Educational Services DWDM Primer - Fujitsu
DWDMDense WavelengthDivision MultiplexingDWDM PrimerMay 21, 2004
Trademarks and CopyrightsNETSMART is a registered trademark ofFujitsu Network Communications Inc.FLASHWAVE is a registered trademark ofFujitsu Network Communications, Inc.FLASH is a registered trademark ofFujitsu Network Communications Inc.FASTLANE is a registered trademark ofFujitsu Network Communications Inc.All other products or services mentioned in this document are identified by the trademarks, service marks, or product names as designated by thecompanies that market those products or services or own those marks. Inquiries concerning such products, services, or marks should be madedirectly to those companiesThis document and its contents are provided by Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc. (FNC) for guidance purposes only. This document is provided“as is” with no warranties or representations whatsoever, either express or implied, including without limitation the implied warranties ofmerchantability and fitness for purpose. FNC does not warrant or represent that the contents of this document are error free.Furthermore, the contents of this document are subject to update and change at any time without notice by FNC, since FNC reserves the right,without notice, to make changes in equipment design or components as progress in engineering methods may warrant. No part of the contents ofthis document may be copied, modified, or otherwise reproduced without the express written consent of FNC.Unpublished work and only distributed under restriction.Copyright Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
DWDM PrimerTable of ContentsLesson 1: Course DescriptionCourse Description .1-2Name.1-2Purpose .1-2Prerequisite .1-2Objectives.1-2Scope.1-3Reference Documents.1-3Support Organizations .1-5FOCIS.1-7Lesson 2: DWDM Primer OverviewPurpose .2-3Objectives.2-3Reference Documents.2-3Why DWDM? .2-5DWDM Definition.2-5Discrete Transport Channels vs. DWDM Transport .2-5Service Provider Advantages .2-7What is a Wavelength? .2-9Lesson 3: Wave Division MultiplexingPurpose .3-3Objectives.3-3Types of Multiplexing .3-5Time Division Multiplexing.3-5Wavelength Division Multiplexing.3-7Varieties of WDM .3-7WDM .3-7CWDM .3-7.3-7DWDM .3-7Optical Multiplexing Technology .3-9Optical Multiplexing Filters .3-9May 21, 2004Lesson 4: Optical NetworksPurpose. 4-3Objectives . 4-3Optical Network. 4-5Tunable Laser. 4-7Lasers as the Signal Source. 4-9Safety Concerns. 4-9Modulator . 4-9Amplifiers and Regeneration . 4-11Network Routes and Regeneration. 4-13Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier Model. 4-15The EDFA Amplifier . 4-17Fiber Bands . 4-19Amplifier Requirements . 4-19Raman Amplifiers . 4-21Distributed Raman. 4-21Lesson 5: Optical Network ConsiderationsPurpose. 5-3Objectives . 5-3Optical Network Considerations. 5-5Signal Bandwidth and Filtering . 5-7ITU-T Grid. 5-7Impairments to DWDM Transmission . 5-9Bit Error Rate . 5-9Eye Pattern. 5-9Forward Error Correction—Solution to BER . 5-13Types of FEC . 5-13In-Band FEC. 5-13Out-of-Band FEC. 5-15Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio. 5-17Fiber Attenuation . 5-19Attenuation Loss in S-Band, C-Band, and L-Band . 5-21Attenuation of Optical Signal . 5-23Signal Amplification . 5-23FNC and FNC Customer Use Onlyi
Table of ContentsDWDM PrimerCross Talk in DWDM Systems .5-25Compensating for Cross Talk in DWDM Systems .5-25Fiber Dispersion .5-25Chromatic Dispersion.5-27Dispersion Compensators.5-29Chirp .5-31Polarization Mode Dispersion .5-33PMD Effect .5-33Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation .5-35Effective Polarization Mode Dispersion Compensation .5-35FLASHWAVE 7500 Solution. 6-13Lesson 7: DWDM AcronymsLesson 8: DWDM TermsLesson 9: End of Course Evaluation. 9-2End of Course Evaluation . 9-3DWDM Self-Evaluation . 9-3Self-Evaluation Sheet (Electronic) . 9-6Lesson 6: DWDM Network SolutionsPurpose .6-3Reference Documents.6-3FLASHWAVE 7420: The Ideal Metro Access WDM Transport 6-5System Description .6-5System Objectives.6-5Topologies.6-5Protection .6-5Technology.6-5Applications .6-7FLASHWAVE 7500: The Metro Core Solution .6-9System Description .6-9Topologies.6-9Multiservice Operations .6-11Video .6-11Broadcast TV Programming.6-11Video on Demand .6-11Near Video on Demand .6-11Subscription Video on Demand .6-11Voice .6-13Switched Telephony.6-13Voice Over IP Services .6-13Data.6-13Other Services.6-13iiFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerList of FiguresFigure 1-1: Support Organizations. 1-4Figure 1-2: FOCIS . 1-6Figure 2-1: Discrete Channels . 2-4Figure 2-2: DWDM Transport . 2-6Figure 2-3: Wavelength . 2-8Figure 3-1: Time Division Multiplexing. 3-4Figure 3-2: Wavelength Division Multiplexing. 3-6Figure 3-3: WDM Filters. 3-8Figure 4-1: Optical Network Drawing. 4-4Figure 4-2: Tunable Laser . 4-6Figure 4-3: Laser Signal Sources . 4-8Figure 4-4: Regeneration. 4-10Figure 4-5: Network Regeneration. 4-12Figure 4-6: EDFA Model . 4-14Figure 4-7: Erbuim-Doped Fiber Amplifier . 4-16Figure 4-8: Fiber Bands and Amplifiers . 4-18Figure 4-9: Distributed Raman Amplifiers. 4-20Figure 5-1: Optical Network Spectrum. 5-4Figure 5-2: Signal Bandwidth. 5-6Figure 5-3: Eye Pattern vs. Data Stream. 5-8Figure 5-4: Eye Pattern Display. 5-10Figure 5-5: Forward Error Correction. 5-12Figure 5-6: OOB-FEC Example . 5-14Figure 5-7: OSNR . 5-16Figure 5-8: Fiber Attenuation . 5-18Figure 5-9: Fiber Signal Loss in S-Band, C-Band, and L-Band . 520Figure 5-10: Power Levels. 5-22Figure 5-11: Dispersion and WDM . 5-24Figure 5-12: Chromatic Dispersion . 5-26Figure 5-13: Compensation Modules. 5-28Figure 5-14: Chirp. 5-30Figure 5-15: Polarization Mode Dispersion. 5-32Figure 5-16: PMD Compensation . 5-34May 21, 2004Figure 6-1: FLASHWAVE 7420 . 6-4Figure 6-2: FLASHWAVE 7420 Ring . 6-6Figure 6-3: FLASHWAVE 7500 . 6-8Figure 6-4: Multiservice Operations Applications. 6-10Figure 6-5: MSO Network Solution . 6-12FNC and FNC Customer Use Onlyiii
List of TablesDWDM PrimerTable 1: DWDM Acronyms . 7-2Table 1: DWDM Terms . 8-2Table 1: Answers . 9-6ivFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
Lesson 1Course Description
Course DescriptionDWDM PrimerCourse DescriptionNameObjectivesDense Wavelength Division Multiplexing PrimerAfter completing this course, the student should be able to:Purpose Identify DWDM optical network elementsThe purpose of the DWDM Primer course is to provide anintroduction to dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM).Additionally, this course will discuss why DWDM is an importantinnovation in optical networks and the benefits it can provide. Describe DWDM characteristics Identify DWDM optical network considerations Identify Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc. (FNC)products that offer network solutionsPrerequisiteWhile there are no formal prerequisites for this course, thefollowing make the course more meaningful, as an in-depthanalysis of these subjects is beyond the scope of DWDM Primercourse:1-2 SONET knowledge and experience Ethernet knowledge and experienceFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerCourse DescriptionScopeThe DWDM Primer course is intended for network planners, andengineers who would like to familiarize themselves with DWDMtechnology. In addition, other personnel who wish to gain ageneral understanding of DWDM are encouraged to attend.Reference DocumentsThe following documents were used to develop this course: FNC-742-0031-120, System Description andEngineering (FLASHWAVE 7420) FNC-591-0013-120, System Description andEngineering (FLASHWAVE 7500) TRN-7500-TM-013, FLASHWAVE 7500 Turn-Up andTest TRN-7420-TM-031, FLASHWAVE 7420 Turn-Up andTest PMB-03-031 FLASHWAVE 7500 Product ManagementBulletin (Release 1.3 Announcement) PMB-03-004 FLASHWAVE 7420 Product ManagementBulletin (New Product Announcement)This student guide is intended as a tool for classroom use only.Students interested in training on other aspects of FNCequipment and capabilities should investigate other coursesoffered by FNC, such as applicable turn-up & testing,maintenance, and engineering courses.May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only1-3
Course DescriptionDWDM PrimerFigure 1-1: Support OrganizationsEducational ServicesRichardson, TexasRegister for class800-777-3278 ext. 4961fax: 972-479-7117e-mail ed.svcs@fnc.fujitsu.comTechnical Assistance Center (TAC)Richardson, Texas800-USE-FTAC(800-873-3822)Repair and ReturnRichardson, Texas(800-525-0303)SalesRichardson, Texas/Regional Offices800-777-FAST(800-777-3278)Technical PublicationsRichardson, Texas800-777-FAST(800-777-3278)1-4FNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerCourse DescriptionSupport OrganizationsFNC support organizations (see Figure 1-1) include: Educational Services—Provides training on all FNCproducts. Classes are conducted at Richardson, Texasas well as at customers’ locations.Sales (Richardson, Texas and regional offices)—Provides sales assistance for all FNC products.Call 800-777-FAST (800-777-3278) for informationregarding:Technical Assistance (Richardson, Texas)—Answersquestions regarding FNC products. Service is providedvia telephone.Call 800-USE-FTAC (800-873-3822) for questionsregarding:Upgrades-Replacement Parts-Ordering Information-Local Sales Offices-Technical Performance-Product Descriptions-Equipment Specifications-DocumentationNote: FTAC stands for Fujitsu Technical AssistanceCenter. -Repair and Return (Richardson, Texas)—Providesrepair services for all FNC products.Call 800-525-0303Fujitsu Network Communications, Inc.2791 Telecom ParkwayRichardson, Texas 75082-9983Note: FAST stands for Fujitsu Assistance. Technical Publications (Richardson, Texas)Additional information regarding FNC and any of the supportorganizations can be located at our Web site:http://us.fujitsu.com/services/telecomNote: Online documentation is available to FNCcustomers on the FNC Web site by accessingPartners and FOCIS:https://partners.fnc.fujitsu.comMay 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only1-5
Course DescriptionDWDM PrimerFigure 1-2: FOCIS1-6FNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerCourse DescriptionFOCISFOCIS is a Web based, customer accessible repository of Fujitsutechnical documentation such as: Product change notices Information bulletins Manufacturer discontinued notices Manuals Software downloads and links Training information Document downloadsIn addition, FOCIS has information on Technical AssistanceCenter (TAC) contacts, links to technical training courses andFLEXR registration. Access the FNC Web site athttps://partners.fnc.fujitsu.com Select Logon to FOCISNote: If you know your user name and password, logon. If not, go to the registration link and requesta logon. Wait one business day for verificationof access. The Partners page is displayed (see Figure 1-2). Select FOCIS. Select Services—Various FNC services are listed forquery.Reference Documentation: Not applicableMay 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only1-7
Course Description1-8DWDM PrimerFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
Lesson 2DWDM Primer Overview
DWDM Primer Overview2-2DWDM PrimerFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerDWDM Primer OverviewPurposeThis lesson provides an overview of dense wavelength divisionmultiplexing (DWDM).ObjectivesUpon completion of this lesson, the student should be able to: Define DWDM Recognize the advantage that DWDM has over timedivision multiplexing (TDM) Define a wavelengthReference DocumentsThe following documents were used in the development of thislesson: TRN-7500-TM-013, FLASHWAVE 7500 Turn-Up andTest TRN-7420-TM-031, FLASHWAVE 7420 Turn-Up andTest PMB-03-031 FLASHWAVE 7500 Product ManagementBulletin (Release 1.3 Announcement) PMB-03-004 FLASHWAVE 7420 Product ManagementBulletin (New Product Announcement)May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only2-3
DWDM Primer OverviewDWDM PrimerFigure 2-1: Discrete ChannelsSONET NEREGEN REGEN REGEN9XSONET9XSONET2-4SONET NEFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerDWDM Primer OverviewWhy DWDM?Dense wavelength division multiplexing permits rapid networkdeployment and significant network cost reduction. Use ofDWDM allows deployment of less fiber and hardware with morebandwidth being available relative to standard SONET networks.DWDM DefinitionDense wavelength division multiplexing is a fiber optictransmission technique that employs light wavelengths totransmit data (refer to “What is a Wavelength?” on page 9).Discrete Transport Channels vs. DWDM TransportTraditional SONET, TCP/IP, ATM, and voice over InternetProtocol (VoIP)1 are transmitted over discrete channels, eachrequiring a fiber pair between the end points. Figure 2-1 showsnine channels, each at 10 Gb/s, using nine discrete fiber pairs.This traditional SONET method requires 3 regenerators tocondition the signals across each fiber path between each of thenine nodes, a total of 27 regenerators.1. VoIP is a method of digitizing voice to allow it to occupy less bandwidth and therefore allow more voice channels over a given bandwidth.May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only2-5
DWDM Primer OverviewDWDM PrimerFigure 2-2: DWDM TransportILA2-6ILAILASONET NEDWDM9XSONETILADWDMSONET NEILA9XSONETILAFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerDWDM Primer OverviewDense wavelength division multiplexing systems allow manydiscrete transport channels to be carried over a single fiber pair.Nine discrete channels share the fiber pair with an aggregatebandwidth of 90 Gb/s in Figure 2-2.Multiservice traffic of all types can now be carried over theDWDM infrastructure shown in Figure 2-2. Thereby enablingfaster speed to market of multiservice traffic offerings at a lowercost for new services to be transported over the DWDM system.Service Provider AdvantagesThe service provider uses an existing installed fiber plant moreeffectively by incorporating DWDM systems. Comparing Figure2-2 to Figure 2-1, the service provider recovers eight fiber pairsto expand its network for its investment in two 9-channel(wavelength) DWDM terminals and three in-line amplifiers (ILAs),as described below.Multiplexing reduces the cost per bit sent and received over thenetwork. In Figure 2-1, the distances require three regeneratorsites for traditional SONET traffic. In Figure 2-2, these 27regenerators are removed and replaced by three ILAs. The costof an ILA is typically 50 percent of the cost of a SONETregenerator and the single ILA carries all nine wavelengths.May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only2-7
DWDM Primer OverviewDWDM PrimerFigure 2-3: Wavelength2-8FNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerDWDM Primer OverviewWhat is a Wavelength?A wavelength is the distance between the crests of a wave (Figure2-3). The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only2-9
DWDM Primer Overview2-10DWDM PrimerFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
Lesson 3Wavelength Division Multiplexing
Wavelength Division Multiplexing3-2DWDM PrimerFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerWavelength Division MultiplexingPurposeThis lesson provides an overview of wavelength divisionmultiplexing (WDM). Since DWDM systems are derived fromwavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems, WDM will bediscussed and the relationship between WDM and DWDMsystems will be examined.ObjectivesUpon completion of this lesson, the student should be able to: Understand basic WDM theory and operationalconcepts Describe the different WDM typesMay 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only3-3
Wavelength Division MultiplexingDWDM PrimerFigure 3-1: Time Division Multiplexing3-4FNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerWavelength Division MultiplexingTypes of MultiplexingMultiplexing is sending multiple signals or streams of informationthrough a circuit at the same time in the form of a single, complexsignal and then recovering the separate signals at the receivingend. Basic types of multiplexing include frequency divisionmultiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), andwavelength division multiplexing (WDM), with TDM and WDMbeing widely utilized by telephone and data service providersover optical circuits.Time Division MultiplexingTDM, as represented in Figure 3-1, is a method of combiningmultiple independent data streams into a single data stream bymerging the signals according to a defined sequence. Eachindependent data stream is reassembled at the receiving endbased on the sequence and timing.Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), Asynchronous TransferMode (ATM) and Internet Protocol (IP) utilize TDM techniques. Inmodern telecommunications networks, TDM signals areconverted from electrical to optical signals by the SONETnetwork element, for transport over optical fiber.May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only3-5
Wavelength Division MultiplexingDWDM PrimerFigure 3-2: Wavelength Division Multiplexing3-6FNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerWavelength Division MultiplexingWavelength Division MultiplexingDWDMWDM increases the carrying capacity of fiber by assigningincoming optical signals to specific frequencies of light(wavelengths, or lambdas) within a certain frequency band. Thismethod allows for the combining of multiple optical TDM datastreams onto one fiber through the use of multiple wavelengthsof light (Figure 3-2). Each individual TDM data stream is sentover an individual laser transmitting a unique wavelength of light.As with CWDM, the difference between WDM and DWDM isfundamentally one of degree. DWDM spaces the wavelengthsmore closely than does WDM. Therefore, DWDM has a greateroverall capacity. DWDM common spacing may be 200, 100, 50,or 25 GHz with a channel count reaching up to 128 or morechannels at distances of several thousand kilometers, withamplification and regeneration along such a route.Varieties of WDMEarly WDM systems transported two or four wavelengths thatwere widely spaced. WDM and the follow-on technologies ofcoarse wavelength division multiplexing (CWDM) and densewavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) have evolved wellbeyond this early limitation.WDMTraditional, passive WDM systems are wide-spread with 2, 4, 8,12, and 16 channel counts being the normal deployments. Thistechnique usually has a distance limitation of under 100kilometers.CWDMToday, CWDM typically uses 20-nm spacing (3000 GHz) of up to18 channels. The CWDM Recommendation ITU-T G.694.2provides a grid of wavelengths for target distances up to about50 kilometers on single mode fibers as specified in ITU-TRecommendations G.652, G.653 and G.655. The CWDM grid ismade up of 18 wavelengths defined within the range 1270 nm to1610 nm spaced by 20 nm.May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only3-7
Wavelength Division MultiplexingDWDM PrimerFigure 3-3: WDM Filters3-8FNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerWavelength Division MultiplexingOptical Multiplexing TechnologyOptical multiplexing technologies, such as DWDM and WDMsystems, have revolutionized the use of optical fiber networks.Different colors of light, called wavelengths, are combined intoone optical signal and sent over a fiber-optic cable to a far-endoptical multiplexing system.Optical Multiplexing FiltersFigure 3-3 illustrates that a filter is a physical device thatcombines each wavelength with other wavelengths. Manytechnologies are used in multiplexing, including: Thin-film filters Bragg gratings Arrayed waveguide gratings (AWGs) Interleavers, periodic filters, and frequency slicers)May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only3-9
Wavelength Division Multiplexing3-10DWDM PrimerFNC and FNC Customer Use OnlyMay 21, 2004
Lesson 4Optical Networks
Optical Networks4-2DWDM PrimerPreliminary Draft CopyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerOptical NetworksPurposeThis lesson provides an overview of optical networks and thecomponents that make up an optical network.ObjectivesUpon completion of this lesson, the student should be able to: Identify the components of an optical network Describe functions of the major components that makeup an optical networkMay 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only4-3
Optical NetworksDWDM PrimerFigure 4-1: Optical Network Drawing4-4Preliminary Draft CopyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerOptical NetworksOptical NetworkFigure 4-1 shows the five main components of a DWDM opticalnetwork. The components of a DWDM optical network are:5. Receiver (receive transponder):1. Transmitter (transmit transponder):-Changes electrical bits to optical pulses-Is frequency specific-Uses a narrowband laser to generate the opticalpulse-Changes optical pulses back to electrical bits-Uses wideband laser to provide the optical pulse2. Multiplexer/demultiplexer:-Combines/separates discrete wavelengths3. Amplifier:-Preamplifier boosts signal pulses at the receiveside-Postamplifier boosts signal pulses at the transmitside (postamplifier) and on the receive side(preamplifier)-In line amplifiers (ILA) are placed at differentdistances from the source to provide recovery ofthe signal before it is degraded by loss.4. Optical fiber (media):May 21, 2004-Transmission media to carry optical pulses-Many different kinds of fiber are used-Often deployed in sheaths of 144–256 fibersFNC and FNC Customer Use Only4-5
Optical NetworksDWDM PrimerFigure 4-2: Tunable LaserS-BendsO/4-Shift DFBLaser ArrayCombiner4-6Preliminary Draft CopyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerOptical NetworksTunable LaserFigure 4-2 shows one method of transmission, the tunable laser.Multiple individual lasers, eight in this example, are built into onepiece of silicon. One selected laser is turned on and temperaturetuned to the exact desired wavelength. A waveguide feeds thesignal combiner that sums the input 1310 nm wavelength withthe desired laser wavelength and then routes the signal from thelaser to the silicon optical amplifier (SOA) that boosts the signaloutput. Configuration is controlled by the operating systemsoftware in use for the DWDM system.May 21, 2004FNC and FNC Customer Use Only4-7
Optical NetworksDWDM PrimerFigure 4-3: Laser Signal SourcesBackplaneSignalsHigh SpeedElectricalDriverLaser4-8Preliminary Draft CopyMay 21, 2004
DWDM PrimerOptical NetworksLasers as the Signal SourceTransmitters use lasers as the signal source shown in Figure 4-3.Optical fiber transmission is in the infrared band. Wavelengths inuse in this band are longer than visible light. As a result, youcannot see the l
DWDM Primer Course Description FNC and FNC Customer Use Only Scope The DWDM Primer course is intended for network planners, and engineers who would like to familiarize themselves with DWDM technology. In addition, other personnel who wish to gain a general underst
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CWDM vs DWDM CWDM implementation is much more cost effective than cost of implementing DWDM infrastructure. DWDM solutions are more expensive because DWDM lasers are cooled DFB lasers and provide an excellent solution for long-haul transport and large
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DWDM and CWDM: L-TWC vs L-Charter Some Observations L-Charter more likely to deploy DWDM and L-TWC more likely to deploy CWDM (esp business applications) But both use CWDM and DWDM mix today Main reason CWDM persists is cost. As DWDM optics drop in price we’ll see less CWDM.
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