PROCEDURES FOR GETTING EARTHWORK OUT OF GEOPAK USING CROSS .
Overview11/26/13The guide discusses procedures for calculating final earthwork quantities using GEOPAK. Thisis abbreviated guidance. Only some of the more common techniques for calculating earthworkare discussed in this manual. For a more comprehensive discussion of using GEOPAK andcalculating earthwork see the GEOPAK help files within the application.This guide does not discuss survey techniques and practices need for calculating earthwork.This guide discusses two methods of calculating earthwork;1.Average End Area Method from Cross Sections2.Surface to Surface Volumes from Digital Terrain ModelsSome of the procedures needed to calculate earthwork are the same for both methods and someare different. The following outline highlights the procedures are applicable to each method.1.Average End Area Method from Cross Sectionsa. Determine Method of Calculating Earthwork.page 3b. Setting Up or Identifying the Working Directory .page 3c. Preparing Files .page 4d. GEOPAK User Preferences .page 6,7,10e. Creating a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) .page 13,14,17f. Reviewing and Displaying a DTM .page 25,27g. Storing a Horizontal Alignment (Chain).page 31h. Drawing Cross Sections .page 36i. Viewing Cross Sections .page 48j. Processing Cross Sections for Closure Errors .page 50k. Draw Pattern Lines for XS .page 55l. Draw Pavement. Base and Topsoil into Cross Sections .page 56,59,62m. Earthwork From Cross Sections .page 68,71n. Reviewing Cross Sections.page 48,74o. Creating Cross Section Layout Sheets .page 762.Surface to Surface Volumes from Digital Terrain Modelsa. Determine Method of Calculating Earthwork.page 3b. Setting Up or Identifying the Working Directory .page 3c. Preparing Files .page 4d. GEOPAK User Preferences .page 6,7,10e. Creating a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) .page 13,14,17f. Reviewing and Displaying a DTM .page 25g. Earthwork Quantities by Using Surface to Surface Volume from Digital TerrainModels.page 30NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/131
Most of the procedures discussed in this guidance are listed chronologically. When using thisguidance you need to reference the above outline to know which procedures are applicable toyour calculations.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/132
Determine Method of Calculating Earthwork03/24/06If you are calculating earthwork quantities for a roadway, you should use the “Average End AreaMethod from Cross Sections”. Plan Quantities (as-designed) have been already calculated. If soyou will want to compare the as-designed quantities with the as-built quantities.If you are calculating earthwork quantities for a borrow, waste or stockpile site you probablyshould use the “Surface to Surface Volumes from Digital Terrain Models” method. This methodis more applicable to small and less linear sites.There are some exceptions to the above recommendations. Occasionally, the “Surface to SurfaceVolumes from Digital Terrain Models” calculation method has been used for complex sectionsof roadways like at an interchange. However advanced DTM modeling skills are required(GEOPAK Site) to use “Surface to Surface Volumes From Digital Terrain Models” whenmaterials removed such as pavement removal and materials add such as new pavement intersectin space. Interim DTM’s with these surfaces removed need to be created. This advancedmodeling is not covered in this guide. Surface to Surface Volume comparisons don’t allow forhaul distance comparison. If average haul needs to be recalculated, cross sections need to beused.Sometimes the “Average End Area Method from Cross Sections” method is used for borrow,waste or stockpile sites because the information was gathered by field book notes (withoutelectronic data gathering tools). The “Average End Area Method from Cross Sections” is alsoused when a site needs to be formally document by cross sections.Occasionally both methods of calculating earthwork are used for comparison.Setting Up or Identifying the Working Directory11/20/08Electronic files used for final earthwork calculations should be stored on the NDDOT CentralOffice CADD Server (r: drive). Final earthwork quantity information should typically be storedin the “as-built” directory of the project folder. See the NDDOT CADD Standards Manualsection 2.1.You may want to initially store project files in a working directory on the c: or g: drive. Afteryou are satisfied with the results of your earthwork you must move this information to the correctproject file on the r: drive so it can be stored with the rest of the projects final records.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/133
Preparing Files11/17/13Earthwork by Cross Sections for RoadwaysIf you are calculating earthwork by cross sections and comparing it to as-designed calculationsyou will probably start out with the following files.1.GEOPAK database file (*.gpk) from design2.Cross-Section Drawing (xsec *.dgn) from design - Copy the design cross sectiondrawing into your working directory (as-built directory).3.A final ground data file from survey4.Selected CADD resource file (generic input files) fromS:\STANDARD\V8i\GEOPAK\Criteria\As-built Earthwork.Note, “DTM.dgn” and “Shape.dgn” are optional files that could be copied but recreating thesedrawings is recommended.Earthwork by Cross Sections for Borrow, Waste or Stockpile SitesIf you are calculating earthwork by cross-sections for a borrow, waste or stockpile site (startingfrom scratch), you will probably start out with the following files1.Existing ground data from a survey2.Final ground data from a survey3.Selected CADD resource file (generic input files) from S:\STANDARD\V8i\GEOPAK\Criteria\As-built Earthwork.Note, the drawings “DTM.dgn”, “xsec*.dgn”, “Align.dgn” and a new GEOPAK database file(*.gpk) will need to be created for these calculations. If you are calculating earthwork for aborrow, waste or stockpile site you probably are not referencing any previously definedalignments and it will simpler to create a new “.gpk” file.Earthwork from SurfacesIf you are calculating earthwork directly from surfaces for a borrow, waste or stockpile site(starting from scratch), you will probably start out with the following files1.Existing ground data from a survey2.Final ground data from a surveyNote, the drawing “DTM.dgn” and a new GEOPAK database file (*.gpk) will need to be createdfor these calculations.The survey data is usually in stored in files with a .txt, .csv, .asc or .dat extension. This data willbe used to create surfaces and or cross-sections that GEOPAK will use for earthworkcalculations.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/134
The most common surface model that the NDDOT uses is a “triangulated irregular network” ofpoints. This surface is stored in a file with a “.tin” extension. This surface is sometime referredto as a “digital terrain model” (DTM). You will need these files to calculate earthwork. Theonly time you will not need at least one *.tin file is when both of the following conditions occur;you use the “Average End Area Method from Cross Sections” and final cross section data istaken at the exact same stations as the existing ground data was surveyed.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/135
GEOPAK User Preferences11/12/08Certain user preferences need to be set up when you use GEOPAK. The “User Preferences”dialog can be accessed from the “Applications Road User Preferences” pull down menu. Youneed to set these directories so that GEOPAK stores information in the correct location. If youdo not check these preference settings you could save data over somebody else’s. Thesepreferences should be checked every time you use GEOPAK.Set the working directory path in thiscommand box. Use the asbuilt ordirectory discussed in the “WorkingDirectory” section of this guide. Onceyou have set the working directory youmay need to set the COGO Preference.Select the COGO Preferences button.This should open the COGOPreferences dialog box.Most of these setting are left empty. If the fields for“Job (GPK) Directory”, “COGO Input FileDirectory”, and “COGO Output File Directory”, areempty, these settings will default to the “WorkingDirectory” as previously setup. Occasionally youmay want to set the Job (GPK) Directory if your“Working Directory” doesn’t contain the GPK filethat you are working with (example: your “WorkingDirectory” is \\Asbuilt and the GPK file is in the\\Design directory). Once this is complete or settingshave been confirmed (usually as shown) push the OKbutton to close the two dialog boxes.GEOPAK has a tool named “Project Manager” that helps manage settings for a project. ProjectManager overwrites several GEOPAK user preferences.Some settings such as “Global Working Directory” are only available in Project Manager. Youmay have to activate “Project Manager” to edit this setting.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/136
Project Manager Setup for GEOPAK Road11/12/081. Project manager can be activated from the main pulldown menu, “Applications Road Project Manager”, orthe GEOPAK Road tool box.2. The Project Manager dialog box for project selection orsetup should open. Select the directory where you wantto save the “*.prj” file. The prj file is a “project” file thatis used to point to other project manager resources. Thisfile is typically stored in your project working directory.Use the “Directories:” panel to select the workingdirectory. Note, the path shown as “[.]” selects a parentdirectory of the presently selected directory (moves outone directory). The selected directory will show near thetop of the dialog box. In this picture it is shown as“C:\Junk\”.3. After the location for the “*.prj” (project)file has been selected. Create the projectfile by selecting “Projects New” from theProject Manager dialog box for projects.A “Create New Project” dialog box willopen. Type an applicable “ProjectName:” (example, Hwy2 MP199).Usually there is only one prj file perworking directory so the namingconvention isn’t extremely important.Select the working directory and a JobNumber for the GPK file. If you select a Job Number for a GPK file that doesn’t exist, anew GPK file will be created. The Project Description is optional.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/137
4. Select the “OK” button after filling the information forthe “Create New Project” dialog box. The Project Nameshould now show up in the Project Manager dialog boxfor projects. Select the “OK” button to select the newlycreated project. A “Project Users:” dialog box shouldopen.5. Project manager can keep track and segregatethe work of several different users if theseparate users are setup. Select “Users New”from the Project Users dialog box.6. Fill out the information for the New User. The Nameshould be your NDDOT email name (example,“jcollado”). The CADD Standards Promote usingyour email name because this name should be uniquewithin the NDDOT. Example, there could be morethan one person named “Jon” working on the sameproject. Users sharing the same name at the sametime within one project manager may causeproblems such as crashing and corruption ofproject manager files. The “Full Name” field shouldjust be your full name (example, “Jon Collado”). TheOP code: should be “nd”. This is an Operator Code. It is used in some files named byGEOAPAK. The description is optional. Select the “OK” button after the userinformation has been set up. You will be prompted to password protect your files. SelectNo.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/138
7. Within the Project User dialog box, select the user.The user should be highlighted in the Project Userspanel. Select the “OK” button and the “RoadProject” dialog box will open.8. This is the “Road Project” dialog box. It is very robust and this manual will discuss onlya few of its features. This dialog box may be used when drawing cross section elementsand calculating earthwork as discussed latter in this manual.9. The “Working Alignment Influence Runs” is a setting that is not used in this manual.You may not always have one fixed working alignment definition for one alignment. Forsimplicity, toggle this option off.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/139
Survey Project Preferences11/1713GEOPAK Survey uses a “*.prj” project file similar to Project Manager. Using GEOPAK Surveyand Project Manager for Road at the same time is not recommended.1. GEOPAK Survey can be activated by selecting “Applications Survey” from the mainpull down menu. The “Survey Tool Box” and a separate survey menu bar should open.Most of the same tools can be access from either the tool box or the menu bar. Thismanual will use the menu bar for the most part.2. Several preferences need to besetup. From the Survey menubar select“Project Preferences”. ThePreferences dialog box shouldopen.3. Many of these preferences canbe imported by selecting“Default Open”. Pick the file“S:\STANDARD\ V8i\GEOPAK\Survey\NDDOT.sdp”. Notice the name of the dialog box changes from“Preferences” to “Default Preferences”.4. Several “default” preferences will be load such as; Dataset Linking Codes,Visualization Settings, and Visualization Cross Sections. However you will need toedit several Project preferences.5. Select the “Project” tab in the preferences dialog box. On the left side of the dialog boxthere is a selection panel. Select “Settings”.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/1310
6. Rename the project “Name” fromuntitled.prj to something moreapplicable (example,Hwy2 MP199.prj). Usuallythere is only one prj file perworking directory so the namingconvention isn’t extremelyimportant. Select the Directoryand Job Directory. Thesedirectories should typically be setto the project working directory.Setting the Global Working Directory is not recommended because it can’t be adjustedoutside of GEOPAK Survey. Set the Job Number for the GPK file. If you select a JobNumber for a GPK file that doesn’t exist, a new GPK file will be created. The ProjectDescription is optional.7. On the left side of the “Default Preferences” dialog box, select “User” in the selectionpanel.10. Fill out the information forUser. The Name should beyour NDDOT email name(example, “jcollado”). TheCADD Standards Promoteusing your email namebecause this name should beunique within the NDDOT.Example, there could be morethan one person named “Jon”working on the same project.Users sharing the same name at the same time within one project may causeproblems such as crashing and corruption of project manager files. The “FullName” field should just be your full name (example, “Jon Collado”). The OP code:should be “nd”. This is an Operator Code. It is used in some files named by GEOAPAK.The description is optional. Don’t use the password field. Select the “OK” button afterthe user information has been set up.11. The following settings (Dataset Linking Codes, Visualization Settings, andVisualization Cross Sections) should have been imported from the NDDOT.sdp file.They will be reviewed for informational purposes.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/1311
12. The Linking Codes can beset under the “Dataset” tabwithin the “LinkingCodes” panel extension.The Linking Codes arealso discussed in theNDDOT CADDStandards, Section 4.6.13. Under the“Visualization Settings”the standard nddot.smbshould be selected and the“Apply Feature BestMatch” should be activated.The “Apply Feature BestMatch” option allows slightvariations of a point codenames (example; BRK1,BRK2 and BRK3 will all beconsidered as break lines“BRK”).14. Under the “Visualization Cross Section” the standard symbology for cross sections issetup for existing ground.15. The Default Preferences must be resaved after the editing. If you don’t save them, theywill be lost. Default Preferences are not the same as active Preferences. DefaultPreferences are stored in a *.spd file. Active Preferences are temporarily stored in a rscfile. Select “Default Save As” from the Default Preferences dialog box to save theproject default settings. Using the same names for the *.prj and the *.spd files isrecommend for intuitive file navigation.16. Select the “OK” button after the preferences have been set up. The “Project Preferences”dialog box will close.NDDOT Procedures for Calculating Final Earthwork QuantitiesRevised: 11/26/1312
Creating a Digital Terrain Model (DTM)11/17/13Digital Terrain Models are often used for drawing cross sections and earthwork. Usually DTM’sare needed for both existing and as-built ground surfaces. DTM’s are often stored in files with a“.tin” extension.Sometimes projects may not require field personnel to create a DTM. Here are some instanceswhen you many not need to create a DTM1.Someone else has created a DTM for you. DTM’s of existing ground for roadwayalignments are often created by Surveys and Photogrametry in the Design Division.If you are working on roadway earthwork you may be able to use the DTM thatDesign created. However, Design seldom creates as-built DTM’s. So Fieldpersonnel may be required to make as-built DTM.2.If field data was taken at regular intervals – transversely at specific stations, a DTMmay not be required. Cross Sections can be created directly from data files thatcontain station, northing, easting and elevation information or cross sections can becreated directly from data files that contain station, offset and elevation information.However, the stationing for the existing cross sections must match the stationing forthe as-built cross sections. If additional cross sections are needed, additional fielddata will need to be collected. Choosing to collect data at regular intervals in order todirectly create cross sections (skip creating a DTM) does not usually save time.Using xyz data collected transversely across a roadway instead of at irregularintervals in order to create a DTM is discouraged because the cross sections obtainedfrom these DTM’s are often misinterpreted.If you don’t need to make a DTM you can skip the following step. The following proceduresdiscuss how to create a DTM. Both GEOPAK Road and GEOPAK Survey can be used to createa DTM. There are variations of both of DTM creations methods. Both of these methods extractsurvey data from a text file.Two methods are presented here. However, using GEOPAK Survey to visualize the data beforecreating a DTM is strongly recommended. Visualizing the data early on in the process maypoint out surveying short comings. The GEOPAK Road method can use break lines, but itrequires more work to correct problem
. Note, “DTM.dgn” and “Shape.dgn” are optional files that could be copied but recreating these drawings is recommended. Earthwork by Cross Sections for Borrow, Waste or Stockpile Sites If you are calculating earthwork by cross-sections for a borrow, waste or stockpile site (starting
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