Objectives Ammonia Refrigeration Processes & Equipment
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteObjectivesAmmonia RefrigerationProcesses & EquipmentThis module will enable you to:Identify the hazards of ammonia Describe equipment and processes for ammonia OTI 3430refrigeration processesDescribe common PSM findings and questions Identify possible violations of the PSM standard relative to the identified equipment and systemsNH3 NAICS CodesToday's Focus from RMP Data.; n g . Ammonia Refrigeration - not just general49312Refrigerated Warehousing and Storage857ammonia311615Poultry Processing297ammoniaammonia use311812Meat Processed from Carcasses164ammon1a311411Frozen Fruit, Jutce, and Vegetable Manufactunng123ammonia311511Fluid Milk Manufacturing111ammoniaFocus is prevention and process safety- nothard hat safety31152Ice Cream and Frozen Dessert Manufacturing99ammonia115114Postharvest Crop Activities (except Cotton Ginning)94ammonia311991Perishable Prepared Food Manufacturing89ammoniaFrozen Food Manufacturing76ammoma311513Cheese Manufacturing71ammonaa311611Animal (except Poultry) Slaughtering67ammonia31151Dairy Product (except Frozen) Manufacturing59ammonia42441General Line Grocery Merchant Wholesalers59ammoma3114156ammonia31161Animal Slaughtering and Processing54ammonia42491Farm Supplies Merchant Wholesalers51ammonia311412Frozen Specialty FoodManufacturing1Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteDoes PSM Apply?Does PSM Apply?Determine Coverage: TQ for anhydrous ammonia is 10,000pounds for entire interconnectedsystems (about 2,000 gallons) at ANYtime Most of inventory will likely be in thehigh and low pressure accumu lators start with largest vessels and includesmaller ones if needed to establishinventoryDo PSM Exemptions Apply? What About NH3 RefrigerationProcesses 10,000 lbs.?NO!PSM Exemptions do not applyAnhydrous NH3 is listed as an HHC inAppendix A of 1910.119Not treated as a flammable for coverageUse as a working fluid in refrigerationsystems is consistent with PSM definitionof a covered process2Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteTypical Coverage Question Properties of AmmoniaQ: What if I have 3 separate 5,000 pound ammoniasystems? Am I covered? A: Maybe The definition of "process" includes co-located equipment(equipment that is not interconnected but could be affectedif a release occurs).Since NH3 properties include fire/explosion potential it isconceivable that a release resulting in a fire/explosion fromone system could affect the other co-located systems(especially since the bulk of NH3 systems are locatedindoors)If the systems are in separate areas of the facility and notinterconnected. they are likely not coveredColorless gas at room temperature Boiling Point -28F Specific gravity 0.5970 (lighter than air) Pungent smell Very soluble in water Flammability limits 15-28%Elnvier. HU1.1dou1 Ct.mk,ls Hilndboo ."''Properties of Ammonia (cont'd) Generally shipped and stored under pressure as a Pure ammonia is called "anhydrous" mean in g withoutliquidwater 99.95% ammonia with less33 ppm water and less than 2 ppm oilRefrigerant grade ammonia isthan., I , . ·:· . .'.'-. . . -.Eo'Health Effects of Ammonia20Perceptible odor40Slight eye irritation50OSHA PEL100lrritat1on of eyes and nasal passages after a few m1nutesexposure300IDLH400Severe 1rntat1on of the throat, nasal passages and upperresp1ratory tract700Severe eye trritation. no permanent effect if less than 30m nutes exposure1700Senous coughing, bronchial spasms. less than 30 m1nutesexposure may be fatal5000edema. strangulation, asphyx1a, fatal almost3Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteOSHA Accident InvestigationProperties of Ammonia (cont'd) Ammonia is a base. It is corrosive and can burn the skin and eyes Liquid ammonia can cause frostbite NH3 reacts with and corrodes copper, zinc, andDatabase 1995-2004 63 incidents as a result of ammoniareleases 43 involved ammonia refrigerationmany of their alloys such as brass and bronze Combines with mercury to form explosivefulminate '"Carbon steel used for most piping and equipment But note low temperature toughness issues' Stress cracking of welds can be a problem.c.ru'""OSHA Database 1995-2004Injury TypeHuman TollIncidentsFatality19 (10)*17 (10)InjuryHospitalized85 (66)29 (18)Injury- Nonhospitalized187 (165)28 (21). () Ammonia refrigeration incidents8,300 RMP Ammonia FacilitiesRoughly 2,100 RMP NH3 refrigeration facilities1300 RM P ammonia incidents50% involved ammonia refrigerationSou!CI CS8Ammoo·u Prnentlt On4Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteBasic Refrigeration CycleSuperheated vapor,high pressure.'----Refrigeration Process·.;: : ;;; : ; :{ 0 OverviewOil injection/. Wcomp '\A l::. "-;.t O '' , ;,·G)., ;, }f)./liquid vapor,low pressureRefrigerants Refrigerant fluids need to haveappropriate properties to be usefulDesirable properties: Saturation pressure versus temperature curvesgiving:reasonable pressures in the evaporator (not too low)reasonable pressure in the condenser (not too high)From Reindl, 2006Has good properties for a wide range ofrefrigeration applications: 22 psig (27 psia) at 8 F256 psig (270 psia) at 116 High heat of evaporation of Low cost, stable (doesn't decompose) Low system and life-cycle costs High heat of evaporation low pressureOil drainWhy Ammonia?Safe (low toxicity & flammability) QevapSaturated vapor, F-590BTU/IbDrawbacksLow power consumption for compression Toxic and potentially explosive in airLow cost Slightly higher power consumption than HFCs(hydroflurocarbons - "Freons")5Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteWhy Ammonia? (cont.)Refrigeration CycleArrangementsNH3 not a persistent air pollutant Readily "scrubbed" by rainLow ozone depletion AND low global warmingpotential HFC's developed for low ODP tend to have high tovery high GWP Being promoted as a "green" refrigerant Can cause aquatic damage I act as a nutrientSingle or multi-stage compression Evaporators: Reciprocating- small high maintenanceScrew- medium to largeCondensersTransfer systemsCentnfugalCompressorParallel Compressors Multiple compressors usedScrew Compressorto increase capacity (throughput) atsame inlet I outlet conditionsReciprocating Compressorcommercial/ industrial service.Smooth operation, pos displacement Overfeed vibration, positive displacement. LowIFlooded commercial/ industrial loads. Highfirst costDirect expansion Compressor ArrangementsWide range of ammonia compressor types in use High pressure generally higher risk due to higherstresses, leak potential Compressors High pressure I Low pressure "sides" toprocessr·Centrifugal- very large applications.' '. ,,,·i}J.JMulti-stage Compression stages in series Use to achieve a wider pressure range Can accommodate a deeper (lowerSmooth operation, fixed dischargepressure) cold end, at a given (fixed)pressure, limited pressure range perrefrigerant throughput ratestageMycom.!"eUsually has cooling between stages to improveMycum. Incefficiency6Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteHigh Pressure ReceiverCondensers Three major types:Air cooled ("fin-fan") Evaporative (e.g., BAC, Buffalo) Fin-fan Condenser Shell & Tube (using cooling water fromcooling tower or city water supplies) Da l HX.IncAir and evaporative coolers usually on roofor outside the compressor (mechanical)roomShell & Tube can be inside theroom Pressure vessel storing condensedammonia at high pressureUsually in or near the mechanical roomAmmonia distributed to usersfrom this point, using eitherstorage pressure or pumps"High side" of process usuallyhas -1/3 of system enserKVTI.Inc.Evaporator ArrangementsDirect Expansion SystemHeat FloBoiling of liquid ammonia in the evaporator is what actually accomplishes cooling -theremoval of heat energy from the surroundingsEvaporator pressure sets the lowest achievable v: }Hot, HighPre5SUteVaporSuction Trap(liquid knock-out)temperature in the system -the lower thepressure, the colder the temperature! Evaporator set-up impacts the liquid ammoniainventory and its location Also impacts where compressor oil tends toaccumulate, and thus must be drained- apotentially high risk activityOilRelatively warm. highpressure, liquid NH37Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteDirect Expansion SystemoSimple - lowest first costoOil drained from each evaporator - fouling a concernGravity Feed (Thermosiphon)SystemGenerally low inventory in the plantControl can be an issueAs with all systems, need a liquid I vapor separatorSurge Drum(suction trap, knock-out) ahead of the compressor toprotect it from liquid carryoveroCondensedliquid NHJWarm HP liquid NH3 used to boil out the trap (or useheaters)All ASME vessels and the compressor will beequipped with relief valves, that must discharge to asafe locationoRelatively high maintenanceGravity Feed (Thermosiphon)Pumped Overfeed SystemSystemHP Vopo Mixed vapor I liquid stream exits evaporator - surfaceis fully wetted for excellent heat transferOil drained from eaeh surge drumplant at points-of-use, not centralized in theo jCompressormechanical room area where it is easier to control.CondensedliquidNHJEqualizerlineIIIIIICan vaporize liquid out of suction trap as in directexpansion, or pump liquid back for recoveryRelatively less oil in the compressor suction trapI,-----jISurge drum for each evaporatorHigh inventory of ammonia, with much of it out in theILow PressureAccumulator8Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstitutePumped Overfeed SystemOther ApproachesLiquid pumped to evaporators. Allows smaller Common for facilities to have grown incrementallypipingover many yearsMixed vapor I liquid stream out of evaporator- heatMany plants thus have multiple systems when atransfer surface fully wetted, not susceptible to oilsingle, larger system might (now) make more sensefouling.Systems may, or may not, be interconnectedExcellent heat transfer One LP accumulator per plant area aroundOil drained from accumulator, which also acts asEquipment and tanks may be at various locationsknock-out suction drumaround the plant- not just in "the" mechanical room IHigher capital costKeep in mind that the different system types havePump cost, maintenance and leakage aretheir NH3 inventory in different locations!considerationsTransfer Systems Mixed I hybrid systems may be encounteredCan be challenging to control - NH3 can moveGood controlAmmonia RefrigerationPumps are used to move liquid ammonia and oil outof the knock-out vesselsEnforcementGenerally centrifugal pumps (shown) withmechanical seals, or "canned motor" types usedOil-rich refrigerant is returned to a central locationWhat's Importantfor separation and recovery - reducing manual oildrainWhat to Look For"9Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training Institute1"",.) nerngeratlon ratau-ues -NH3 RefrigerationThis IS PSM Stuff!!Dead/This IS PSM Stuff!! (cont'd)Incident DescriptionType FacilityHospital110NHJ RefCompressor housrng blew out, struck relugeratron manager210NH3 Rei.Drarnrng oil from trap rn NHJ r efngeratJon. system maimenance workerso\lercome1/0NH3Rel Floor col!apsed whrle forklift operated on 2"" noor ol cold warehousestorage Actron caused NH31mes to be severed Drrver OVI!rtome byvapors1/1NH3RefOrl separ ator onexploded2 stage1/2NHJRetNH3 release while marntenancecoolrng equrpm en t110NHJ ReiOverellposure to NHJ whrle opemng a hrgh410NHJRefNHJ refrigeration system overpressuuzed andcrew unbolted nange hom prece olIncident DescriptionType Facility8112NH3 Ref9110NH3ReiEmployee was asphyxtaled by NH3 release10018NH3RefAn NH31iquid line catastrop htcaay Iailed due to external1500 employees evacuated fr om plantOil tnstde tank congealed after 7 down days ttempt to use steamto thtn oil, over p1essured tank caustng explo stoncorrostonWhat themes do you see here?pressure NHJ nePressure vessel rn an ammo ma rel11gerator system wptured underpr essure The explosron caused extensiVe phystcal damage andteleascd dense clouds of ammoma gas"Why Does OSHA Show Up atPSM Data for SICs 20 and 4222Facilities w/NH3 RefrigerationProcesses?OtherDead/Hospital Fat/CatsPSM inspections (May 26, 1992to October15, 2008)9%:omplai23%grammed52% Total Number of inspections Total number of violations. Total proposed penalty Total from all inspections (not just PSM). 361.5 million. 1638.6440. . 36.8 millionFor SICs 20 (Food and Kindred Products),And 4222 (Refrig. Warehousing/Storage)3910Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training Institute1ons mrequency o1910.119SIC 20 and 4222(May 1992 - October 15, 2008)Op Procedures ((Ml UPHA(e IIMOC(ICent Safety (hEE Part (c 324Audit ( l--- 276ER Plan ( nf 234PSSR lii 168Hot Work (· 9 31196. .PSI (dOp Tram (g49779574414251650164689Investigate (m9215 Total500SM Violatiom SICs 20 & 422100016002000Description0) (2)Establish/implement Ml procedures(e)(1)Conduct PHA/ identify, evaluate and control(1)(1)MOC not conducted(c)(1)Employee participation plan(g)(1)Initial operator training(1)(1)Develop and implement Op procedures(e) (5)PHA recommendation follow-up0)(5)Correct deficiencies0) (4)(i)Inspection/testing not conducted(g)(3)Document understanding operator training.,Important Standards ThatApply to NH3 Refrigeration What Are Signs of a Poor NH3Refrigeration PSM Program?1910.119- PSM1910.147- LockoutfTagoutSubpart I- PPESubpart S- Electrical Including 1910.307 Hazardous Locations1910.38, Emergency Action Plans As required by PSM1910.120 (q): HAZWOPER- EmergencyResponseOthers Subpart D:Walking/working suriaces Subpart: 0:Machinery and Machine Guarding Egress11Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteRefrigeration Equipment ReleaseEquipment I Line OpeningSources· -------,Large percentage of NH3 releases occur duringmaintenance- equipment opening PipingVessels Pumps/CompressorsApplicable Standards L OT O (1910.147)PSM safe work practices'""-. 'Total does not A\ '?w''(\ -.!""'"'"' '?v'',.,e,.,v'? 0 1910.119(1)(4) 1910.119(h)(2)(iv) 1910.119(h)(3)(iv)100% as 16% of release sources not identifiedFrom CSB PresentationWhat Design Codes and StandardsOil Draining Oil needs to be drained from NH3 systemsNH3 "chases" the oil from the system - NH3sometimes gets released if proper procedures are notimplemented or if equipment malfunctionsliAR Oil Draining GuidelinesImportant Standards 1910.119(1)(1 )(i)(B)- Normal operating procedures 1910.119(1)(1 )(iii)- Safety and health considerations ( B)- Precaution necessary to prevent exposure (C)- Control measures if physical contact orairborne exposures occur.119(e)(3)(i)- PHA must identify hazards/deviationsrelated to oil draining 119(e)(3)(iii)- PHA must identify controls/safeguardsCould Be Expected in PSI*? PSM equipment "starting point" for design -1910.119{d){3)(i)(F):Information pertaining to equipment in the process shalfincludedesign codes and standards emploved:ANS IIASME Boiler and Pressure VesselCode, Section VIII, Division 1Vessels:Piping: ANSIIASME 831.5 Refrigerant Piping and HeatTransfer ComponentsRemember -PSM is a pertormancestandard! Employers may useother design codes or standards than those shown above if theycan demonstrate that they provide equal or greater protection thanthe RAGAGEP which is recognized by users as the most relevant.12Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteWhat Design Codes and StandardsFacility Siting - EquipmentCould Be Expected in PSI**? (cont'd)Most NH3 refrigeration processes are in facilitiesthat use material handling equipment, e.g. fork lifts Many releases have occurred when fork lifts havestruck and ruptured equipment containing NH3 This hazard must be identified, evaluated, andcontrolled Controls include: Relocating process equipment Barriers which prevent contact between handling equipmentand process equipment Important standards PHA facility siting 1910.119(e)(3)(v) PHA 1910.119(e)(1)- PHA did not. identify. evaluate. or control the hazard.Deficient InspectionProcedures and Inspections OSHA experience has shown that many industryemployers have deficient: inspection procedures inspection implementationInadequate Inspection Procedures Look for "bare-bone" inspection procedures Written procedures that do not transmit employer'sMl programguidanceRoles/responsibilities in Ml program Listing of equipment in program Establishing standards for Ml activities IT I PM plans Inspection standards, etc. 13Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteInadequate InspectionsInadequate Inspection Procedures Written procedures need to be specific ("where toI when to I how to") and IT procedures must followRAGAGEP Typical deficient inspections (and associatedstandards) Provide specific instructions for performing tasks Important standards 1910.1190)(2):ER shall develop and implement written mechanical integrity procedures not performed at all- 119U)(4)(i)not conducted per RAGAGE P or manufacturers'recommendations- 1190)(4)(ii)not performed on prescribed frequency - 1190)(4)(iii)inspection data missing -1190)(4)(iv)Inspectors not qualified to inspect pressure vessels andpiping - 1190)(2) and/or 1190)(4)(ii)External CorrosionInspection RAGAGEP "The loss of Ml due to external corrosion is thesingle biggest concern in industrial ammoniaIRC Ml Guidebookrefrigeration components" Corrosion proceeds w/electrolytes, e.g., free water Sources: weather, condensation on cold surfacesExternal corrosion most likely in high moisture areas,particularly on low temperature vessels and piping underfailed insulationWet uninsulated equipmentDeceiving in equipment where insulation has failed moisture can infiltrate even when the insulation appears dryInsulation is part of the equipment system Must be inspected14Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training Institute Unique Inspection RAGAGEPUnique Inspection RAGAGEPfor NH3 Refrigeration Systemsfor NH3 Refrigeration SystemsliAR 110 provides inspection RAGAGEP whichdeparts from refinery/chemical plant RAGAGEPVessels/Piping "Independent Full Inspection" (6.4.4) At least every5 years Competent person independent of immediate commercialand production pressures of that installation Carry out examinations and tests they considernecessary Must take into account relevant regs/codes/standards Specific guidance ( RAGAGEP) given Employer's equipment inspection procedures mustinclude CUI (corrosion under insulation) Applic a ble Standard Pressure relief devices (6.54) Shall be replaced every 5 years Does !'IQT relieve employer from requirement to inspectPRVs under PSM - 119 0)(4)Inspection may reveal need to increase inspection Ireplacement frequency If employer uses liAR 110 inspection RAGAGE P, theymust do ,1\. l,J, stepsCUI Procedures and Inspections l i AR 110 provides inspection RAGAGEP whichdeparts from refinery/chemical plant RAGAGEP1910.119U)(2)--1910 119U)(4)(ii)CUIMachine Room ElectricalClassification Machine rooms have highest risk of large release ofNH3 due to amount & types of equipment if proceduresnot developed or inadequate-if inspectionconducted but didn't includeCUI inspection RAGAGE P Vessels: API 510, API 572, liAR 110, NBIC' (NB 23) Piping: API570, API574, liAR 110, NBIC' (NB 23)Typically would require Class 1, Div 1 o r 2 electricale quipme nt NEC Article 500 refers to ANSI/ASHRE 15 which allowsordinary equipment if Cont inuo us mechanical ventilation provided 'National Board Inspection CodeFailure of ventilation system must initiate supervisedalarmIndependent emergency ventilation system Must activate system ,; 40,000 ppm by NH3 detector(4%, or -25% of LEL) IH concerns at 40,000 ppm, therefore detector manytimes set lower15Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
OSHA 3430 Slides for Chemical PSM Inspector Training dated April 2010 from the OSHA Training InstituteEvacuation and ResponsePrograms Need to be Strong Employer's Emergency Action Plan (EAP) mustcomply with 1910.38 PSM is a standard that requires 1910.38Employer May Need to Comply with HAZWOPER1910.120(q) Usually dependent on size of facilityEmployees respond from outside area Is it a 38 "response" or a 120(q) response?ReferencesA list of references can be found on OSHA'sAmmonia Refrigeration eTool at:http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/ammonia refrigeration/references/index. htm ISee Hudson LOI Requirements for emergency response andplanning under PSM Standard - 06/24/2003 limited actions, such as turning valves, taken by processoperators during an emergency release of hazardous materialsare regulated by1910. 120 -120(q) CPL16Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037
Retreived from FOIA by Garden City Ammonia Program on 11/13/13 - www.ammoniatraining.com - 620-271-0037 Ammonia Refrigeration Processes & Equipment OTI 3430 Today's Focus Ammonia Refrigeration - not just general ammonia use Focus is prevention and process safety-not h
2 Ammonia as a fuel . 2.1 Properties of ammonia . The basic properties of ammonia are summarized and compared with methane in . Table 2-1. Under atmospheric temperature and pressure, ammonia is a colourless, toxic gas with a sharp and penetrating odour. Ammonia in its pure form is referred to as anhydrous (“without water”) ammonia. Ammonia
Bulletin No. 109 Guidelines for: IIAR Minimum Safety Criteria for a Safe Ammonia Refrigeration System (Date: 1997) Bulletin No. 110 Guidelines for: Start-Up, Inspection and Maintenance of Ammonia Mechanical Refrigerating Systems (Date: March 2002) Bulletin No. 114 Guidelines for: Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and
Ammonia: An Essential Chemical Ammonia is a naturally occurring chemical in the atmosphere, as well as an essential man-made chemical. It is represented by the chemical formula nH 3. Ammonia in this form is also known as ammonia gas or anhydrous (“without water”) ammonia. At room temperature, amm
Ammonia Discharge [2013 ANSI/ASHRAE §9.7.8.2] o Ammonia Discharge. Ammonia from pressure relief valves shall be discharged into one or more of the following: a. The atmosphere, per Section 9.7.8 b. A tank containing one gallon of water for each pound of ammonia that will be released in one hour from the largest relief
Category A: Refrigeration Fundamentals Task 1. Refrigeration principles Analyze system conditions, using a Pressure/Temperature (P/T) chart Identify refrigeration system components Explain the operation of a "simple" refrigeration system Calibrate a Thermometer Read temperatures in a refrigeration system Define refrigeration cycle terminology
Guidelines for Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and System Components INTRODUCTION Uniform guidelines for identifying ammonia refrigeration piping and system components will promote safety, facilitate maintenance and provide vital information to emergency ser-vice personnel.
IIAR Bulletin No. 112 Guidelines for: Ammonia Machinery Room Design IIAR Bulletin No. 114 Guidelines for: Identification of Ammonia Refrigeration Piping and System Components IIAR Bulletin No. 116 Guidelines for: Avoiding Component Failure in Industrial Refrigeration Systems Caked by Abnormal Pressure or Shock
b. What is AngularJS? 2. Basic Angular Security Concepts a. Strict Contextual Auto Escaping b. The HTML Sanitizer 3. Common Security pitfalls a. Server-Side Template Injection b. Client-Side Template Injection c. Converting strings to HTML d. White- and Blacklisting URLs 4. Conclusion Agenda
