Voting In Australia - Australian Electoral Commission
VotingINAUSTRALIA
ContentsYour vote, your voice 1Government in Australia: a brief history2The federal Parliament5Three levels of government in Australia8Federal elections9Electorates10Getting ready to vote12Election day13Completing a ballot paper14Election results16Changing the Australian Constitution20Active citizenship22
Your vote, your voiced responsibility to choose theirIn Australia, citizens have the right anment by voting at elections.representatives in the federal ParliaThe representatives elected tofederal Parliament make decisionsthat affect many aspects ofAustralian life including tax,marriage, the environment, tradeand immigration.This publication explains howAustralia’s electoral system works.It will help you understand Australia’ssystem of government, and theimportant role you play in it.This information is provided by theAustralian Electoral Commission(AEC), an independent statutoryauthority. The AEC providesAustralians with an independentelectoral service and educationalresources to assist citizens tounderstand and participate in theelectoral process.1
Government in Australia:a brief historyvernance for Aboriginalgooftarheeths,aryeFor tens of thousands ofr culture. While traditionaleithinaswsleoppeerdand Torres Strait Islands of conduct have changedecodanslerus,omstsystems of laws, cules continue to shareoppeerndlaIsitraStesTorrover time, Aboriginal andorganise themselves andtosonitiadtrdaneslumany common cultural vaconnect with each other.Despite their great diversity, all Aboriginal and Torres StraitIslander communities value connection to ‘Country’. This includesspirituality, ceremony, art and dance, family connections, kinrelationships, mutual responsibility, sharing resources, respectinglaw and the authority of elders, and, in particular, the role ofTraditional Owners in making decisions. The connections totraditional governing measures all have their origins in these samedeep cultural values.When the British arrived in Australia in 1788 they brought theirown traditions and culture. They established a prison colony runby a military governor with absolute power, appointed by theBritish Monarch. The colonists, convicts and Indigenous peopleshad no say in how the colony was run.Above: Federation cartoon, June 18982
Voting for a nationAustralia became a nation afterpeople from each state votedin referendums about whetheror not to join the federation.The last state to vote YESand join the federation wasWestern Australia.Above: Record board of the Western Australia results for thereferendum on Australian Federation 31 July 1900Over the next 50 years morecolonies were established and freesettlers began to arrive. As theirnumber grew, the free settlersdemanded a greater say in howthe colonies were governed. Bythe 1850s Australia was madeup of six independent colonies,most with their own parliaments.However, not everyone was ableto take part in elections to theseparliaments. No women wereallowed to vote, and in somecolonies only men who ownedproperty over a certain valuewere allowed to vote. While someIndigenous Australian men weregranted voting rights along withother men, most did not know theirrights, nor were they encouraged toexercise them.During the 1880s and 1890s theidea that the colonies shouldwork together and form a nationalgovernment gained popular support.Leaders from each of the coloniesjoined together to draft a constitutionthat would establish a federal(national) system of government.Under the Australian Constitution,states kept their own parliaments andmany of their existing powers, andtransferred responsibility for areasthat affect the nation as a whole tothe federal Parliament. The AustralianConstitution outlines the structureand powers of the Australianfederal Parliament, and the basisof representation in the House ofRepresentatives and the Senate.The draft constitution wasapproved by the people voting inreferendums held in each colonybetween June 1899 and July1900. Australia became a nationon 1 January 1901 when the sixseparate colonies formally unitedto form the Commonwealth ofAustralia. At federation each colonybecame a state of Australia.Australia is a representativedemocracy. All citizens aged18 years and over have the rightand responsibility to participate inAustralia’s democracy by enrollingto vote and voting for people torepresent them in parliament.Representatives elected to theparliament make laws and decisionson behalf of the nation.Above: Commonwealth of AustraliaConstitution Act, 19003
Voting rightsSecret ballotA secret ballot using a government–supplied ballot paper containingcandidates’ names was first introduced in Victoria, Tasmania andSouth Australia in 1856. Often referred to as the ‘Australian Ballot’,this method of voting has been adopted by many countries aroundthe world. Voting in secret means that voters can’t be intimidated,punished or discriminated against for how they vote.Who can vote and have a say inAustralian democracy has changedsubstantially since federation.In 1901 most male British subjectsover 21 and resident in Australiacould vote. In 1902 Australiabecame the second country inthe world, after New Zealand, toextend voting rights to women. TheCommonwealth Franchise Act 1902meant that women gained the rightto vote and stand for election toparliament.At the same time, however, theCommonwealth Franchise Act1902 deliberately excluded any‘aboriginal native’ of Australia, Asia,Africa or the islands of the Pacific(except New Zealand) from votingunless they were on a state electoralroll before 1901. Although someIndigenous Australians could votein federal elections, most wereexcluded. After campaigning formany years to have the right tobe part of the Australian decisionmaking process, all IndigenousAustralians gained the right to votein 1962.In 1973 more Australians gained theright to participate in elections whenthe voting age was lowered from21 to 18 years old.Who should have the right to vote inAustralia’s democracy continues tobe discussed and can be changedby an Act of Parliament.4Top: Women in Queensland voting in afederal election for the first time.Brisbane, 1907Above: Indigenous Australians voting in1962Left: Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902
The Federal Parliamenters of federalThe Australian people elect all membParliament: theParliament. There are two houses ofnate.House of Representatives and the SeIn Parliament, members formgroups or ‘parties’ with othermembers with similar ideas, valuesand policies.Government is formed by theparty or coalition of partieswith the support of the majorityof members in the House ofRepresentatives. Sometimes afteran election, a party or coalitionof parties will need the supportof minor parties or Independentmembers to achieve a majorityin the House. The leader of thegovernment is the Prime Minister,who, by convention (tradition), isalways a member of the Houseof Representatives.The House of Representatives,Parliament House, CanberraThe largest party or coalition ofparties without the support of themajority of members in the Houseof Representatives forms theopposition. Its leader is the Leaderof the Opposition.Ministers are members of thegovernment with responsibilityfor particular areas of governmentactivity. They are chosen by thegovernment from both the Houseof Representatives and the Senate.The Senate, Parliament House, Canberra5
House nd minor partiesThe House of Representatives is also called the ‘People’s House’. Each memberrepresents the people of their electorate. Australia is divided into 151 electorates basedon population. Voters in each electorate choose one person to represent them in theHouse of Representatives.6
SenateGovernmentOppositionIndependentsand minor partiesThe Senate is also called the ‘States’ House’. Voters from each state, and theAustralian Capital Territory (ACT) and Northern Territory (NT), elect senators to representthem in the Senate. All states are equally represented in the Senate regardless oftheir size or population. Each state elects 12 senators, and the ACT and NT elect twosenators each. State senators are elected for six–year fixed terms, with half their numberelected every three years. State senators commence their term in office on the first dayof July after their election. Territory senators are elected for the term of the House ofRepresentatives, which is a maximum of three years.7
Three levels ofgovernment in AustraliaFederal matters:DefenceThere are three levels ofgovernment in Australia.Representatives at eachlevel of government areelected by voters.Income taxImmigrationSocial welfareExternal affairsThe role of the federal Parliament isset out in the Australian Constitution.State and territorymatters:States have their own constitutionsand the Australian CapitalTerritory and Northern Territoryhave self–government Actswhich outline the powers of theirlegislative assemblies.SchoolsHospitalsPublic transportElectricityLocal governments (also knownas local councils) are establishedby state parliaments to meet theneeds of local communities.Police and ambulance servicesLocal matters:Rubbish collectionParksLibraries and art galleriesPet registrationLocal roads8
Federal electionsThe Australian Constitution sets out some of therules governing federal elections, but most arecontained in the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918and can be changed by the federal Parliament.When are elections held?A federal election must be held at least once every three years. The AustralianConstitution sets the maximum term of the House of Representatives atthree years, but the Prime Minister can request an election earlier. Electionsare usually held for half of the Senate at the same time as House ofRepresentatives elections, however, they can be held separately.nciesal vacaate casuSenDouble disselections olutionIf there is adeadlock between theof RepreseHousentatives andthe Senateo ne o r m ooverre proposed laws (bilPrime Minls), theister can requ e s t a d odissolutionubleelection. This meansseats in boall theth housesof Parliamefor electionntare up. Double dissolutionhave occuelectionsrred seventimes: in 11974, 1975914, 1951,, 1983, 1987 and 2016.isqualifiedies or is dd,snigsr ree formerstralia, thIf a senatouAfortuh Coarliamentby the Higterritory protetasancy forsenator’sfill the vactoenatoroemoe new senhT.c ho o s e s srmteeder of thearty as ththe remaine s a me pthmofremu s t bsenator.previousBy–electionsIf a member of the House ofRepresentatives resigns, dies oris disqualified by the High Courtof Australia, their electorate votesto elect a new member. This iscalled a by– election.9
ElectoratesFor the House of Representativesyour electorate is the area whereyou live. Electorate size is basedon population. A city electorate,where the population is dense,can be as small as several suburbs.A sparsely populated rural electoratecan cover a huge area of severalhundred square kilometres. Eventhough electorates are differentsizes and shapes, within each stateand territory, they will always haveapproximately the same number ofvoters. One member is elected tothe House of Representativesto represent each electorate.For the Senate your electorate isthe state or territory where youlive. Regardless of its geographicalsize or population, each state orterritory elect a group of senators torepresent it.RedistributionsNexusRedistributions occur at least onceevery seven years for each stateand territory. They aim to make thenumber of voters approximatelyequal in all the electorates in thatstate or territory. Redistributionstake into account expectedpopulation changes to ensure theelectorates remain equal for atleast three-and-a-half years. Forexample, in high growth areas, theredistributed populations will beset lower to allow for growth.The Australian Constitution statesthat the number of members of theHouse of Representatives mustbe, as near as possible, ‘twicethe number of senators’. This iscalled ‘the nexus’. In 1901 therewere 76 members of the House ofRepresentatives and 36 senators.Now there are 151 members inthe House of Representativesand 76 senators in the Senate.The number of members andsenators can be changed by anAct of Parliament. If the number ofsenators increases, this could alsoincrease the number of electoratesin the House of Representatives.Communities, geographicalfeatures and travel are alsoconsidered when decidingelectorate boundaries.10
Smallest electorateThe smallest electorate in Australiais Grayndler in inner-city Sydney.It covers an area of only 32 squarekilometres. Each electorate inAustralia has approximately100 000 voters. In urban electorateslike Grayndler people live closetogether, so these electoratesare much smaller than rural andregional electorates.Largest electorateDurack, which includes all ofnorthern Western Australia, isthe largest electorate in Australiaand the second largest singlemember electorate in the world(after Nunavut in Canada).Although it covers 1 629 858square kilometres – 51 000 timesthe land area of Grayndler – bothelectorates have approximately thesame number of voters.sevitatneserHouse of Rep factstsafetarotelecElectorate information as at 201611
Getting ready to voteVoting is compulsory.All Australian citizensaged 18 years andolder must vote.How do I enrol?Before you can vote, you mustenrol. You can enrol at any timeafter you turn 16, but you canonly vote in an election when youare 18 or over. You can enrol orupdate your enrolment online atwww.aec.gov.au or complete anenrolment form available from anyAustralian Electoral Commission(AEC) office. Doing this enrols youto vote in federal, state and localelections.All Australian citizens over 18 mustbe enrolled and keep their enrolmentup to date with their currentresidential address. If you are over18 and have never enrolled, youcan enrol now and you will not bepenalised. It is never too late.12Where will I vote?Find out the name of your federalelectorate and nearest polling placesby visiting www.aec.gov.au.Who are thecandidates?At each election, many differentcandidates will seek to be electedas your representative. Before anelection, candidates campaignto gain support from voters. It isimportant to find out about thecandidates, their political partiesand their views on issues that areimportant to you. You may readadvertising, news stories and socialmedia about the candidates, or evenmeet a candidate in person. Thiswill help you to decide your votingpreferences.What if I can’t voteon election day?Voters who are unable to attend apolling place on election day canvote at an early voting centre orapply for a postal vote. This can bedone online, at any AEC office orAustralia Post outlet.Voters who have an ongoing issuethat may prevent them from gettingto a polling place may register asGeneral Postal Voters. Ballot paperswill then automatically be sent tothem through the post.Mobile polling teams visit hospitals,nursing homes, prisons andgeographically remote places. EvenAustralian voters who are working inAntarctica are able to vote.Voters who are overseas orinterstate on election day can vote atoverseas or interstate voting centres,or by post. If you are overseas youdo not have to vote.What happens ifI don’t vote?After each election, all non–voterswill be sent a letter requesting theyprovide a valid and sufficient reasonfor failing to vote, or pay a fine.
Election dayElections are always held on aSaturday. Public buildings, such aslocal schools and halls, are usedas polling places. Polling places areopen between 8am and 6pm onelection day.Polling places are run by pollingofficials employed and trained by theAEC. They are there to assist, but theycannot tell you who to vote for.When you enter a polling place, apolling official will direct you to anissuing table. You will be asked threequestions before being issued withballot papers:The official will then check thecertified list of eligible voters in theelectorate, mark off your name, andinitial each ballot paper in the topright–hand corner. The ballot papersare then handed to you, and you aredirected to a voting screen whereyou vote in secret. After completingthe ballot papers, fold and placethem in the sealed ballot boxes.There are separate ballot boxesfor House of Representatives andSenate ballot papers.ll name?ufruoyista1 . Whr address?2 . What is youoted beforevuoyevaH.3n?in this electioCompulsory votingVoting was made compulsoryfor federal elections in 1924 inresponse to low voter turnout atprevious elections. For example,the lowest turnout for a federalelection was in 1903 when only50.3% of enrolled voters voted.In the 1925 election 91.4% ofvoters cast a ballot. It is nowusual for around 94% of enrolledvoters to vote. Australia is oneof the few countries in the worldwith compulsory voting.13
Completinga ballot paperIt is important to readand follow the directionson the ballot paper tomake sure your vote isvalid and counted.How to completethe House ofRepresentativesballot paperLYONNumber the boxes from 1 to 8 inthe order of your choice2SURNAME, Given Names3SURNAME, Given Names7SURNAME, Given Names4SURNAME, Given Names1SURNAME, Given Names5SURNAME, Given Names6SURNAME, Given Names8SURNAME, Given Remember. number every box to make your vote countSYou have a choice in the way youvote for the Senate — above the lineor below the line.You must number all the boxeson the House of Representativesballot paper. Write number 1 in thebox next to the candidate who isyour first choice of representative,then write number 2 in the boxnext to your second choice andcontinue numbering until everybox is filled.PARTYPSenate ballot papers are white andare divided into two sections by ablack line across the ballot paper.Multiple candidates from your stateor territory will be elected to theSenate. The ballot paper shows howmany Senate positions your state orterritory is voting for in this election.StateElectoral Division of Division NameESenate votingAL USELHouse of Representatives ballotpapers are green. One candidatefrom your electorate will be electedto the House of Representatives.CIIHouse ofRepresentativesvotingHouse of RepresentativesBallot PaperOFFIf you are not sure, ask a pollingofficial for help. You will be askedto number the candidates orgroups in the order that you prefer.This is called preferential votingand is used in both the Houseof Representatives and Senateelections.Sample ballot paperDon’t worryaif you makemistake.You can askfor another ndaballot paperin.start aga
How tocomplete theSenate ballotpaperABCDEF36PARTYPARTYPARTYAL USEGYou mayvote in one oftwo waysEither521PARTYPARTYPARTYAbove the lineBy numbering at least 6of these boxes in the orderof your choice (with number1 as your first Below the lineBy numbering at least 12of these boxes in the orderof your choice (with number1 as your first choice).SURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYPARTYSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesINDEPENDENTSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesINDEPENDENTSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven PARTYLYOFFSenate Ballot PaperState – Election of 6 SenatorsONOr below the lineAL USEGYou mayvote in one oftwo waysEitherAbove the lineBy numbering at least 6of these boxes in the orderof your choice (with number1 as your first elow the lineBy numbering at least 12of these boxes in the orderof your choice (with number1 as your first choice).SURNAMEGiven NamesPARTY1SURNAMEGiven NamesPARTY8SURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTY5SURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTYSURNAMEGiven Names6SURNAMEGiven NamesPARTY10SURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTY9SURNAMEGiven Names3SURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTY2SURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTYPARTYPARTY12PARTY11SURNAMEGiven Names4SURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesINDEPENDENTSURNAMEGiven NamesPARTY7SURNAMEGiven NamesINDEPENDENTSURNAMEGiven NamesSURNAMEGiven NamesAMPLEPARTYSIn the section below the black line,you can vote for individual candidates.Write number 1 in the box next to thecandidate who is your first choice ofrepresentative, then write number 2 inthe box next to your second choiceand continue until you have numberedat least 12 boxes below the line. If youwant to continue, you can number asmany additional boxes as you choosebelow the line.CIIBy voting above the line, yourpreferences will be distributed inthe order the candidates appearbelow the line for the party or groupyou have chosen. Your preferenceswill first be distributed to thecandidates in the party or group ofyour first choice, then to candidatesin the party or group of your secondchoice and so on, until all yourpreferences have been distributed.Senate Ballot PaperState – Election of 6 SenatorsOFFIn the section above the blackline, you can vote for the partiesor groups you wish to support.Write number 1 in the box abovethe group or party that is your firstchoice, then write number 2 in thebox above your second choice andcontinue until you have numbered atleast six boxes above the line. If youwant to continue, you can numberas many additional boxes as youchoose above the line.LYEither above the lineONYou have a choice inthe way you vote forthe Senate:Sample ballot papers15
Election resultsCounting House ofRepresentatives votesCounting the votes starts at 6pmwhen polling places close to thepublic.Votes cast at polling places arecounted at that polling place onelection night. The likely resultat each polling place for theHouse of Representatives isusually known within a few hoursof counting. The result for theelectorate can take several weeksto formally finalise.One person from each electorateis elected to the House ofRepresentatives.To be elected, one candidatemust gain support from more thanhalf of the voters — an absolutemajority.At each polling place, pollingofficials sort all ballot papers by firstpreference votes, which are countedfor each candidate. Informal votesare identified and removed from thecount.All the ‘1’ votes are counted foreach candidate in an electorate. Ifa candidate gets more than 50% ofthese formal first preference votes— an absolute majority — they areimmediately elected. Even thoughthey are elected, a full preferencecount is completed to show howthe electorate voted.16First–past–the–postBefore 1918, representatives to the federal Parliament wereelected on a ‘simple majority’ or ‘first–past–the–post’ basis.This meant that the candidate who had the most votes afterone count was elected — even if they did not have more thanhalf of the votes. This system is still used in many countriesincluding the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada,India and Papua New Guinea.If no candidate has an absolutemajority, the candidate with thefewest votes is excluded fromthe count. The votes for thiscandidate are then transferredto the candidate numbered ‘2’on each of their ballot papers,the voters’ ‘second preference’.This process continues until onecandidate has more than halfthe total formal votes cast and isthen declared elected.Formal andInformal votesWhen a ballot paper is markedcorrectly and completely, it is knownas a ‘formal vote’, and will be countedtoward the election result.When a ballot paper has not beenfully completed, is completedincorrectly or you can identify theperson who voted, it is known asan ‘informal vote’, and will not becounted toward the election result.At federal elections, nationally around5% of votes are informal.When a ballot paper is numbered 1,2, 3, 4, 5 etc in the same order thatthe candidates appear, it is known asa ‘donkey vote’. Donkey votes couldbe a voter not understanding howto vote correctly, or not caring howthey vote, or could actually expressthe voter’s true preferences. If all theboxes are numbered, donkey votesare formal and count toward theelection result.
An example of countingHouse of Representatives votes25 00028 00033 00034 000Absolute Majority 50 001 votes51 00049 00033 000VotesVotes32 000Absolute Majority 50 001 votes50%50%Absolute Majority 50 001 votesVotes50%Four candidates, Omar, Lily, Tom and Rachel stand for election to theHouse of Representatives in the electorate of Arcadia. After the election, theballot papers are counted and there are 100 000 formal votes. The absolutemajority needed to win the seat of Arcadia is 50 001 votes — more than50% of the total number of formal votes.15 000OmarLilyTomOmarRachelTomRachelTomRachelFirst countSecond countThird countNo candidate has an absolutemajority:Lily is excluded and her votesare distributed to the secondpreferences marked on theseballot papers:Another candidate must beexcluded. Omar and Rachel bothhave 33 000 votes. In this situationthe candidate with the lowestnumber of votes in the first countis excluded. Omar is excluded andhis votes are distributed by thenext preference marked on thoseballot papers: Omar has 25 000 first preferences Lily has 15 000 first preferences Tom has 32 000 first preferences Rachel has 28 000 firstpreferences. Omar gains 8 000 secondpreferences, taking his total to33 000 votes Tom gains 2 000 secondpreferences, taking his total to34 000 votesThe person with the lowest numberof votes is Lily with 15 000 votes. Rachel gains 5 000 secondpreferences, taking her total to33 000 votes.No candidate has an absolutemajority. Tom gains 15 000 votes, takinghis total to 49 000 Rachel gains 18 000 votes,taking her total to 51 000.Rachel has an absolute majority,and becomes the electedrepresentative for the electorateof Arcadia. Rachel was not thecandidate who had the most votesin the first count, however shegained an absolute majority onpreferences. In this election, voters’first, second and third choices wereneeded for a final result.17
Election resultsCounting Senate votesCounting Senate votes startsat 6pm when the polling placecloses to the public. However, thelikely result is not usually knownon the night and can take weeksto finalise.Each state or territory electsmultiple senators. To be elected,a candidate needs to win aquota — a set proportion of theelectorate’s votes. This is known asproportional representation.Quota Number offormal votesNumber ofvacancies 1An exampleof countingSenate votesKai200Kim1 250Jade350Amir950Alexis250Total votes 1The quota is worked out by dividingthe total number of formal ballotpapers by one more than thenumber of vacancies to be filled(ignore any remainder) and thenadding 1 to the result.18Next the first preferencevotes are counted for eachcandidate.There are two Senate seats vacant.There are 3 000 formal votes in the‘territory’. The polling officials workout the quota:Quota 3 0002 1 1 1 0013 000Kim has 1 250 first preference votes.She has more than the quota and iselected to the Senate.The 249 votes she received overthe quota are called ‘surplusvotes’. These are transferred to theremaining candidates by distributingall Kim’s votes at less than their fullvalue (the transfer value).The transfer value is worked out bydividing the number of surplus votesby the total number of ballot papersthe elected candidate received.
The second preferencesfrom all of Kim’s 1 250 votesare counted.Kai400Jade150Amir500Alexis2001 250Total votesThe second preferences from Kim’sballot papers are multiplied by theirtransfer value (decimal remaindersare disregarded) and then added tothe first preference totals for eachcandidate.Number ofsurplus votesTotal number ofKim’s 1stpreference votes 2491 250Transfer value 0.1992No transferredvotes x transfervalueTransfervotes1stNew Total Preference votesvotesKai400 x 0.1992 79 200 279Jade150 x 0.1992 29 350 379Amir500 x 0.1992 99 950 1 049Alexis200 x 0.1992 39 250 289Now Amir also has more than 1 001votes (a quota) so the two Senatevacancies have been filled.If all the vacancies have not beenfilled after all the surplus votes havebeen transferred, the candidatewith the lowest number of votes isexcluded. The excluded candidate’sballot papers are distributed at fullvalue to their next preference fromthe remaining candidates. Thedistribution of preferences fromexcluded candidates continues untilthe required number of senatorsis elected.19
Changing the AustralianConstitutionA referendum is passed when:The Australian Constitution is thelegal framework for how Australiais governed. It establishes thestructure and defines the powersof the federal Parliament, and thebasis of representation in the Houseof Representatives and the Senate.The Constitution was passed asan Act of the British Parliament —the Commonwealth of AustraliaConstitution Act 1900 (UK) — andtook effect on 1 January 1901.YESIAICA PROPOSEDLAW:law descriptionDo you approvethis proposedalteration?A national majority (more thanhalf) of voters from all statesand territories vote YES.ANDNLYOF FThe Constitution can only bechanged by Australian voters in anational vote called a referendum.In a referendum, voters mark YESor NO on their ballot paper to showif they agree or disagree with aproposed change to the Constitution.The change will only be made ifthe majority of voters in a majorityof states agree AND if a majorityof voters across the nationalso agree. This is knownas a ‘double majority’. TheCommonwealthof AustraliaBALLOT PAPERrules for changing theState/territoryConstitution are outlined inReferendumon proposedConstitutionthe Constitution itself. ThealterationDIRE
(AEC), an independent statutory authority. The AEC provides Australians with an independent electoral service and educational resources to assist citizens to understand and participate in the electoral process. 2 Government in
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All general voting places are open from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. (Pacific time) on October 24, 2020. Electoral District Voting Place Name Voting Place Address Voting Place City Cariboo-Chilcotin St. Andrews United Church 1000 Huckvale Pl Williams Lake, BC Cariboo-Chilcotin Sulphorous Lake Comm Hall 7571 PettyJohn Rd Bridge Lake, BC .
Online Voting System is an online voting method. In this system all eligible voters can cast their vote remotely from different location and the result will be stored in one central server database without going to any polling booth. There is a database which is maintained by the Electoral
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The Constitution explains the electoral college system. _3. The number of electoral votes a state has is based on its number of congressmen. _4. The candidate who wins a state’s popular vote wins the state’s electoral
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Introduction to Quantum Field Theory John Cardy Michaelmas Term 2010 { Version 13/9/10 Abstract These notes are intendedtosupplementthe lecturecourse ‘Introduction toQuan-tum Field Theory’ and are not intended for wider distribution. Any errors or obvious omissions should be communicated to me at j.cardy1@physics.ox.ac.uk. Contents 1 A Brief History of Quantum Field Theory 2 2 The Feynman .
