National Register Bulletin 39 - National Park Service
NATIONAL REGISTERBULLETINTechnical information on the the National Register of Historic Places:survey, evaluation, registration, and preservation of cultural resourcesU.S. Department of the InteriorNational Park ServiceCultural ResourcesNational Register, History and EducationResearching a Historic Property
The mission of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provideaccess to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trustresponsibilities to tribes.This material is partially based upon work conducted under a cooperativeagreement with the National Conference of State Historic Preservation Officersand the U.S. Department of the Interior.Date of publication: 1991; revised 1998.Cover photos, clockwise from top left:House at 2437 Fifteenth Street, N. W.The house at 2437 Fifteenth Street, N. W. in Washington, DC is significant for itsarchitectural design of 1927, a product of the prominent Washington architect of theearly 20th century, George Oakley Totten, Jr. In addition, the house is significant forits role in the development of the thoroughfare along and parallel to 16th Street northof the White House -with large, elegant embassies and private homes. Documentarysources for this property include building permits, deeds, and interviews. (GaryGriffin, Washington, DC)Garden Homes Historic DistrictThis historical view of the Garden Homes development in Milwaukee, Wisconsinshows the early years of what is considered to be the nation's first municipally sponsored, community-owned housing project, Constructed between 1921 and 1923,it was based 011 the "garden city" model of Letchworth, England, The collection ofsimple, two-story cottages was documented through daily newspapers, periodicals,building permits, and city directories, (Milwaukee Public Library)Or. Samuel 0, Risley HouseLocated in Media, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, the 1877 Dr, Samuel 0, RisleyHouse combines elements of the Gothic Revival and the Norman styles, The house issignificant Ji1r its architecture, described as "a strikingly impressive eclectic house,combining themes from several popular 19th century picturesque styles." The housewas documented tlmmgh local histories, local daily newspapers, family genealogiesand Philadelphia city directories. (Leslie B. Potter, Glen Mills, PA)Ritzville Historic DistrictThis commercial street in Ritzville, Adams County, Washington represents the periodin the community's history when it was the world's greatest wheat entrepot.Developed during the late 19th/early 20tlz century, Ritzville was a boomingagricultural trade center in the heart of a fertile wheat growing belt. The survivingcommercial thoroughfare, a coherent group of buildings from that specific era inhistory, forms the National Register-listed Ritzville Historic District. Thedocumentary sources for this nomination include county histories, local magazinesand local daily ne,uspapers, and insurance maps, (Leonard Garfield, Office ofArchaeology and Historic Preservation, State of Washington)
NATIONAL REGISTERBULLETINRESEARCHING A HISTORIC PROPERTYBYELEANOR O'DONNELLArchitectural HistorianU.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIORNATIONAL PARK SERVICENATIONAL REGISTER, HISTORY AND EDUCATIONNATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES1991; REVISED 1998
TABLE OF CONTENTSI.INTRODUCTION . 1II. RESEARCH AND THE NATIONAL REGISTER FORM . 2III. RESEARCH HINTS . 4IV. GENERAL GUIDE TO SOURCES . 5V.ADDITIONAL SOURCES . 11VI. ARCHITECTURAL RECORDS . 12VIL ARCHITECTURAL STYLE GUIDES AND DICTIONARIES . 13BIBLIOGRAPHIES . 13VIII. INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSES . 14IX.MAPS . 15X.GENERAL SOURCES . 16ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . 16XI. LIST OF NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS . 17
I. INTRODUCTIONThe purpose of this bulletin is to in troduce the beginner to some basicsources and techniques for the collec tion of data for nominating a historicproperty to the National Register ofHistoric Places. This guide is to beused with the bulletin entitled How toComplete the National Register Registra tion Form, which explains terminol ogy, and how the information gath ered through research is incorporatedin a National Register nomination.While the National Register listsbuildings, sites, districts, structures,and objects, this bulletin focuses onindividual buildings. It may be appli cable to other resource types-espe cially structures-and districts com posed mainly of buildings.Before you begin your research,contact the State Historic PreservationOfficer (SHPO) of the State in whichthe property is located. The State willprovide you with the appropriateforms, instructions, and guidanceabout the State's procedures for nomi nating properties to the National Reg ister. The SHPO will also provide acopy of the State's inventory docu mentation if the property has alreadybeen surveyed. The SHPO is an im portant source of information aboutsignificant historic contexts and docu mentation that may be useful to youfor researching your historic property.Finally, that office will be able to tellyou if your community has a preser vation official or office that youshould contact. A complete list ofState Historic Preservation Officers islocated in Appendix IX of How toComplete the National Register Registra tion Form.Additional information may beavailable from local landmarks andhistoric district commissions, particu larly if the community in which yourproperty is located is a Certified LocalGovernment (CLG). Local govern ments frequently collect informationabout landmark properties, historicdistricts, and archeological sites. Ifthe property being researched isowned by the U.S. Government, theFederal Preservation Officer (FPO)should be contacted for informationas well. The SHPO can refer you tothe relevant FPO for the agency in volved.Hyde Park Historic DistrictThis view of the Hyde Park Historic District illustrates a street scene from one of the earliest suburban subdivisions in Austin,Travis County, Texas. Established in 1891, the subdivision developed well into the first decades of the 20th century with bungalowhouses. The bungalow reflected the progressive aspirations of the middle class and the availablity of pattern books and mail-orderhouse plans. This National Register historic district was documented through Sanborn Maps, real estate records, and estate records.(Daniel Hardy, Austin, Texas)1
II. RESEARCH AND THENATIONAL REGISTER FORMResearching a historic property forNational Register nomination differsfrom researching a property for otherpurposes. Information collected mustbe directed at determining theproperty's historical significance.When evaluating a property againstNational Register criteria, significanceis defined as the importance of aproperty to the history, architecture,archeology, engineering, or culture ofa community, a State, or the nation.Significance may be based on associa tion with historical events (CriterionA); association with a significant per son (Criterion B); distinctive physicalcharacteristics of design, construction,or form (Criterion C); and potential toyield important information (Crite rion D).Every National Register nomina tion must place a property in its his toric context to support thatproperty's significance. Historic con text means information about the pe riod, the place, and the events thatcreated, influenced, or formed thebackdrop to the historic resources.The discussion of historic contextshould describe the history of thecommunity where the property is lo cated as it relates to the history of theproperty.Two other considerations affectevaluation of significance: associa tion and period of significance. As sociation refers to the direct connec tion between the property and thearea of significance for which it isnominated. For a property to be sig nificant under historic events (Crite rion A), the physical structure musthave been there to "witness" theevent or series of events; they musthave actually occurred on the nomi nated property. For a property to besignificant for an association with anindividual (Criterion B), the indi vidual should have lived, worked, orbeen on the premises during the pe2riod in which the person accom plished the activities for which the in dividual is considered significant. Pe riod of significance refers to the spanof time during which significantevents and activities occurred. Eventsand associations with historic proper ties are finite; most properties have aclearly definable period of signifi cance.Lastly, a property is evaluated forits integrity: the authenticity of physi cal characteristics from which proper ties obtain their significance. Whenproperties retain historic material andform, they are able to convey their as sociation with events, people, and de signs from the past. All buildingschange over time. Changes do notnecessarily mean that a building is noteligible; but, if it has radical changes,it may no longer retain enough his toric fabric, and may not be eligiblefor the National Register. Historic in tegrity is the composite of sevenqualities: location, design, setting, ma terials, workmanship, feeling and as sociation.The National Register nominationform records the property at the timePanhorst Feed StoreThe Panhorst Feed Store in St. Clair, Franklin County, Missouri was constructed in1917-18. It is significant as "emblematic of a type of construction common amongsmall towns in the 19th and early 20th century." This vernacular commercial buildingdeveloped in the community, whose economy was based on mining, lumber, andagriculture. It was documented through local newspapers and personal interviews.(James Evans, Department of Natural Resources, State of Missouri)
of its listing and justifies how theproperty qualifies for National Regis ter listing. In addition, the form con tains other data elements that shouldbe reviewed before research is initi ated. They include the location, size,and boundaries of the property; cat egory and numbers of contributing re sources; historic and current func tions; architectural classification andmaterials; area and period of signifi cance; and bibliography.One of the most challenging tasksof research is knowing when youhave gathered enough material. Youare ready to complete the NationalRegister nomination form when thefollowing questions can be answered: What was the property called at thetime it was associated with the im portant events or persons, or tookon its important physical characterthat gave it importance? How many buildings, structures,and other resources make up theproperty? When was the property constructedand when did it attain its currentform? What are the property's historiccharacteristics? What changes have been made overtime and when? How have these af fected its historic integrity? What is the current condition of theproperty, including the exterior,grounds, setting, and interior? How was the property used duringits period of significance and how isit used today? Who occupied or used the propertyhistorically? Did they individuallymake any important contributionsto history? Who is its currentowner? Was it associated with importantevents, activities, or persons? Which National Register criteria ap ply to the property? In what areasof history is the property signifi cant? How does the property relate to thehistory of the community where it islocated? How does the property illustrateany themes or trends important tothe history of its community, State,or nation? How large is the property, where isit located, or what are its bound aries? Would this property more appropri ately be nominated as part of a his toric district?3
III. RESEARCH HINTSOrganize research tasks in an effi cient and logical fashion. Decidewhat you need to know and whereyou can find it. Make a list of thequestions you must answer. Make alist of specific tasks, noting where youneed to go, to whom you need tospeak, and what you expect to find,and the order in which you intend toproceed. Determine your possibilitiesand limitations. You can save yourselftime and effort by defining the param eters of your project in advance. Youcan alter, discard, or add questions totasks as you proceed. Once you knowexactly what you need to find, andhave a good idea where to find it, youare well on your way to accomplish ing your goal.Remember that the property itselfis a primary source of information.Walk through the property and gatherinformation that describes it, notingdistinctive features and obvious alter ations and changes. Examine allbuildings and structures, inside aswell as out. Examine the grounds,noting any signs of previous build ings or activities (foundations, wells,etc.), and roadways, paths, vegetation,fences, and other features.Identify what historic informationis readily available, perhaps in thecollections of the owners, a neighbor,or the community. As early as pos sible, establish the construction datefor the property. This date may helpestablish an earliest beginning datefor your period of significance. In ad dition, try to discover the names ofthe persons who owned or lived inthe property, or for a business or insti tution, the names by which the prop erty has been known through its his tory. With this information, you areless likely to overlook information un der an unfamiliar name. Examineyour property in relation to the his toric events and development of thecommunity of which it is a part to de termine the context in which it is sig nificant. Gather and record this gen eral information as you gather thespecific facts about your property.Contact all organizations and insti tutions holding source materials well4in advance of the time of your visit.Organize and write down the ques tions you want to ask before youmake your initial contact. Keep notesof all conversations. Explain exactlywhat you wish to accomplish. Deter mine the hours and procedures for us ing special collections, archives, andother records. Make arrangementswith the person most knowledgeableabout the collection you wish to use,so that you do not arrive at the facilityto discover the person you need to seeis unavailable.Explain to the research facility per sonnel exactly when you wish to ar rive, how long you will be able tostay, and exactly what you wish tosee. In this way, the material will beready for you. In addition, you maybe pleasantly surprised to discoverthe material you need can be sent oninterlibrary loan to your local library.Talk to the staff, especially referencepeople, archivists, and librarians.They may have fresh ideas or leads tosuggest, and may be able to resolveconfusion. Bear in mind that they willguide your efforts but will not doyour research for you.Identify and follow any specialrules and requirements for using acollection beforehand, e.g., no photo graphs, no photocopying, no tape re cording, note-taking with a soft pencilonly, photocopy costs, what you mayor may not be allowed to bring, hoursfor special staff, etc.Examine information thoroughlybefore reading it. Review table ofcontents, indices, and any accompa nying research guides or "findingaids" prepared by staff. Do you needto go through every piece of paper?Can you skip some sections of thebook? Is this publication really whatyou thought it was when you re quested it? Did you get everythingyou requested? Learn how to use thedirectories, guides, indices, files, cata logs, and publications lists for variouscollections. Explore general guides toarchival materials, manuscript collec tions, dissertations, and photographiccollections for additional sources thatmay help you in your research.Record consistently the documen tation and sources of informationfrom your research. Use a standardbibliographical style such as thatfound in A Manual of Style or AManual for Writers by Kate L.Turabian, both published by the Uni versity of Chicago Press.Kehlbeck FarmsteadThe Kehlbeck Farmstead in rural Cass County, Nebraska represents a rare survivingcluster of domestic agricultural buildings and structures associated with the farminghistory of southeast Nebraska of the late 19th/early 20th century. Its domesticcharacter is enhanced by a rare allee of pruned cedar trees that form part of thedecorative and functional landscaping of the homestead. This property wasdocumented largely through college and university resarch papers. (Joni Gilkerson,Nebraska State Historical Society)
IV. GENERAL GUIDE TOSOURCESWhen researching a property, both primary (original and archival) and secondary sources should be used.The following list includes both primary and secondary sources.MaterialSourcesPotential InformationYieldedPossible Application toNational RegisterNominationABSTRACT OF TITLE Owner Office of attorney whodid title search Title company files Summary of relevantdeeds, mortgages, wills,litigation, tax sales Names of owners Dates when propertychanged hands Descriptions of legalboundaries Possible establishment of"association" withsignificant individuals Establishment of builtdates and alterations Boundary descriptions Historic names ofpropertiesARCHITECTURAL/CONSTRUCTIONDRAWINGS Owner Architectural/engineering firm orsuccessor firm Headquarters oforganization or firmthat built the structure Recent tax assessor'srecords Newspaper references Architect/builder Plans Materials Built dates andalterations General constructioninformation Appearance of originalbuilding and any majoradditions Integrity of property Period of significanceand significant dates ifnominated underCriterion CARCHITECTURALJOURNALS Specialized fine artslibraries Original architecturalpublications Architectural articlesfrom historic period Architecturalbiographies Architectural drawingsand photographs Architectural description Statement of significanceBUILDING PERMITS Municipal buildinginspector City I county recordsoffice City/county/Statearchives Architect Existence of architecturaldrawings Client Contractor Cost and date of work Alterations Information for CriterionC: significant style ortype of design Identification of thearchitect or builder Material for description Establishment ofintegrity Built datesCEMETERY RECORDS Cemeteryadministrators Cemetery offices Churches, rectories, anddiocesan offices City hall andcourthouse Family relationships Birth and death dates Biographical details ofindividuals associatedwith property5
MaterialSourcesPotential InformationYieldedPossible Application toNational RegisterNominationCENSUS RECORDS 1 Population Agricultural Manufacturing State archives Federal Records Center,Suitland, MD Residents of property foryears census taken Property ownership Acreage, crops, andlivestock Types and locations ofmanufacturers Ethnic backgrounds ofresidents, ages, andeducation levels Names of familymembers Proven association ofindividual with property Occupations Under agricultural andmanufacturing data,potential documentationand justification forCriteria A and D Historic contextCHURCH RECORDS Parish churches Diocesan offices Biographical details ofindividuals associatedwith propertyCITY COUNCIL ORCOUNTY MINUTES,ORDINANCES, ETC. City clerk Clerk of superior courtor county courthouse Ordinances of resolutionaffecting a property,subdivision, etc. Dates Description Information pertainingto area of significance,e.g., communityplanning anddevelopmentCOMMERCIALHISTORIES Head offices ofcompanies Local or regionallibraries Historical societies Corporate records Histories of localindustries andbusinesses Information pertainingto area of significance,e.g., commerce,economics, and industry Justification forsignificance of industrialand commercialproperties anddowntown historicdistrictsCOMMUNITY/COUNTY HISTORIES Local/ regional libraries Historical societies Fraternal organizations Information aboutstructures, people, andevents: pertinent dates,locations, activities,biographical sketches,etc. Information aboutevents, activities, andindividuals for CriteriaA, B, and C Association: informationthat may tie events andactivities directly to theproperty Leads to other sources ofinformation Historic contextBirthDeathBaptismMarriagesFederal census records generally are released to the public seventy-five years after the census is taken. The earliest Federal census available is 1790. Most Federal census records prior to 1880 do not contain house addresses. The regular 1890 census was destroyed by fire. However, some special census schedules are available, including information on surviving Union veterans of theCivil War for certain states. Check the availability of State censuses. More recent and detailed data are available for some states.16
MaterialSourcesPotential InformationYieldedPossible Application toNational RegisterNominationCORPORATE/BUSINESS RECORDS Ledger Books Client Files Advertisements Corporate/businessarchives Specialized libraries Present corporation/business Nature and source ofitems sold Economic base ofcommunity Information pertainingto area of significance,e.g., commerce,economics, and industryCOURT DOCUMENTS Courthouses State archives Civil and criminalindices: civil andcriminal court actions,divorces, property suits,etc. Voting rolls (may bemore easily obtained insmaller communities) Probate records Biographical details ofindividuals associatedwith propertyDEEDS2 Clerk of superior court,county courthouse State archives Ownership or title Property value(noticeable change invalue could indicateconstruction, additions,change in makeup ofneighborhood, andchange in fortunes of thecommunity) Proven association ofindividual with property Dates of originalconstruction and anyadditionsDIRECTORIES3AND GAZETTEERS Local/regional libraries Historical societies City directories:occupants of dwellingby alphabetical listing,addresses, andbusinesses Business directories: listsof merchants, addresses,and advertisements Social directories: namesof community's socialelite listed alphabeticallyand by streets; hoteloccupants Gazetteers: informationon rural areas,businesses, and towns Criteria A and B Association of propertywith individualOne caution about deed information: when the deed goes back to the 1700s or early 1800s, you cannot automatically assume that the structure you areinvestigating is the same one referred to in the earliest deed. The original structure may have been destroyed, and you may be investigating a replacement built at alater date.23 City Directories: During the later 1800s and the early 1900s, many cities had directories that listed people at their home addresses, and often includedoccupational information. These directories-if compiled for your community-should be available in your public library or historical society. Having obtained alist of owners from the deed records, you can try find the people in these city directories. In cases where occupations and titles are given, you can see the rise (orfall) in the fortunes of the past owners by noting the changes in their occupational descriptions from year to year.7
MaterialSourcesPotential InformationYieldedPossible Application toNational RegisterNominationESTATE RECORDS Wills Inventories andappraisals Administration ofestates Annual returns andsales Office of the judgeof probate/county courthouse/town hall State archives(prior to 1900) Private records Historical societies Value and apparentwealth and size ofdwelling Property changes Ownership changes Rental information Sales of land that maynever have beenrecorded by deeds Family relationships Significant events Clues to other sources Information aboutbuildingFAMILY/PERSONAL PAPERS Letters Diaries Ledger books, etc. Bibles Published familyhistories Present ownersPast ownersState archivesDescendantsGenealogical librariesand bibliographies Local/regional libraries Historical societies State/Federal archives Family relationships Record of significantevents Information onsignificant persons Appearance of originalbuildingGENEALOGICALRECORDS Historical societies State and nationalarchives Local/regional libraries Biographicalpublications Genealogicalpublications andlibraries "Vanity press" countyhistories and familyhistories Church of Jesus Christof the Latter-Day Saints,Genealogical Society Biographies ofindividuals Family histories Photographs anddrawings of home andfamily members Information about familyhomes Criteria A, B, C, and D Association ofindividuals withproperty and eventsHOMESTEADRECORDS(for some WesternStates) Federal Records Center,Suitland, MD Bureau of LandManagement, Stateoffices (for patentnumbers) Application indices:When and wherebuildings and structureswere located onhomestead, maritalstatus, children, ages,and national origin Proven association ofindividual with property Information pertainingto area of significance,e.g., agricultureINSURANCERECORDS Owners (past andpresent) Insurance companyoffices (sometimes onlymain or regional offices) Floor plans Dates of construction Increases in premiumsthat may indicate whena change was made tothe structure Appearance of originalbuilding and tectural PlansHistory/events
MaterialSourcesPotential InformationYieldedPossible Application toNational RegisterNominationINTERVIEWS ANDORAL HISTORIES Current or formerowners, occupants, andobservers Personal recollectionsabout property: itsoriginal appearance,evolution, and uses. Leads about verificationof appearance of originalbuilding and anyadditions Significance of ownerand propertyLAND RECORDS Bureau of LandManagement,Washington, DC 20240(contact for generalmaterial and addressesof State offices) Information concerningproperties and people,dates, locations, events,activities, and biographiesassociated with them Former General LandOffice (GLO) holdings,including:- Homestead patents- Mining district andpatented claim records- GLO maps and plats Proven association ofindividuals or Federalagency with property Information pertainingto area of significance,e.g., agriculture,conservation, andexploration/settlementMAPS AND PLATS4 Town maps Property plats Private and familymaps Land ownership maps "Bird's Eye View"maps Developer's townlayouts Tourist maps Landscaping firmlayouts Sanborn or BaistInsurance maps County courthouseCity hallPrinted booksLocal/regional librariesUniversity/collegecollections Surveyor general Library of Congress Architect's/landscapearchitect's firm records Boundary information Criterion C Integrity of propertyMILITARY RECORDS National Archives:Prior to World War I Federal ResourcesCenter, St. Louis, MO:From World War I Pension records,addresses, and status Various materials,including personal letters,family bibles, andmarriage certificatesLocationBoundariesUsesOutbuildings Biographical details ofindividuals associatedwith property4Old maps are important sources of information about the location of a structure and its immediate surroundings at a given date. They are useful for datingbuildings and additwns. Some city atlases (e.g. Sanborn or Baist) are at a scale to indicate approximate dimensions. They often show the position of utilities, gradelevels, types of construction, and the height of buildings. The accuracy of maps varies, and sometimes they depict proposed improvements that were never built, orthat were built in a different manner. Even recent maps may contain significant facts about historic properties.9
MaterialSourcesPotential InformationYieldedPossible Application toNational RegisterNominationNEWSPAPERS ISUNDAYSUPPLEMENTS Local/regional librariesState/Federal archivesHistorical societiesNewspaper morgues Advertisements: namesof occupant/owner,address of property, anduse of structure Society pages: gossipcolumns; articlespertaining to local socialevents, ceremonies,weddings, births, andmeetings Obituaries: informationabout owners andarchitects Articles about localbuilding efforts,architecture, etc. Birth, death, andweddingannouncements PHOTOGRAPHSAND POSTCARDS Owners Historical
and the U.S. Department of the Interior. Date of publication: 1991; revised 1998. Cover photos, clockwise from top left: House at 2437 Fifteenth Street, N. W. The house at 2437 Fifteenth Street, N. W. in Washington, DC is significant for its architectural design of 1927, a product of the prominent Washington architect of the
National Register is the responsibility of the Keeper of the National Register. This bulletin was prepared by staff of the National Register Branch, Inter agency Resources Division, National Park Service, with the assistance of the History Division. It .
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