [H nsContains CHONContainsSometimes S ntainsCHONPAnabolism(Construction of bolism(Breakdown of loseEnzyme04: Cellular RespirationAerobic Resoiration Glycolysiso Glucose is broken down into pyruvate.o 2 ATP produced. Krebs Cycleo Acetyl CoA (made from pyruvate) runs a cycle ofreactions, regenerating at the end of each cycle.o All of the electrons are passed to NADH and FADH2(electron carriers).o 2 ATP produced. Oxidative Phosphorylationo 32 ATP produced.Anaerobic Resoiration Glycolysis: Glucose is broken down into pyruvate; 2 ATPproduced. Fermentation: Pyruvate is broken down into ethanol orlactic acid. Glycolysis intermediates produced to allowglycolysis to begin again immediately.Metabolism(Chemical Reactions Necessary For Fatty own intoBetaAmino AcidsOxidation Rapid Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved
High School Biology - Core Concept Master Cheat SheetBiology, 2 of 605: Photosynthesis07: Introduction to Ecology Chloroplast: An organelle in plant cells wherephotosynthesis occur. Photophosphorylation: a process that ATP is generatedvia light reactions in photosynthesis. Light Reaction: The first phase of photosysnthesis whichlight is harvested and the electron transfer occurs, ATP,NADPH and oxygen is generated. Dark Reaction: The second phase of photosynthesis wherecrbon dioxide is fixed and carbohydrates are generated byconsuming ATP and NADPH. Chloroplasts: These are organelles which allow theorganism to perform photosynthesis, obtaining energy fromsunlight. Chlorophyll: Proteins found in chloroplasts which have theability to absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.OrganismsEnvironmentStudy of Organisms andEnvironment is ResponsesPlantsLightSoil3 CO2AnimalsWindRubiscoFire and other6ATP6 3PGA6NADPH3 RuBPThe Calvin Cycle5 P3G6 P3G3 ATP1 P3G06: The Cell CycleCentriolesandspindlefibersbreak down.M checkpointG2 checkpointG1 checkpointS checkpoint ProphaseoChromosomes condense and become visible.oNuclear envelope breaks down.oCentrioles take positions on opposite sides ofnucleus. Anaphase:oSister chromatids are pulled apart to becomeindividual chromosomes.oChromosomes move until they reach centrioles onopposite sides of cell.RapidLearningCenter.com08: Communities, Ecosystems, and Biomes Primary Succession: An event in which life begins to existwhere no life existed previously. Secondary Succession: The change in composition of thespecies which live in an area. Aquatic Ecosystems: Most of life on Earth lives in theoceans, a poorly understand system of oceans, lakes,streams, rivers, and estuaries. Terrestrial Biomes: The group of ecosystems which sharethe same climate, flora, and fauna.Community Interactions Metaphase:oChromosomes line up single-file in the middle of thecell.oSpindle fibers from the centrioles attach to eachside of the centromeres of the chromosomes. Telophase:oChromosomes dissolve.oNuclear envelopes re-form around both sets ofchromosomes. Biosphere: The entire portion of the earth that is inhabitedby life. The sum of all the planet’s ecosystems. Biomes: The world’s major communities classified accordingto the predominant vegetation and characterized byadaptations of organisms to that particular environment. Community: A group of populatins living in the same area. Population: A group of individuals in a particular geographicarea that belong the same species. Producers: They are primarily green plants that bringenergy into the system by capturing sunlight. Consumers: An organism in an eco system that lives byeating other organisms. Food Web: A complex interaction of feeding relationships. Chemical Cycling: Nature’s way of allowing life on Earthaccess to limited resources by continually transferring theenergy from one form to the next.SymbiosisCompetition PredationBetween speciesPlant ole ofCompetitionRole ofin speciespredation indiversitystructuringcommunities Rapid Learning Inc. All Rights ReservedComplex effects ofcommunityInteractions onspeciesdiversityParasitismCommenalismMutualism
Biology, 3 of 609: Population Ecology11: Genetics Population: It is a group of individuals of a given speciesinhabiting a specific geographic area and exhibiting acharacteristic density and dispersion. Population Density: Individuals per unit area or volume. Dispersion: The pattern of spacing for individuals withinthe boundaries of the population.Geographic limits within which a population lives.Density ofindividualsover theentirerange.Population rangeEcologicaldensityAbsolute densityHabitat selection Chromosome: where the cell nucleus pack its long stretchof DNA molecule into, it is the functional unit for heredity Meiosis: A reproductive process which produces two uniquehaploid cells from one cell. These unique haploid cells aregametes, sex cells for reproduction. Haploid: Descibing a cell which has one entire set of theoganism’s chromosomes. Diploid: Describing a cell which has two entire sets of theorganism’s chromosomes. Cross: The parents which reproduce together.Aa x aaDensity oforganismsin habitatactuallyoccupied.AAaAaaaaaaaaIf present, the dominant allele appearsin the phenotype.Behavior of animals in moving toward a particularmicroenvironment within the range that satisfies theirrequirements.Limiting anceIncompleteallelesis theDominanceshow upmiddle ofin thethe twoPolygenic Traitsalleles.phenotype.Many genes (with 2 alleles each) combine to create onephysical trait.12: Nucleic AcidsDisease DNAooCompetition10: Conservation Ecology Reforestation: It is the development of a forest in adeforested area to ensure a sustained yield. Conservation: It is the safeguarding, maintaining orprotecting and wise management of natural resources.oIs the cellular genetic materialContains two strands based on base pairing betweenA and T, C and G.The two strands are anti-parallel and form doublehelix structure RNA Classes:omRNA: Copies information from DNA through baseMaterials which satisfy human needs and wantparing mechanismin a given space and time, and serve to attainotRNA: carries amino acids to protein synthesis sitesindividual as well as social welfare.orRNA: component for ribosomeoncRNA: regulate cellular processes The Central DogmaSoilAirPlants and AnimalwealthLandmRNAMineralsWater EnergyThree types ofThey are natural resources sincethey are all parts of nature.ContinuousResourcesRenewableResourcesNon- renewableResources Resources: They are materials which satisfy human needsand wants in a given space and time and serve to attainindividuals as well as social welfare. Non Renewable resources: There is no known process bywhich they can be renewed quickly. They are available infixed quantities and too much exploitation would mean theirend. Ex: Minerals, ground water.RapidLearningCenter.comDNAProtein Transcription: RNA polymerase reads DNA and producespre-mRNA. The pre-mRNA is edited via splicing of exonstogether to form the mature mRNA which leaves the nucleusto enter the cytoplasm. Translation: Ribosomes read the mRNA script and tRNA’sbring amino acids in order to produce the final gene product,proteins. Causes of MutationoErrors during DNA replicationoDNA damageoChromosome errorss Rapid Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved
High School Biology - Core Concept Master Cheat SheetBiology, 4 of 613: The Human Genome15: Evolutionary History Autosomal Chromosomes: Chromosomes that code forthe regular human traits. Sex Chromosomes: Chromosomes that determine sex. Genetic Disorder: A disease or sickness caused by DNA atbirth.Autosomal-RecessiveSex-LinkedGenetic DisordersAutosomalDominant Precambrian Time: 99% of Earth’s history. All of the lifehistory events above happened during this time.Oxygenation of the atmosphere, the first life forms, etc. Alllife was aquatic. Paleozoic Era: The first invertebrates and vertebrates.Insects, plants, and reptiles appeared. First movement oforganisms onto land. Mesozoic Era: “The Age of Reptiles.” Reptiles becamedominant. Mammals appeared. Dinosaurs became extinct. Cenozoic Era: “The Age of Mammals.” Mammals becamedominant. Glaciers melted. The climate warmed. Humansappeared.Formation of EarthChromosomalProto-life FormedGenetic osynthetic Prokaryotes AppearOxygen Enters InjectintoPlantVirusEukaryotes AppearNucleusof EggInfectsplant withDNAMulticellularEukaryotes Appear16: ClassificationTransformedby cell.14: EvolutionHeritable Adaptation: Any inherited trait that ultimatelyleads to a reproductive advantage of a species.Punctuated Equilibrium: Evolutionary changes occurrelatively quickly followed by long periods of stabilization.Natural selection:-Natural Selection is a result of a species interaction with theenvironment, with “selection” being determined by whicheverspecies lives long enough to propagate and thereby besuccessful.-Survival of the “Fittest”. Fit refers to best fit to environment. Taxonomy: The discipline of studying and classifyingorganisms. Animalia: A kingdom which includes heterotrophicconsumers such as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, anddetritivores. Binomial Nomenclature: A standard way to refer to thescientific name of an organism by using the genus andspecies. Phylogeny: The process of classifying and organizingorganisms based on evolutionary relationships.Random Variation oftraits in a populationAdaptation Æ moreoffspring carryingadvantageous traitsInteraction ofspecies withenvironmentDifferential reproductivesuccess of species carryingparticular traitsFive Kingdom SystemMonera Protista FungiPlamtae AnimaliaRapidLearningCenter.com Rapid Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved
High School Biology - Core Concept Master Cheat SheetBiology, 5 of 617: Bacteria and Viruses19: The Nervous System Bacteria: smallest and simplest organisms, scientificallycalled prokaryotes. Binary Fission: Asexual reproduction of prokaryotes. Conjugation: A method of transferring DNA from onebacteria to another using a sex pilus. Transformation: A method of transferring DNA in which abacteria picks up DNA from another dead bacteria andintegrates the foreign DNA as its own. Transduction: A method of DNA transfer in which a virusaccidentally picks up DNA from one bacteria and injects itinto another. Obligate Anaerobes: bacteria which are unable to grow inthe presence of oxygen, Facultative anaerobes: bacteria which can grow with orwithout oxygen Aerobic: bacteria which require oxygen to grow. Lytic Cycle: A viral life cycle which takes over and kills ahost cell in order to make more viruses. Lysogenic Cycle: A viral life cycle which integrates viralDNA into host DNA in order to be replicated with the hostDNA and lie dormant. Neurotransmitter: Biological particles which the branchesrelease when an action potential reaches them.Neurotransmitters carry information to the next neuron.DendriteTerminalBranchesCell BodyAxonThe Nervous SystemCentralPeripheralGenetic MaterialCapsid:BrainSpinal CordMotorSensoryTail FibersAutonomic18: Plants Transpiration: Evaporation via the stomata on the lowersurface of leaves pulls up water/minerals from roots. Thisforce makes water to go upwards from root to leaves. Differences between a plant cell and an animal cello Cell wall: plants have a protective layer of cellulosearound the cell membrane known as the cell wall.o Large central vacuole: This large organelle maintainsthe structure of the plant cell by giving a water-filledsupport.o Chloroplast: This organelle allows plants to performphotosynthesis, to absorb sunlight to produce energy.Rooto Usually under the ground Functiono Anchor plants to soilo Absorb and transport nutrientsSympatheticStemo The part of a plant fromwhich shoots and buds arise. Functiono Structural supporto Growth through increase indiameter and elongationo Transport of fluids between theroots and the leaves.LeavesActinMyosinStemRoot Leaves Functiono Photosynthesis: to obtain food from lighto Transpiration: pulling water up from the roots.RapidLearningCenter.comParasympathetic20: The Skeletal, Muscular, andIntegumentary Systems SomaticSkeletal Muscle Attached to bones Has stripes striated Powers voluntary movementSmooth Muscle Used in intestines Not striated Powers involuntary movementsCardiac Muscle Found only in the heart Striated Powers the heartbeat Rapid Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved
High School Biology - Core Concept Master Cheat SheetBiology, 6 of 621: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems23: Endocrine and Reproductive Systems Respiratory System: An organ system designed to pick upneeded gas and release waste. Circulatory System: An organ system designed to deliveroxygenated blood through all of the body’s cells. Endocrine SystemvsNervous SystemSlow ResponseFast ResponseHormonesElectrical ImpulsesLong-lasting EffectsShort-lasting Effects Hypothalamus: controls pituitary to release hormones. Pituitary Gland: signals other glands to release hormones.Growth hormone. Thyroid: Releases thyroxine to control metabolism. Parathyroid: Releases parathyroid hormone to regulatelevels of calcium. Adrenal: “Flight or Fight” response. Pancreas: Release insulin/glucagon to regulate bloodglucose levels. Gonads: Release testroterone, estrogen, to stimulatereproductive system changes. Homeostasis: When the stable status of a body isdisrupted, the organ systems sense the change, and byactivating signals such as through the nervous or endocrinesystems, effectors are activated which returns the body backto the original state.22: The Digestive and Excretory Systems Ingestion: The mouth mechanically breaks down food.The esophagus pushes food down with peristalsis.Digestion: The stomach stores the food and releasesenzymes to break it down. The liver releases bile to helpwith digestion of large fats. The pancreases releasesenzymes to help the small intestine digest food.Bladder: The storage zone for urine, filtrated waste, toleave the body. enzymes to activate digestion overall.Absorption: The small intestine takes in food moleculesinto the blood. The large intestine absorbs water.Elimination: The waste leaves through the rectum.Skin: Excretes urea through the surface.Lungs: Excretes carbon dioxide.Liver: Detoxifies dangerous compounds.Kidneys: Filters the blood, keeping necessary amounts ofminerals and water while discard extraneous amounts.24: The Immune System Humoral Immunity: B cells become plasma cells andmemory B cells. The plasma cells release antibodies into theblood to kill the pathogen cells. Memory B cells rememberthe specific antibody needed to defend against the samepathogen. Cell-Mediated Immunity: Helper T cells bind to alreadyinfected body cells and then activate killer T cells. Killer Tcells bind to the infected cell and destroy its membrane tokill the infected cell. Physical/Chemical Barriers: The skin and hair in ears andnose prevent pathogens from entering the body. Chemicalssuch as saliva, sweat, and oil contain enzymes which destroypathogens before they spread. Inflammatory Response: Kills any pathogens in area ofdamage.FunctionMacrophagesPhagocytesIngest and destroy foreign invaders.Plasma CellsProduce antibodies and release theminto blood.MemoryRemember specific pathogens.Helper TActivate Killer T CellsB CellsT CellsKiller T CellsDestroy infected cells of the body RapidLearningCenter.com Rapid Learning Inc. All Rights Reserved
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High School Biology - Core Concept Master Cheat Sheet Biology, 2 of 6 05: Photosynthesis Chloroplast: An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis occur. Photophosphorylation: a process that ATP is generated via light reactions in photosynthesis. Light Reaction: The first phase of photosysnthesis which
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Biology, Mathematics, and a Mathematical Biology Laboratory 1.1 The Natural Linkage Between Mathematics and Biology Mathematics and biology have a synergistic relationship. Biology produces interest-ing problems, mathematics provides models to understand them, and biology
Jan 17, 2018 · Biology: The Dynamics of Life, Glencoe Biology/Biophysical Science 2005 Modern Biology, Holt, Reinhart, and Winston Biology/Biophysical Science 2002 Biology, Prentice Hall Biology/Biophysical Science 2004 BSCS Biology: A Molecular Approach, 8th
Biology Biology 1 Part I (Grade XI) Topics and Sub-topics Student Learning Outcomes Cognitive Level1 K U A 1. Introduction to Biology Students should be able to: 1.1 Major Fields of Specialisation in Biology 1.1.1 differentiate among the branches of biology, i.e. fresh water biology, marine
4. Bozeman Biology: Evidence of Evolution 5. Bozeman Biology: Essential Characteristics of Life (preserved by natural selection) 6. Bozeman Biology: Natural Selection Unit Review (a review from the previous five videos) 7. Bozeman Biology: Solving Hardy Weinberg Problems 8. Bozeman Biology: Speciation and Extinction 9. Bozeman Biology .
GCSE AQA Revision † Biology GCSE AQA Revision † Biology GCSE AQA Revision † Biology GCSE AQA Revision † Biology GCSE AQA Revision † Biology . Digestion Blood and the Circulation Non-Communicable Diseases Transport in Plants Pathogens and Disease What are the three main types of digestive enzymes? What are the three different types of blood vessel? What two treatments can be used for .
