CHAPTER 9 Understanding Drugs And Medicines
UNIT 3C H A PT E R 9UnderstandingDrugs andMedicinesC H A PT E R 1 0AlcoholC H A PT E R 1 1TobaccoC H A PT E R 1 2Illegal DrugsCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.215
CHAPTER 9UnderstandingDrugs andMedicinesKNOWLEDGEWhich of the statements below are true, and whichare false? Check your answers on p. 642.1.Side effects of over-the-counter medicines arerare.2.Cold medicines can cause drowsiness whenthey are taken with antihistamines.3.Not following doctor’s orders while taking aprescription medicine can be dangerous.4.Generic drugs work equally as well as brandname drugs.5.Nutritional supplements are not approved bythe Food and Drug Administration, as aremedicines.6.Drugs that come from natural products aresafer than drugs made from chemicals.7. People cannot become addicted to prescriptiondrugs.216Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
SECTION 1DrugsSECTION 2Drugs asMedicinesSECTION 3Drugs andthe BrainVisit these Web sites for the latest health nnstudentnews.comCheck outarticles related to this chapter byvisiting go.hrw.com. Just type inthe keyword HH4 CH09.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.217
SECTION 1DrugsSECTION 2OBJECTIVESKEYKEY TERMSTERMSList three qualities that make a drug useful as a medicine.drug any substance that causes a change in aperson’s physical or psychological statemedicine any drug used to cure, prevent, ortreat illness or discomfortside effect any effect that is caused by a drug andthat is different from the drug’s intended effectprescription a written order from a doctor for aspecific medicineover-the-counter (OTC) medicine any medicinethat can be bought without a prescriptionSECTION 3Name the two sources of all drugs.Identify four different types of medicines and theireffects on the body.SECTION 4Identify five different ways that drugs can enter the body.Describe why some drugs are considered drugs ofabuse.SECTION 5What do aspirin, caffeine, cortisone, and cocaine all havein common? They are all drugs. You encounter somedrugs every day. Some drugs help sick people feel better.Some of these drugs you can get only from a doctor. Still, other drugsare taken for their effect on the brain.What Are Drugs?How can one class of substances be so many different things? A drugis any substance that causes a change in a person’s physical or psychological state. Thousands of different drugs exist and they can havemany different kinds of effects. Some drugs have one specific effect,while other drugs have many effects. Some drugs kill invading organisms. Other drugs, like the ones used for treating cancer, may evenmake someone who has cancer feel sick while they are helping theperson to get better.Taking medicine is serious business.Always make sure you are wellinformed about the medicines you aretaking or need to take.218Some Drugs Are Medicines Any drug that is used to cure, prevent, or treat illness or discomfort is called a medicine. For example,the antibiotic penicillin is considered a medicine because it kills certain types of bacteria that can infect us and make us sick. To be agood medicine, a drug must have the following qualities: Effectiveness When a medicine is good at carrying out its task,doctors say it is effective. For example, penicillin is effective atkilling certain types of bacteria. Safety Good medicines also have to be safe. For example,penicillin wouldn’t be very useful if it damaged the heart whileit was killing bacteria. But penicillin does not damage theheart. So for most people, penicillin is safe to use.C H AP T E R 9 Understanding Drugs and MedicinesCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Figure 1 Minor side effects No medicine is perfectly safe for everyone.Any effect that is caused by a drug and that is different fromthe drug’s intended effect is called a side effect. Common sideeffects of medicines include headache, sleepiness, or diarrhea.Most drugs have very minor side effects. If a medicine has toomany side effects or if the side effects are too severe, the medicine may not be safe to use, at least not by everyone. For example, some people can have an allergic reaction to penicillin.The reactions to penicillin can range from a rash to a feverand, very rarely, to death.Some medicines, such as aspirin, wereoriginally developed from substancesproduced by plants. Today manymedicines, including aspirin, arecreated by scientists in laboratories andare made by drug companies.Some Drugs Are “Drugs of Abuse” Drugs that are not medicines, such as cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and marijuana, change theway the brain works in ways that are not healthy. A person takes drugslike these to change how he or she feels or how he or she senses theworld. The person may want to feel happier, or less sad or less anxious. Drugs that people take for mind-altering effects that have nomedical purpose are called drugs of abuse.Drugs that dramatically change your mood can be very dangerous. Over time, any drug that affects the brain can change yourbehavior so that you can’t control your behavior. This loss of controlcan lead to serious long-term health problems.Where Do Drugs Come From? Despite their differences, alldrugs have one thing in common—they are all chemicals. In the past,all drugs came from natural sources such as plants, animals, andfungi. For example, opium, which has been used for thousands ofyears to treat pain and diarrhea, comes from the unripe seed capsulesof the opium poppy. Figure 1 shows a willow tree, the bark of which isthe source of salicin, the chemical from which aspirin was developed.Many drugs are now created by scientists working in laboratories.Scientists can work on the structure of chemicals to change existingdrugs or develop new drugs. Every year, drug companies test thousandsof new chemicals to see if the chemicals might be effective as drugs.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.www.scilinks.org/healthTopic: Drugs and Drug AbuseHealthLinks code: HH4050SECTION 1Drugs219
Types of MedicinesMedicines can be classified in many ways. One useful way is to classify them by what they do. This is how you will find medicines organized in the drugstore or pharmacy. Table 1 lists some common kindsof medicines. Among the most common medicines are analgesics,antihistamines, and antacids. Some of these medicines require a prescription (pree SKRIP shuhn), while over-the-counter medicines doTable 1 Types of algesic acetaminophen relieves pain OTCAntihistamine diphenhydramine helps relieve minorallergy symptoms OTCAntacid aluminum hydroxide neutralizes stomachacid for relief fromheartburn OTCAntibiotic amoxicillin kills bacteria to helpcure infections prescriptionBronchodilator salmeterol opens airways to makebreathing easier forpeople with asthma prescriptionSteroid anti-inflammatory cortisone cream reduces inflammationand itching of skin OTCHormone insulin different hormoneswork differently;insulin lowers bloodglucose levels to helptreat diabetes prescriptionStimulant methylphenidate increases alertness;methylphenidate helpspeople with attentiondeficit hyperactivitydisorder (ADHD) tofocus their attention prescriptionAntianxiety alprazolam helps people who areexcessively nervous orpanicked to calm down prescriptionVaccine meningitis vaccine prevents infections inpeople exposed to theinfectious agent prescriptionSedative temazepam causes sleepiness prescription220C H AP T E R 9 Understanding Drugs and MedicinesCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
not require a prescription. A prescription is a writtenorder from a doctor for a specific medicine.Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are medicines thatcan be bought without a prescription.Analgesics are medicines that relieve pain. Three common types of OTC analgesics are aspirin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen. However, some very powerfulanalgesics may be bought only with a prescription.Examples of such analgesics are the opiates codeine andmorphine. Antihistamines are medicines that block theaction of the body chemical histamine, which can causeallergy symptoms. Antacids are medicines that workagainst stomach acids which can cause heartburn.Implanted pumpsInhalationInjection beneath theskin (subcutaneous),into a vein (intravenous),or into a muscle(intramuscular)Transdermal patchesIngestionHow Drugs Enter Your Body Most drugs are takenorally as capsules, liquids, or tablets. But Figure 2 showsmany other ways that drugs can be taken into the body.These methods include Implanted pumps Surgically implanted specializedpumps inject drugs directly into a specific part of the body. Inhalation The drug enters the body through blood vessels inthe lungs when it is inhaled. Injection The drug is injected by using a hypodermic needle. Transdermal patches The drug is packaged into patches thatare placed on the skin. Ingestion The drug is swallowed and absorbed through bloodvessels in the intestines. Topical application The drug is applied directly to certain areasof the body and absorbed into the skin.SECTION 1REVIEWTopical applicationFigure 2Drugs can enter the body in manydifferent ways. The need to keep thecorrect concentration of a drug at theright place for the right amount of timeis the reason behind the many deliverymethods.Answer the following questions on a separate piece of paper.Using Key TermsSECTION21. Compare the term drug with the term medicine.2. State the term used to describe an effect that iscaused by a drug and that is different from thedrug’s intended effect.SECTION 33. Compare prescription medicines to OTC medicines.SECTION4Key IdeasUnderstanding4. List three characteristics that make a druguseful as a medicine.SECTION 55. Name the two sources of all medicines and drugs.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.6. Name four medicines and their effects on thehuman body.7. Identify the delivery method of a drug that entersthe body through the intestine.a. inhalationc. transdermal patchesb. ingestiond. topical application8. State the reason why some drugs are considereddrugs of abuse.Critical Thinking9. Identify the best method for a doctor to give amedicine to a patient if the medicine is requiredto act very quickly. Explain your answer.SECTION 1Drugs221
SECTION 1SECTION 2Drugsas 3MedicinesSECTIONOBJECTIVESKEYKEY TERMSTERMSDescribe the process by which drugs are approved for medical use.psychoactive describes a drug or medicine thataffects the brain and changes how a personperceives, thinks, or feelsgeneric medicine a medicine made by acompany other than the company that developedthe original medicineactive ingredient the chemical component thatgives a medicine its actiondrug interaction when a drug reacts with anotherdrug, food, or dietary supplement such that theeffect of one of the substances is greater or smallerSECTION 4State two reasons why prescriptions are required for some medicines.State two factors to consider when choosing over-the-counter(OTC) medicines.SECTION 5Describe three problems that can occur when taking some medicines.List six things you should do to be able to use medicineswisely. LIFE SKILLAcentury ago, anyone could put some chemicals in a bottleand call it a medicine. Men traveled across the country selling cures they had created themselves. Most of the time thesecures did nothing but cost people money. On occasion the cures hurtor killed people.MythIf stores are allowed tosell dietary supplements,they must really work.Approving Drugs for Medical UseFake and dangerous drugs became such a problem that in the earlypart of the 20th century, the U.S. government started to make laws tohelp ensure that drugs were safe to use. In 1906, a government agencycalled the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was created to control the safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics.FactDietary supplements arenot regulated by the FDA.Their makers can sellthem without provingthey are effective.222Testing a Drug The FDA has developed an approval process forcompanies that want to sell a drug in the United States. This process isneeded to prove the drug is safe and effective. After scientists developor discover a new drug, they test it. Initial testing takes place in laboratories and may include chemical tests or tests on cell cultures (cellsgrown in a lab). After the initial tests are completed, all drugs aretested again on animals to be sure that they work and are safe.If the animal testing shows that the drug is safe, then testing forsafety may begin on healthy human volunteers. If the drug passesthese first tests on humans, the drug is then tested on humans whohave the illness that the drug is meant to treat. These larger tests arecalled clinical trials. During clinical trials, the new drug is comparedto existing drugs to see if it is safe and effective.If the clinical trials show that the drug is effective and safe, thenthe drug company can apply to the FDA for approval of the drug. TheFDA then approves or rejects the drug for sale to the public.C H AP T E R 9 Understanding Drugs and MedicinesCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
Prescription MedicinesEven though the FDA has approved a drug or medicine as safe, somemedicines can be bought only with a prescription. Such medicines oftentreat serious health conditions or are very powerful medicines. Prescription medicines should only be taken on recommendation by a doctor.Why Do I Need to Follow a Prescription? Prescriptions arealways for a limited amount of a medicine, and they contain instructions on when and how often the medicine should be taken. If youdon’t follow the instructions for prescription medicines, the medicine may not work or the medicine may be harmful.Antibiotics are examples of prescription medicines. You mustcontinue taking antibiotics for a bacterial infection for as long as yourdoctor instructs. Even though you may start to feel better after a fewdays, the bacteria that caused the infection may not be completelyeliminated. If you stop taking the antibiotic too soon, the remainingbacteria can cause the infection to return. Because not all antibioticswork against all bacteria, your doctor will prescribe a specific antibiotic for a specific illness.What Information Does a Prescription Have? When thedoctor writes a prescription, the following information is included: the dose (how much of the medicine you should take) when you should take the medicine how often you should take the medicine the length of time you should take the medicineWhen the prescription is filled at the pharmacy, the pharmacistshould make sure you receive the correct medicine. Specific instructions are printed on the container. The pharmacist should also tellyou the information you need in order to take your medicine safely.Many pharmacies will also give you a drug information sheet. Thissheet has all the information about the medicine, such as possible sideeffects and known interactions with other medicines. You should askfor this drug information sheet if you do not get it with your medicine.Questions to Ask When YourDoctor Prescribes a Medicine Why do I need to take thismedicine? When should I take the medicine? For how long should I take themedicine? Are there any side effects? What should I do if a side effectoccurs? Should I avoid any other medications, dietary supplements, foods,drinks, or activities while I takethe medicine? What do I do if I miss a dose? What are the brand names andgeneric names of this medicine? Can I take the generic medicine?Misuse of Prescription Medicines The only person whoshould take a prescription medicine is the person whose nameappears on the label. For example, even if you and your friend thinkyou have the same illness, never take your friend’s prescription medicine. You may not have the same illness, or the strength of yourfriend’s medicine may be more or less than you need, or you could beallergic to the medicine.Many prescription drugs are abused. This abuse can involve takingmedicine when it is not needed, taking too much medicine, or mixingmore than one kind of medicine. Drugs and medicines that affectthe brain and change how we perceive, think, or feel, are calledpsychoactive. Psychoactive medicines and drugs are especially likelyto be abused. You should take a psychoactive medicine only if it hasbeen prescribed for you by a doctor.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.SECTION 2Drugs as Medicines223
Over-the-Counter (OTC) MedicinesMost grocery stores and drugstores have at least one aisle of OTCmedicines. You can buy OTC medicines without a prescription. Overthe-counter medicines include analgesics, cold remedies, antacids,and medicines to treat rashes and other skin problems.Benefits of OTC Medicines Most OTC medicines are used forcommon illnesses, injuries, and disorders. For example, you can treata headache with acetaminophen (AS i tuh MIN uh fuhn), a seasonalallergy with diphenhydramine (DIE fen HIE druh meen), an itchyskin rash with a cortisone cream, and a stuffy nose with pseudoephedrine (SOO doh e FE drin). If you use OTC medicines carefully, they can help relieve your minor illnesses.Choosing an OTC Medicine A wide variety of OTC medicinesSometimes, choosing an OTC medicinecan be overwhelming.are available. But there are often many different brands of medicinesthat have different prices and that are used to treat the same problem.How should you choose one medicine over another?1. Decide what kind of OTC will work for you. Read the list of uses tofind out if the medicine can relieve your illness. Some OTC drugsmay sound like they do the same thing but they have very different effects on the body. Take cough suppressants and coughexpectorants for example. Both are called cough medicines, but acough suppressant stops a dry, tickly cough whereas a coughexpectorant loosens up chest congestion in a person with a chestinfection.2. Decide whether you want generic or a brand-name medicine.There are both brand-name and generic formulations of manyOTC medicines. A generic medicine is a medicine that is made bya company other than the company that developed the originalmedicine. Generic drugs are chemically identical to the originaldrug. Both generic medicines and brand-name medicines containthe same active ingredient. The active ingredient is the chemicalBeliefsvs .Realityare sold without a prescription,“OTC medicinesso they must be completely safe.”can cure diseases so that you“OTC medicinesdon’t have to go to the doctor.”are safe because“Herbal medicinesthey’renatural.”more of a medicine if“I shouldmytakesymptomsget worse.”224C H AP T E R 9 Understanding Drugs and MedicinesOTC medicines can be dangerous when usedimproperly or if you are allergic to them.OTC medicines treat symptoms but cannot curean illness.Herbal medicines are not regulated by the FDA, sothey’re not proven safe or effective.You should never increase your dose of medicinewithout first checking with your doctor.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
How to Read an OTC LabelIngredientsDirectionsActive ingredients are listed byamount, usually in milligrams(mg) per dose or half dose.Inactive ingredients are alsosometimes listed.Directions indicate thecorrect dosage andfrequency of dosage foradults and children.UsesThe list of uses helpsyou find out if themedicine can relieveyour symptoms.WarningsThe warnings informyou of possible sideeffects, unfavorabledrug interactions,and the likelihood ofoverdose.Figure 3component that gives a medicine its action. For example, ibuprofen is made by many companies and is the active ingredient inmany products that relieve pain. The difference between genericand brand-name medicines is mainly in the inactive ingredients.These ingredients include fillers that give pills their size, shape,color, and coating and that add to the color and flavor of liquidmedicines.3. Read the label. All medicines can be dangerous if they are nottaken properly. Because of this, all OTC medicines have veryspecific warnings on their labels. These warnings, as shown inFigure 3, alert you to potential dangers. The label also tells youwhat dose of medicine you should take.The labels on OTC medicines providethe information you need to take themedicine safely.ACTIVITY Compare the recommendeddose for an adult with the dose for a 10year-old child.Misuse of OTC Medicines In general, OTC medicines treatsymptoms, not the disease that causes the symptoms. For example,you may use ibuprofen for a headache that lasts an evening. Or youmay use a decongestant, such as pseudoephedrine, to help youbreathe easier for a few days while you have a cold.However, long-term use of OTC medicines can cover up pain ordiscomfort that is your body’s way of telling you something is wrong.Treating a chronic headache or any other pain with regular use ofpainkillers may delay the diagnosis of a more serious condition. Ifsymptoms last longer than a few days you should consult a doctor.Examining your daily habits may help you find the reasons for someof your symptoms. Chronic stress, for example, can lead to headachesand stomachaches. A change in lifestyle could solve those problems.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.HEALTHFor more information aboutevaluating health products,see the Express Lesson on pp. 562–563 ofthis text.HandbookSECTION 2Drugs as Medicines225
Herbal Remedies and Dietary Supplements Most pharma-Figure 4This is an example of someone who hadan allergic skin reaction to a medicine.ACTIVITY Identify what this personshould do.cies now sell herbal remedies and dietary supplements. Themakers of these products may claim their product prevents or treatscertain diseases and conditions. However, dietary supplements andherbal remedies do not have to be approved by the FDA. Therefore,they do not have to be proven to be safe and effective as OTC andprescription medicines do.The health claims made about prescription and OTC medicinesare supported by scientific research that has been evaluated by theFDA. The only way claims about a dietary supplement can be similarto health claims about OTC medicines is if supplement makers puton the label a disclaimer that says, “This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat,cure, or prevent any disease.” Evidence from scientific research, especially well-designed clinical trials, is the best way to know if a drugworks and if it is safe.Many people think that products derived from plants and animals—natural products—are purer and safer than products that aremade in a laboratory. However, anything, including a plant, that isput into a bottle to be sold as a supplement has been purified in alaboratory. Also, even though something is a natural product, it doesnot mean it is safer. Some of the most toxic compounds known toscience are completely natural!Possible Problems with MedicinesWhen taken as directed, most medicines are safe. However, problemscan occur when using medicines. These problems include allergicreactions, side effects, and drug interactions.Allergic Reactions Allergic reactions are the most serious risks totaking medicines. Medicines such as penicillin and some relatedantibiotics are known to cause allergic reactions in some people.Insulin derived from animals, medicines used to treat epilepsy, andsome sleeping pills are also known to cause allergic reactions.Allergic reactions can range from mild itchiness to severe skinrashes, as shown in Figure 4. A life-threatening condition called anaphylactic shock (AN uh fuh LAK tik SHAHK) is the most serious kind ofallergic reaction. Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic response ofalmost the entire body that includes the following conditions: itching all over the body swelling, especially in the mouth or throat wheezing or difficulty in breathing a pounding heart fainting and unconsciousnessThese symptoms signal a life-threatening medical emergency thatneeds immediate medical attention. If you or anyone you knowdevelop these symptoms shortly after taking a medicine, emergencymedical help should be sought right away.226C H AP T E R 9 Understanding Drugs and MedicinesCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
The first place to spot most allergic reactions is on yourskin. So if you start to itch or if you get a rash after taking amedicine, stop taking it immediately and call your doctor.Be sure to tell your doctor about your allergic reactionbefore the doctor prescribes any kind of medicine for youagain or before you decide to take an OTC medication.Side Effects Another potential problem with medicines is that they may produce side effects. While medicineallergies are rare, side effects are common. Antibiotics, forexample, not only kill invading bacteria, but they also killbacteria that normally live in your intestines and help keepyou healthy. When these helpful bacteria are killed, youcan get diarrhea. Drowsiness is a common side effect ofmany antihistamines and cough medicines.Aspirin is another example of a frequently used medicine that can have side effects. One of its side effects is to cause damage to the lining of the stomach. This side effect can lead to bleedingor ulcers. So if you get pains in your stomach while taking aspirin,you should stop taking the drug right away. Drugs that containibuprofen and related pain relievers can also cause stomach ulcers.In addition, any child or teen who has symptoms of a cold, theflu, chickenpox, or a disease that causes a fever should never takeaspirin. The combination of aspirin and these diseases can cause orincrease the risk for a dangerous condition called Reye’s (RIEZ) syndrome. Reye’s syndrome is a relatively rare disease that primarilyaffects children and teens under the age of 16. Reye’s syndrome cancause liver failure and brain damage, and the syndrome can sometimes be fatal.“I took anantihistamine with mycold medicinebefore I read the label.The cold medicine hadan antihistamine too.I couldn’t stay awakefor the rest of the day.”Drug Interactions Drug interactions are another potential problem with medicines. Drug interactions occur when a drug reacts withanother drug, food, or dietary supplement to increase or decrease theeffect of one of the substances. Drug interactions are described on thelabel on any OTC package or the drug information sheet that comeswith a prescription medicine.For example, sedatives, tranquilizers, alcohol, and some antihistamines cause drowsiness. Taking any combination of these drugs atthe same time could make you very drowsy and decrease your coordination. At that point, driving a car or doing anything else thatrequires concentration and coordination could be dangerous.You must know about drug interactions before you start mixingmedicines. Always check the label or drug information sheet beforeyou take any medicine. You should tell your doctor and pharmacist ifyou are taking any other medicines or herbal remedies or dietary supplements before you start to take a new prescription or OTC medicine. By volunteering information about yourself and askingquestions about new medicines, you can reduce your risk of drugallergies, side effects, and drug interactions.Copyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.SECTION 2Drugs as Medicines227
Using Medicines WiselyTaking the correct amounts of the correct medicine is very important.There are several important things you can do to make your medicines as safe and as effective as possible.1. Make yourself a part of your own healthcare team. This teamincludes you, at least one parent or guardian, and any healthcareproviders. Once you realize that you are part of the team, and notjust a passive recipient of care, you have taken a big step towardsensuring your own health and safety. You must speak up. Yourhealthcare team can only do its best job caring for you if it knowsall about you. Tell members of the team your complete medicalhistory and be especially careful to mention any previous drugreactions or known allergies. Also, be sure to note any medicinesand dietary supplements you already take. Your parents can helpwith your childhood medical history.2. Be prepared to ask questions. Make sure you know and understand what is going on with your health. You may want to writedown important questions ahead of time. You can also take notesor have a parent or other adult with you to hear what the doctoror healthcare professional is saying.Analyzing DATAReading a Prescription LabelYour Turn1 Patient’s name and address2 Prescription number and dates prescription was written and filled3 Instructions for taking medicine4 Quantity of medicine provided, name and strength of medicine, anddoctor’s name5 Side-effect warnings6 Refill information and expiration date1. How often should this patienttake her medicine?2. When the patient finishes themedicine, will she be able toget a refill?3. What is a possible side effectof this medicine?4. How many days will it MATHtake for the person to SKILLfinish the medicine provided?123452285. CRITICAL THINKING Doyou think it’s safe for this person to stop taking this medicine once she begins to feelbetter?6C H AP T E R 9 Understanding Drugs and MedicinesCopyright by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
3. Learn the facts about any medicine you are going totake. If you are considering an OTC medicine, talk tothe pharmacist about drug interactions and side effects.4. Listen to your body. Once you have the medication,make sure that you read the label and drug informationsheet carefully. Be sure to follow the instructions completely. You must pay attention to your own body. Ifyou notice anything strange (li
Side effects of over-the-counter medicines are rare. 2. Cold medicines can cause drowsiness when they are taken with antihistamines. 3. Not following doctor’s orders while taking a prescription medicine can be dangerous. 4. Generic drugs work equally as well as brand-n
Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .
TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26
Drugs Affecting Autonomic Nervous System, 2. Drugs Affecting Central Nervous System, 3. Drugs Affecting Cardiovascular System, 4. Drugs Affecting Haemostasis and Thrombosis, 5. Drugs Affecting Renal Function, 6. Drugs Affecting Endocrine System, 7. Drugs Affecting Respiratory System, 8. Drugs Affecting Gastr
DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .
These include drugs affecting the autonomic nervous system; anesthetics and analgesics; drugs to treat the heart and diseases of the cardiovascular system; drugs affecting the pulmonary system; antibiotics; drugs used to treat psychiatric disorders; drugs of abuse and drugs use to treat addiction; drugs that affect the immune
b. Drugs acting on Central Nervous system: Analgesics, Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs, Sedatives and Hypnotic, Anti convulsants and Antipsychotic drugs. Drugs used in parkinsonism. c. Drugs acting on Autonomic Nervous system: Drugs which influence the working of autonomic nervous system, Adrencrgic drugs
NDC labeler code 47335 (Sun Pharmaceutical Industries, Inc.) only. drugs cdl p1a 3 Part 2 – Drugs: Contract Drugs Lists Part 1 – Prescription Drugs (A through D) Page u
About the husband’s secret. Dedication Epigraph Pandora Monday Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Tuesday Chapter Six Chapter Seven. Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen
