Foundation Of Learning For Anyone Hoping To Contribute To .
The horizons of optical networks are much more than high speed physical layer transport. An intelligent optical network designmust include higher network layer considerations. This is the only book currently on the market that addresses optical networksfrom the physical layer to the network layer and should be valuable for those who try to understand the intricacies of whatoptical networks can be.—Vincent Chan, Professor, MIT Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceThis book is not only essential reading for anyone in the optical networks industry, it is important. It provides the necessaryfoundation of learning for anyone hoping to contribute to this technology’s rapid evolution.—Scott Clavenna, President, PointEast ResearchThe authors’ grasp of what is truly workable and worthwhile in optical networks is fundamental, and they have effectivelypackaged this knowledge in an easy-to-comprehend text that will be valued to both veterans and those new to opticalnetworking.—Scott Grout, President and CEO, Chorum TechnologiesThis is a comprehensive and authoritative work on optical networks, ranging in scope from components and systems to overalldesign principles. I find the book well organized and easy to use, and I particularly like the treatment of network design andoperation. An essential book for anyone seriously interested in optical networks.—Goff Hill, Chief Network Architect, Altamar Networks, UKI really enjoy the bottoms-up approach taken by the authors to address fundamentals of optical components as the enablers,optical transmission system design and engineering as the building blocks, and network architecture and its managementfeatures that deliver applications to the network operators and services providers at the top of the food chain.—Shoa-Kai Liu, Director of Advanced Technology, WorldcomThis book not only provides the fundamentals and details of photonics, but the pragmatic perspective presented enablesthe service provider, the equipment manufacturer, and the academician to view light from a real-life standpoint.—Mathew Oommen, Vice President, Network Architecture, Williams Communications GroupThis book functions as both an introduction to optical networking and as a text to reference again and again. Great for systemdesigners as well as those marketing and selling those systems. Optical Networks provides theory and applications. While notext can be truly state-of-the-art in the fast moving area of optical networking, this one comes as close as possible.—Alan Repech, System Architect, Cisco Systems Optical TransportThis book provides the most comprehensive coverage of both the theory and practice of optical networking. Its upto-date coverage makes it an invaluable reference for both practitioners and researchers.—Suresh Subramaniam, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George WashingtonUniversityThis book provides an excellent overview of the complex field of optical networking. I especially like how it ties the opticalhardware functionality into the overall networking picture. Everybody who wants to be a player in the optical networking spaceshould have this book within easy reach.—Martin Zirngibl, Director, Photonics Network Research, Lucent Technologies, Bell Laboratories
The Morgan Kaufmann Series in NetworkingSeries Editor, David Clark, M.I.T.P2P Networking and ApplicationsJohn Buford, Heather Yu, and Eng LuaThe Illustrated NetworkWalter GoralskiBroadband Cable Access Networks: The HFC PlantDavid Large and James FarmerTechnical, Commercial and Regulatory Challenges of QoS: An Internet Service ModelPerspectiveXiPeng XiaoMPLS: Next StepsBruce S. Davie and Adrian FarrelWireless NetworkingAnurag Kumar, D. Manjunath, and Joy KuriInternet Multimedia Communications Using SIPRogelio Martinez PereaInformation Assurance: Dependability and Security in Networked SystemsYi Qian, James Joshi, David Tipper, and Prashant KrishnamurthyNetwork Analysis, Architecture, and Design, 3eJames D. McCabeWireless Communications & Networking: An IntroductionVijay K. GargIPv6 Advanced Protocols ImplementationQing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi ShimaComputer Networks: A Systems Approach, 4eLarry L. Peterson and Bruce S. DavieNetwork Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and ArchitecturesDeepankar Medhi and Karthikeyan RamaswamiDeploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and PracticeJohn Evans and Clarence Filsfils
Traffic Engineering and QoS Optimization of Integrated Voice & Data NetworksGerald R. AshIPv6 Core Protocols ImplementationQing Li, Tatuya Jinmei, and Keiichi ShimaSmart Phone and Next-Generation Mobile ComputingPei Zheng and Lionel NiGMPLS: Architecture and ApplicationsAdrian Farrel and Igor BryskinContent Networking: Architecture, Protocols, and PracticeMarkus Hofmann and Leland R. BeaumontNetwork Algorithmics: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Designing Fast Networked DevicesGeorge VargheseNetwork Recovery: Protection and Restoration of Optical, SONET-SDH, IP, and MPLSJean Philippe Vasseur, Mario Pickavet, and Piet DemeesterRouting, Flow, and Capacity Design in Communication and Computer NetworksMichał Pióro and Deepankar MedhiWireless Sensor Networks: An Information Processing ApproachFeng Zhao and Leonidas GuibasCommunication Networking: An Analytical ApproachAnurag Kumar, D. Manjunath, and Joy KuriThe Internet and Its Protocols: A Comparative ApproachAdrian FarrelModern Cable Television Technology: Video, Voice, and Data Communications, 2eWalter Ciciora, James Farmer, David Large, and Michael AdamsPolicy-Based Network Management: Solutions for the Next GenerationJohn StrassnerMPLS Network Management: MIBs, Tools, and TechniquesThomas D. NadeauDeveloping IP-Based Services: Solutions for Service Providers and VendorsMonique Morrow and Kateel Vijayananda
Telecommunications Law in the Internet AgeSharon K. BlackOptical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 3eRajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan, and Galen SasakiInternet QoS: Architectures and MechanismsZheng WangTCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for ProgrammersMichael J. Donahoo and Kenneth L. CalvertTCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for ProgrammersKenneth L. Calvert and Michael J. DonahooMulticast Communication: Protocols, Programming, and ApplicationsRalph Wittmann and Martina ZitterbartHigh-Performance Communication Networks, 2eJean Walrand and Pravin VaraiyaInternetworking MultimediaJon Crowcroft, Mark Handley, and Ian WakemanUnderstanding Networked Applications: A First CourseDavid G. MesserschmittIntegrated Management of Networked Systems: Concepts, Architectures, and theirOperational ApplicationHeinz-Gerd Hegering, Sebastian Abeck, and Bernhard NeumairVirtual Private Networks: Making the Right ConnectionDennis FowlerNetworked Applications: A Guide to the New Computing InfrastructureDavid G. MesserschmittWide Area Network Design: Concepts and Tools for OptimizationRobert S. CahnFor further information on these books and for a list of forthcoming titles,please visit our Web site at http://www.mkp.com.
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To Our Parents
Optical NetworksA Practical PerspectiveThird EditionRajiv RamaswamiKumar N. SivarajanGalen H. SasakiAMSTERDAM BOSTON HEIDELBERG LONDONNEW YORK OXFORD PARIS SAN DIEGOSAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYOMorgan Kaufmann Publishers is an imprint of Elsevier
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ContentsForewordxxiPreface to the First EditionxxvPreface to the Second EditionxxixPreface to the Current Editionxxxiii1 Introduction to Optical Networks1.1 Telecommunications Network Architecture . . . . . . . .1.2 Services, Circuit Switching, and Packet Switching . . . .1.2.1The Changing Services Landscape . . . . . . . .1.3 Optical Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.1Multiplexing Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.3.2Second-Generation Optical Networks . . . . . .1.4 The Optical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.5 Transparency and All-Optical Networks . . . . . . . . .1.6 Optical Packet Switching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7 Transmission Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.1Wavelengths, Frequencies, and Channel Spacing1.7.2Wavelength Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.7.3Optical Power and Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.8 Network Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12581011131522242626282930ix
xContents1.8.1Early Days—Multimode Fiber . . . . . .1.8.2Single-Mode Fiber . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.8.3Optical Amplifiers and WDM . . . . . .1.8.4Beyond Transmission Links to NetworksSummary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I.Technology2 Propagation of Signals in Optical Fiber2.1 Loss and Bandwidth Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.1.1Bending Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 Intermodal Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.1Geometrical Optics Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.2Bit Rate–Distance Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2.3Controlling Intermodal Dispersion: Graded-Index Multimode Fiber2.2.4Multimode Fiber in Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3 Optical Fiber as a Waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.1Wave Theory Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.2Fiber Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.3.3Polarization Modes and Polarization-Mode Dispersion . . . . . . .2.3.4Other Waveguides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4 Chromatic Dispersion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.1Chirped Gaussian Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.4.2Controlling the Dispersion: Dispersion-Shifted Fibers . . . . . . . .2.5 Nonlinear Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.1Effective Length and Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.2Stimulated Brillouin Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.3Stimulated Raman Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.4Propagation in a Nonlinear Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.5Self-Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.6SPM-Induced Chirp for Gaussian Pulses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.7Cross-Phase Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.8Four-Wave Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.5.9Fiber Types to Mitigate Nonlinear Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6 Solitons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.6.1Dispersion-Managed Solitons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.7 Other Fiber Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3033343738394045.47. 48. 51. 51. 52. 54. 55. 57. 58. 59. 63. 65. 68. 70. 71. 75. 78. 79. 81. 82. 83. 85. 88. 90. 92. 95. 99. 102. 103
xiContents2.7.1Photonic Crystal Fiber2.7.2Plastic Optical Fiber .Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . .Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Components3.1 Couplers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.1Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.1.2Conservation of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2 Isolators and Circulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.2.1Principle of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3 Multiplexers and Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.1Gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.2Diffraction Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.3Bragg Gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.4Fiber Gratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.5Fabry-Perot Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.6Multilayer Dielectric Thin-Film Filters . . . . . .3.3.7Mach-Zehnder Interferometers . . . . . . . . . .3.3.8Arrayed Waveguide Grating . . . . . . . . . . .3.3.9Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter . . . . . . . . . .3.3.10 High Channel Count Multiplexer Architectures3.4 Optical Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.1Stimulated Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.2Spontaneous Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.3Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers . . . . . . . . .3.4.4Raman Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.4.5Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers . . . . . . . .3.4.6Crosstalk in SOAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5 Transmitters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.1Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.2Light-Emitting Diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.3Tunable Lasers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4Direct and External Modulation . . . . . . . . .3.5.5Pump Sources for Raman Amplifiers . . . . . . .3.6 Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.1Photodetectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.6.2Front-End Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2184192196198198203
xiiContents3.7 Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.1Large Optical Switches . . .3.7.2Optical Switch Technologies3.7.3Large Electronic Switches . .3.8 Wavelength Converters . . . . . . . .3.8.1Optoelectronic Approach . .3.8.2Optical Gating . . . . . . .3.8.3Interferometric Techniques .3.8.4Wave Mixing . . . . . . . .Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2052072132202212222242252282292302312374 Modulation and Demodulation4.1 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.1Signal Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 Subcarrier Modulation and Multiplexing . . . .4.2.1Clipping and Intermodulation Products4.2.2Applications of SCM . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Spectral Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3.1Optical Duobinary Modulation . . . .4.3.2Optical Single Sideband Modulation . .4.3.3Multilevel Modulation . . . . . . . . .4.3.4Capacity Limits of Optical Fiber . . . .4.4 Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.1An Ideal Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.2A Practical Direct Detection Receiver .4.4.3Front-End Amplifier Noise . . . . . . .4.4.4APD Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.5Optical Preamplifiers . . . . . . . . . .4.4.6Bit Error Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.7Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.8Timing Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . .4.4.9Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.5 Error Detection and Correction . . . . . . . . .4.5.1Reed-Solomon Codes . . . . . . . . . .4.5.2Interleaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61264269271272273276278278279
xiiiContentsProblems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2855 Transmission System Engineering5.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 Power Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3 Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4 Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5 Optical Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.1Gain Saturation in EDFAs . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.2Gain Equalization in EDFAs . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.3Amplifier Cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.4Amplifier Spacing Penalty . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.5Power Transients and Automatic Gain Control .5.5.6Lasing Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6 Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6.1Intrachannel Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6.2Interchannel Crosstalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.6.3Crosstalk
Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, 3e Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan, and Galen Sasaki Internet QoS: Architectures and Mechanisms Zheng Wang TCP/IP Sockets in Java: Practical Guide for Programmers Michael J. Donahoo and Kenneth L. Calvert TCP/IP Sockets in C: Practical Guide for Programmers Kenneth L. Calvert and Michael J. Donahoo
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