Talking About Disaster: Guide For Standard Messages
March 2007Talking About Disaster:Guide for Standard MessagesThe content of this guide is in the public domain. Requested attribution is as follows:From: Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages. Washington, D.C.,2007.Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages1
March 2007Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard MessagesTable of ContentsIntroduction and PurposeAcknowledgementsWhat Is in This GuideUsing This GuideHazard MessagesChemical EmergenciesDroughtEarthquakesFires, ResidentialFires, WildlandFloods and Flash FloodsHazardous Materials IncidentsHeat (Heat Wave)Hurricanes and Tropical StormsLandslidesNuclear Power Plant IncidentsTerrorismThunderstorms, SevereTornadoesTsunamisVolcanoesWinter StormsPage455Chapter Date*March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007Special Populations MessagesTalking to Children About DisastersPreparedness Action MessagesFamily Disaster PlanDisaster Supplies KitEmergency Supplies for your VehicleFirst Aid Kit ContentsFirst Aid Kit for PetsStocking and Storing Food and WaterSmoke AlarmsCarbon Monoxide AlarmsFire ExtinguishersArc-Fault Circuit Interrupters (AFCIs)Home Fire Sprinkler SystemsPortable 49PageMarch 2007162Chapter Date*March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March 2007March g About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages2
March 2007Evacuation, Sheltering, and Post-DisasterSafety MessagesEvacuation, Sheltering, andPost-Disaster SafetyWhat to do if Evacuation is NecessaryBecause of a StormWhat to do When There is Flooding“Wind Safe” RoomHow to Shelter-in-Place(Chemical Incidents)Factors for Protection fromRadioactive FalloutFood and Water Safety During/PostDisasterEmergency SanitationHow to Recognize and Treat HeatEmergenciesFrostbite and HypothermiaChapter Date*PageMarch 2007193March 2007200March 2007March 2007March 2007201202203March 2007205March 2007207March 2007March 2007211212March 2007214* Note: Chapters are dated by month and year. To check if you have the latest chapters,compare the dates for each chapter listed above with the dates at the top of the chapters youhave in print.Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages3
March 2007Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard MessagesProduced by the American Red CrossAcknowledgmentsInitial development of this guide was made possible by a grant from the Home Safety Council, a501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to helping prevent the nearly 21 million medical visitsthat occur on average each year from unintentional injuries in the home. Through nationalprograms and partners across America, the Home Safety Council works to educate andempower families to take actions that help keep them safe in and around their homes.This guide is the product of the hard work and collaboration of many professionals affiliated withthe organizations partnering with the American Red Cross, which represents the expertise andcommitment of the following organizations: American Geological Institute Disability Preparedness Center Home Safety Council The Humane Society of the United States Institute for Business & Home Safety International Association of Emergency Managers National Fire Protection Association National Interagency Fire Council National SafeKids Campaign National Science Foundation U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission U.S. Department of Agriculture-Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service-Extension Disaster Education Network-Food Safety and Inspection Service U.S. Department of Commerce- NOAA/National Weather Service U.S. Department of Health and Human Services- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention- Food and Drug Administration U.S. Department of Homeland Security-Federal Emergency Management Agency-U.S. Fire Administration U.S. Department of Interior- U.S. Geological SurveyTalking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages4
March 2007Introduction and PurposeThe purpose of this guide is to assist those who provide disaster safety information to thegeneral public. The information presented is based on historical data for the United States andis appropriate for use in the United States and its territories. Some of the information may notapply to other countries. Users of this guide may include emergency managers, meteorologists,teachers, disaster (natural and human-caused) educators, public affairs/public relationspersonnel, mitigation specialists, media personnel, and communicators. If you would like morein-depth or scientific information, please contact your local emergency management office, localNational Weather Service office, local American Red Cross chapter, state geological surveyoffice, state foresters office, or local fire department.The organizations listed in the acknowledgements section recognize that it is important for allagencies to provide consistent disaster safety messages. As a result, relevant messages in thisguide have been reviewed and approved at the national level by those organizations withexpertise in those areas.Many affiliates of these organizations have contributed to this guide, and their nationalorganizations encourage them and their members to use the messages.The messages and the information that supports them are intended to be used in educationalpresentations, displays and bulletin boards, print and electronic media, radio and television, andany other medium in which disaster safety is communicated to the public.What Is in This GuideThis guide contains awareness and action messages intended to help people reduce their riskof injury or loss in the event of natural and human-caused disasters. Awareness messagesprovide general information about the threats presented by each type of disaster. These arefound at the beginning of each chapter in a question-and-answer format. Action messagesdescribe what people should do to prepare for and get safely through a disaster. These arefound above detailed explanations of how to do it. Also included are statistics and othersupporting information that reinforce the credibility and importance of each message.New to this edition of the guide is a section in most chapters on "Facts and Fiction.” This sectiondescribes some of the common folklore, or fiction, about hazards and provides factualinformation that refutes the fiction. “Facts and Fiction” will help you answer commonly askedquestions and communicate accurate information to the public, as well as help you avoidunintentionally passing on information that is not true.Using This GuideTo use this guide, you should first get to know your intended audience. Consider the ages andsocioeconomic, ethnic, and educational backgrounds of the audience members. Be sensitive:audience members who are struggling to provide food for their families may be unable topurchase supplies and foreign-born audience members who learned safety actions in theirnative countries may be wary of information that contradicts what they were previously told.Also, remember that persons with disabilities may have difficulty hearing, seeing, orunderstanding warnings and other critical messages. Announcements should be concise, clear,and calm. Open captions of verbal information should be used in emergency telecasts, andscrolling should not be allowed to block captions. Television announcers should provide clear,verbal descriptions of events for persons who are blind or have low vision. It is also important toTalking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages5
March 2007consider your area's specific hazards and disaster history. The East Coast will not prepare forvolcanic eruptions, and the West Coast will not prepare for hurricanes.When you deliver “what to do” action messages, word them in a positive manner that helpsthose hearing or reading the message know how to act. For example, in fire education, insteadof saying, "Do not panic," you might say, "Remain calm. Get out as quickly and safely aspossible.” This allows those hearing or reading the message to focus on what they can andshould do in case of fire. For this message, you might next offer submessages on what "safely"means (crawl low under smoke to your exit; feel the doorknob and the space around the doorwith the back of your hand before opening the door; etc.).In addition, you can use awareness messages to reinforce the importance of knowing what todo. Awareness messages help people realize that disasters do happen in their communities andthat they can take steps to prepare for disaster and lessen its effects.If you are preparing a presentation, news release, or article about a particular type of disaster,consider selecting three to seven messages from the relevant chapter. Feature your chosenmessages and add to them with submessages and supporting information from the guide.If time or space is limited, evaluate your audience and the chosen topic to determine the mostimportant messages. For disasters with little or no warning, what to do during the disaster isgenerally most important. For disasters with plenty of warning time, preparation may be mostimportant.Whatever your message, physical props will help you provide the greatest learning experience.Try to use, for example, photos or drawings for print materials, soundtracks for radiopresentations, videos for television, and aids like videos, posters, Disaster Supplies Kit items,and mock-ups to make presentations interactive. Keep in mind that your audience will includepersons with disabilities who may have difficulty seeing, hearing, or understanding yourmessages.If you would like further information, brochures, or materials about disaster safety or informationabout developing community disaster education presentations, you may contact any of theparticipating agencies or their local counterparts. Keep in mind that the local affiliates of thesenational agencies may have additional resources and information specific to your audience.Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages6
March 2007Chemical Emergencies at HomeLearn about the chemicals that could pose a threat to you andmembers of your household. Contact agencies with expertise onhazardous household materials, such as the Poison Control Center,local public health department, or county or municipal officeresponsible for environmental protection. Get information from themabout potentially dangerous household products and what to do ifsomeone becomes poisoned with them. Ask specifically about how totreat poisoning caused by cleaners, germicides, deodorizers,detergents, drain and bowl cleaners, gases, home medications, laundrybleaches, liquid fuels, and paint removers and thinners. Always callthe Poison Control Center first (1-800-222-1222) before treatingthese or any other poisoning.AWARENESS MESSAGESWhy talk about home chemical emergencies?Chemicals are a natural and important part of our environment. We use chemicals every day.They are found in our kitchens, medicine cabinets, basements, garages, and gardens. Chemicalshelp us keep our food fresh and our bodies clean. They help plants grow and fuel our cars. Andchemicals help us to live longer, healthier lives.When used properly, the chemicals normally found in a home pose little threat. When usedimproperly, in adverse conditions, or for jobs for which they were not intended, chemicals can beharmful, even deadly.Knowing how to handle chemical products and how to react if an emergency should occur canreduce the risk of injury.What is a home chemical emergency?A home chemical emergency is a dangerous situation that arises when chemicals are spilled,accidentally released, or used improperly. Some chemicals that are safe, and even helpful insmall amounts, can be harmful in larger quantities or under certain conditions. Most chemicalaccidents occur in our own homes and can be prevented.How can I protect myself from chemical emergencies at home?Anyone of any age can be adversely affected by chemicals or other substances throughbreathing, swallowing, or touching. A person can be exposed to a chemical even though he orshe does not see or smell anything unusual. The best way to avoid chemical accidents is to readand follow the directions for use, storage, and disposal of chemical products.What is the best source of information if a chemical emergency occurs at home?Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages7
March 2007If a chemical spills from the container of a household product, read the product label forinstructions or call 9-1-1 or your local emergency number. If you know or have reason to believethat exposure to the chemical may cause poisoning, call the Poison Control Center at 1-800-2221222. If your pet appears to have been exposed to a poison or other toxin, call your veterinarianor the Animal Poison Control Center at 1-888-426-4435.How can I properly dispose of household hazardous waste?People sometimes dispose of household hazardous wastes improperly, causing danger tohumans, animals, the environment, sanitation systems, etc. Call your local or state solid wasteofficials or recycling or environmental agency to learn how to dispose of specific hazardouswastes so they will not cause harm.ACTION MESSAGESBe Prepared for Household Chemical EmergenciesProtect YourselfCORE ACTION MESSAGES Use, store, and dispose of chemicalsaccording to instructions. Post the Poison Control Center numberby every telephone. Know the symptoms of chemicalpoisoning.You should: Dispose of chemicals according to the instructions on each product’s label. Disposingof chemicals properly ensures that they will not adversely affect the safety of the environmentand the health and well being of the public, including your household.Note: If you have questions about how to dispose ofchemicals or products that may contain chemicals, callyour local or state solid waste officials or recycling orenvironmental agency. Read the instructions before using a new chemical product and be sure to storehousehold chemicals according to the instructions on the label.Store chemicals in a safe, secure location, preferably up high and always out of thereach of children.Avoid mixing household chemical products. Deadly toxic fumes can result from themixture of chemicals, such as chlorine bleach and ammonia.Never smoke while using household chemicals. Avoid using hair spray, cleaningsolutions, paint products, or pesticides near an open flame, pilot light, lighted candle,fireplace, wood-burning stove, etc. Although you may not be able to see or smell them,vapor particles in the air could catch fire or explode.Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages8
March 2007 Clean up spilled chemicals immediately with rags. Protect your eyes and skin by wearinggloves and goggles or safety glasses. Allow the fumes in the rags to evaporate outdoors, andthen dispose of the rags by wrapping them in newspaper, placing them in a sealed plasticbag, and putting them outside in your trash can.Buy only as much of a chemical as you think you will use. If some of the chemical is leftover, try to give it to someone who will use it or dispose of it according to the instructions.Storing hazardous chemicals increases the risk of chemical emergencies.Keep an A-B-C-rated fire extinguisher in your home. Get training from your local firedepartment in how to use it. (See “Fire Extinguishers”)Protect your pets and other animals from possible exposure to all chemicalsPost by all telephones the Poison Control Center number (1-800-222-1222), the AnimalPoison Control Center number (1-888-426-4435), and your local emergency number (91-1 or the emergency number in your area).Recognize the symptoms of chemical poisoning: Difficulty breathing Irritation of the eyes, skin, throat, or respiratory tract Changes in skin color Headache or blurred vision Dizziness Clumsiness or lack of coordination Cramps or diarrhea NauseaWhat to Do if a Chemical Emergency Occurs at HomeCORE ACTION MESSAGES For chemical poisoning, immediatelycall the Poison Control Center andbegin treatment. If fire or explosion threatens, get out,and then call for help.If a person eats or drinks a non-food substance, you should immediately: Find the container the substance came in and take it to the telephone. (Medicalprofessionals may need specific information from the container to give you the bestemergency advice.) Call the Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. If directed to do so, call 9-1-1 or the emergency number in your area. Follow carefully the instructions of the Poison Control Center operator and the EMSdispatcher. Be aware that the first aid advice found on containers may not beappropriate. Do not give anything by mouth unless medical professionals advise youto do so.If a chemical gets into a person’s eyes, you should immediately: Call the Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222. Flush the eyes with clear water for a minimum of 15 minutes or take other action asdirected by the Poison Control Center. Delaying first aid can greatly increase the likelihood ofpermanent injury.Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages9
March 2007If a person is burned by chemicals, you should immediately: Call 9-1-1 for emergency help. Administer first aid. Remove clothing and jewelry from around the injury. Pour clean, cool water over the burn for 15 to 30 minutes. Loosely cover the burn with a sterile or clean dressing so it will not stick to the burn.If there is danger of a chemical fire or explosion, you should: Get out of the building immediately. Do not waste time collecting items or calling thefire department. Once you are safely away from danger, call the fire department from outside usinga cell phone or a neighbor’s telephone Stay upwind and away from the building to avoid breathing toxic fumes.If you have been exposed to toxic chemicals, you should: Wash your hands, arms, or other body parts that may have been exposed to a toxicchemical. Chemicals may continue to irritate the skin until they are washed off. Remove your clothing, being careful not to pull it over your face. Cut the clothing off ifnecessary. Discard clothing that may have been contaminated by toxic chemicals. Somechemicals may not wash out completely. Discarding clothes will prevent potential futureexposure.Protect your animals. Be aware that animals are more likely to explore substances within theirreach, particularly those with an attractive odor (including substances such as chocolate whichare toxic to most pets). Animals will often lick their paws, fur, or skin and swallow a substancethat they have walked in. Wash your animals’ paws and coat if necessary and prevent licking asmuch as possible until you have taken the animal to your veterinarian.Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages10
March 2007DroughtAWARENESS MESSAGESWhy talk about drought?Droughts have wide-ranging adverse economic, environmental, and social impacts as rivers,reservoirs, groundwater levels, and soil moisture all drop. Lack of rain for an extended period cancause losses to crops, timber, livestock, and fisheries. Water shortages for home use andindustry may result, affecting personal and environmental sanitation. Environmental losses fromwater shortages may occur due to an increase in the number of fires and the amount of dust andconcentrated water pollution.What is a drought?A drought is a period of abnormally dry weather that persists long enough to produce a serioushydrologic imbalance, causing, for example, crop damage and shortages in the water supply.The severity of a drought depends on the degree of moisture deficiency, the duration, and thesize of the affected area. Drought can be defined four ways: Meteorological Drought—when an area gets less p
Talking About Disaster: Guide for Standard Messages 5 Introduction and Purpose The purpose of this guide is to assist those who provide disaster safety information to the general public. The information presented is base d on historical data for the United States and is appropriate for use in the United States and its territories.
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