Forensic Technology - CTE Resource
Forensic Technology8409 36 weeksTable of ContentsAcknowledgments. 2Course Description. 3Task Essentials Table . 3Curriculum Framework . 8Introducing Forensic Science . 8Establishing Lab Skills and Maintaining Safety . 11Exploring the Scientific Method . 12Applying Crime Scene Procedures . 15Examining Trace Evidence . 21Exploring Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Testing . 26Analyzing Questioned Documents. 30Collecting and Analyzing Latent Fingerprints . 33Exploring Toxicology and Controlled Substances. 38Exploring Forensic Serology . 44Analyzing Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations . 49Analyzing Tool Marks, Firearms, and Other Impressions . 54Investigating Medicolegal Death . 62Exploring Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Entomology . 65SOL Correlation by Task . 69Cyber Security and Cyber Forensics Infusion Units . 74Entrepreneurship Infusion Units . 74Appendix: Credentials, Course Sequences, and Career Cluster Information . 751
AcknowledgmentsThe components of this instructional framework were developed by the following businesspanelists:Michael D. Coble, PhD, Forensic Biologist, Applied Genetics Group, National Instituteof Standards and TechnologyReginald L. Dickerson, Director of Cyber Operations, CapitalOneDavid Nicholson, PhD, Associate Professor of Criminal Justice, Ferrum CollegeDarren Spencer, Adjunct Professor for Cyber Security, Thomas Nelson CommunityCollegeSusan Stanitski, Director, Eastern Laboratory, Virginia Department of Forensic ScienceThe following educators served on the curriculum development panel:Anne Cupero, MS, NBCT, Instructor, Arlington Career Center, Arlington Public SchoolsMary Klinger, MD, Department Chair, Medical Biotechnology, Chesterfield TechnicalCenter, Chesterfield County Public SchoolsCorrelations to the Virginia Standards of Learning were reviewed and updated by:Leslie R. Bowers, English Teacher (ret.), Newport News Public SchoolsVickie L. Inge, Mathematics Committee Member, Virginia Mathematics and ScienceCoalitionAnne F. Markwith, New Teacher Mentor (Science), Gloucester County Public SchoolsCathy Nichols-Cocke, PhD, Social Studies Teacher, Fairfax High School, Fairfax CountyPublic SchoolsThe framework was edited and produced by the CTE Resource Center:Heather A. Widener, Writer/EditorKevin P. Reilly, Administrative CoordinatorLynn Basham, PhD, Specialist, Technology Education and Related ClustersOffice of Career, Technical, and Adult EducationVirginia Department of EducationTricia S. Jacobs, PhD, CTE Coordinator of Curriculum and InstructionOffice of Career, Technical, and Adult EducationVirginia Department of EducationCopyright 20182
Course DescriptionSuggested Grade Level: 11 or 12Forensic science plays a crucial role in today’s civil and criminal cases by collecting,documenting, testing and analyzing crime scene evidence using state-of-the-art technologies andtechniques. This course provides an introduction to students who might be interested in forensicscience careers in toxicology, serology, controlled substances, latent fingerprints, firearm/toolmark, DNA and document analysis, among others.Task Essentials Table Tasks/competencies designated by plus icons ( ) in the left-hand column(s) are essentialTasks/competencies designated by empty-circle icons ( ) are optionalTasks/competencies designated by minus icons ( ) are omittedTasks marked with an asterisk (*) are ing Forensic Science39Define the term forensic science.40Identify careers that use forensic technology.41Describe the applied skill of deductive reasoning in forensic analysis.42Defend a scientific argument.Establishing Lab Skills and Maintaining Safety43Demonstrate general lab skills necessary to the field of forensicscience.44Describe lab safety skills related to the forensic sciences.Exploring the Scientific Method45Demonstrate the key steps of the scientific method in forensic analysisby collecting and preserving evidence from a crime scene.46Describe the difference between presumptive testing and confirmatorytesting.3
47Identify questions and concepts that guide scientific investigations.Applying Crime Scene Procedures48Describe the historical precedents for gathering and admittingevidence.49Describe the role of the crime scene/forensic investigator.50Describe how a crime scene is investigated.51Describe the legal considerations for working in a crime scene.52Describe the services of the crime laboratory.53Document a crime scene, using a sketch or scene documentationsoftware.54Document a crime scene, using photography.55Describe witness-interview techniques.56Describe evidence-collection techniques.57Define the terms class characteristic and individual characteristic.Examining Trace Evidence58Identify the two types of trace evidence.59Analyze trace evidence, using light microscopy.60Describe the testing procedure for any piece of trace evidence.61Describe sources of contamination for trace evidence and the ways tominimize that contamination.62Define positive control and negative control.63Interpret the results of a false-positive test and a false-negative test.64Generate a comparison of two pieces of physical evidence.65Describe bodily fluids.Exploring Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Testing66Describe how DNA technology has affected criminal justice.4
67Describe the extraction and isolation of DNA from living cells.68Describe the technologies used in identifying and analyzing DNA froma crime scene.69Interpret the results of DNA analysis.70Demonstrate the storage procedures for DNA testing evidence.Analyzing Questioned Documents71Describe the methods used to authenticate original documents.72Demonstrate techniques in ink analysis.73Describe the methods used in comparing handwriting samples.74Analyze alterations made to documents.Collecting and Analyzing Latent Fingerprints75Identify the anatomy of a fingerprint and the fingerprint’s value inforensics.76Describe the systems of analysis for fingerprints.77Describe how to fingerprint subjects.78Describe the materials used to take fingerprints from various surfaces.79Identify fingerprint characteristics.80Explain the procedures for analyzing latent prints.81Describe the procedure to make casts and molds of shoe impressions.82Describe the components of a tire impression analysis.Exploring Toxicology and Controlled Substances83Describe the role of the toxicologist in the forensic laboratory.84Compare psychological and physical dependence.85Classify the most commonly abused drugs, including toxicity and theeffects on the body.86Perform preliminary tests in drug identification analysis.5
87Demonstrate the procedure to run thin layer chromatography (TLC)tests.88Describe the utility of mass spectrometry for identification analysis.89Describe how alcohol is processed through the body.90Describe the procedure used to conduct the primary field sobriety tests.91Analyze blood-alcohol concentration levels.Exploring Forensic Serology92Calculate blood type probabilities, using Punnett squares.93Identify the A-B-O antigens and antibodies for each of the four bloodtypes.94Apply test procedures to validate the presence of bodily fluid evidence.95Explain storage/preservation procedures for bodily fluid testingevidence.96Describe the types of blood-spatter patterns.97Conduct a blood spatter analysis to re-create a violent event.Analyzing Forensic Aspects of Arson and Explosion Investigations98Describe the chemistry of fire.99List the conditions necessary to initiate and sustain combustion.100Identify the signs of an accelerant-initiated fire.101Identify the methods used in searching a fire scene.102Describe how to collect and preserve arson evidence.103Analyze flammable residues.104Describe the types of explosives and their evidence, post-detonation.Analyzing Tool Marks, Firearms, and Other Impressions105Describe the significance of tool mark impressions in criminalinvestigations.6
106Analyze tool marks by matching marks to the tool that produced them.107Distinguish among firearm characteristics.108Distinguish between a bullet and a cartridge.109Describe the testing procedures used for gunshot residue.110Describe how a gun barrel affects the flight of a projectile.111Describe the relationship between barrel size and caliber.112Demonstrate ballistics recovery and examination at a crime scene.113Determine the position of the shooter, based on bullet trajectory.114Compare firing pin impressions from different sources.115Distinguish among internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminalballistics.Investigating Medicolegal Death116Describe the stages of postmortem tissue degeneration, includingautolysis and putrefaction.117Define cause, manner, and mechanism of death.118Compare the coroner and medical examiner systems andresponsibilities.119Describe causes of death and their associated injury patterns andcharacteristics.120Describe the legal necessity of establishing postmortem interval (PMI).Exploring Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Entomology121Define the terms forensic anthropology and forensic entomology.122Differentiate between a male skeleton and a female skeleton.123Determine an age range of a subject, based on the remains.124Describe the differences in skull features used to determine the race ofa subject’s remains.7
125Determine a subject’s height by analyzing the long bones of the body.126Legend:Describe the stages of insect metamorphosis in estimating time ofdeath.Essential Non-essential OmittedCurriculum FrameworkIntroducing Forensic ScienceTask Number 39Define the term forensic science.DefinitionDefinition should include identifying forensic science as the application of science to establishfacts pertaining to cases of civil or criminal law.Process/Skill Questions What is the origin of the word forensic?What is the forensic scientist’s role in the judicial system?What is a fact?ITEEA National Standards1. The Characteristics and Scope of TechnologyTSA Competitive EventsExtemporaneous SpeechTechnology Bowl8
Task Number 40Identify careers that use forensic technology.DefinitionIdentification should include forensic investigators, forensic scientists, and others who may bepart of the investigative team, including anthropologists, entomologists, odontologists, andcybersecurity specialists.Process/Skill Questions What certifications, licenses, or degrees are available for careers in forensic science?What is the outlook for careers in forensic science?What resources have information about careers in forensic science?What are other areas in which forensic technology can be applied?ITEEA National Standards4. The Cultural, Social, Economic, and Political Effects of Technology6. The Role of Society in the Development and Use of TechnologyTSA Competitive EventsSTEM CareersTask Number 41Describe the applied skill of deductive reasoning in forensicanalysis.DefinitionDescription should include the use of logic to observe, evaluate, and develop conclusions basedon critical data analysis.Process/Skill Questions What are ways to improve observational skills?9
What different factors can affect the way we make observations?Why are observation skills important to forensic science?How might individuals see a crime scene differently?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyTSA Competitive EventsBiotechnology DesignPrinciples of Technology (Virginia only)Technology Problem SolvingTask Number 42Defend a scientific argument.DefinitionDefense should include the formation of a hypothesisa summary and explanation of the dataa list of the instrumentation and documentation useda presentation of the evidencean appropriate response to criticism of the analysis.Process/Skill Questions Why is it important to document procedures when conducting experiments?What role does communication play in the defense of a scientific argument?What consequences would result from inaccurate instrumentation?ITEEA National Standards13. Assess the Impact of Products and SystemsTSA Competitive Events10
Debating Technological IssuesEstablishing Lab Skills and MaintainingSafetyTask Number 43Demonstrate general lab skills necessary to the field offorensic science.DefinitionDemonstration should reflect the proper use of compound, dissecting, and comparison microscopesslide preparationmicropipettessterile techniquehandling and dispensing chemicalschemical apparatus in toxicology.Process/Skill Questions What are the specific safety rules and procedures in the lab?What are the possible consequences of not following procedures?What is the procedure for handling hazardous materials?What apparatus might be used in toxicology?What is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyTask Number 4411
Describe lab safety skills related to the forensic sciences.DefinitionDescription should include Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), the handling of glass or hotglass, and working with caustic chemicals, live tissue products, and other biological products.Process/Skill Questions What are specific guidelines for lab safety in forensic science?What type of PPE should you use when coming into contact with biological products?What type of PPE should you use to prevent contamination of a crime scene?What methods could be used to protect yourself from exposure to chemicals?What resources have information on lab safety related to forensic science?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyExploring the Scientific MethodTask Number 45Demonstrate the key steps of the scientific method inforensic analysis by collecting and preserving evidence froma crime scene.DefinitionDemonstration of the scientific method should include observation and descriptionhypothesisexperimentation (i.e., testing the hypothesis)collection and analysis of dataconclusion.12
Process/Skill Questions Why is it important to measure the results of a hypothesis?What senses are used in observation?What role does perception play in observation?Why are analytical skills so important in crime scene observation?How does the scientific method affect the introduction of evidence in a legal proceeding?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyTSA Competitive EventsBiotechnology DesignTechnology BowlTechnology Problem SolvingTask Number 46Describe the difference between presumptive testing andconfirmatory testing.DefinitionDescription should include the definitions of presumptive testing—chemical analysis of a sample that establishes the possibility that asubstance is presentconfirmatory testing—identification of the specific substance through further chemicalanalysis.Process/Skill Questions What are the differences between each test?When are presumptive and confirmatory tests conducted?Why is it necessary to conduct confirmatory tests on substances?What methods are used to test substances?13
ITEEA National Standards1. The Characteristics and Scope of Technology13. Assess the Impact of Products and SystemsTSA Competitive EventsBiotechnology DesignTechnology Problem SolvingTask Number 47Identify questions and concepts that guide scientificinvestigations.DefinitionIdentification should include applying the scientific method in the study of a question, including: What is the substance?Can we describe its origin?Can we describe its cause?Can we narrow it down to a specific source?Process/Skill Questions What resources can be used to identify a substance?Why is it important to conduct repeatable, reliable tests on substances?What are the standard pieces of equipment necessary in any forensic laboratory?What role does logic play in applying the scientific method?How do our observations of a scene affect the scientific method?ITEEA National Standards10. The Role of Troubleshooting, Research and Development, Invention and Innovation,and Experimentation in Problem Solving14
Applying Crime Scene ProceduresTask Number 48Describe the historical precedents for gathering andadmitting evidence.DefinitionDescription should include the Frye and Daubert standards, Locard’s Principle of Exchange, andthe process of admitting scientific evidence.Process/Skill Questions How have the Frye and Daubert standards influenced the admissibility of scientificevidence?What is the difference between the Frye standard and the Daubert standard?Why would states choose to follow one standard but not the other?ITEEA National Standards7. The Influence of Technology on HistoryTSA Competitive EventsExtemporaneous SpeechTask Number 49Describe the role of the crime scene/forensic investigator.DefinitionDescription should include the distinction between forensic investigators (crime scene processorsusing current forensic evidence processing technology in the field) and forensic scientists (labworkers).15
Process/Skill Questions What activities might a forensic investigator perform?What activities might a forensic scientist perform?How do the two occupations contribute to forensic technology?Task Number 50Describe how a crime scene is investigated.DefinitionDescription should include duties of the first officer on the sceneimportance of witness separationimportance of preventing contamination of the crime scenedocumentation of the scene (e.g., sketches, photographs, notes)types of search patternscollection and preservation of evidence.Description could also include simulation using a mock crime scene.Process/Skill Questions What is the procedure for securing a crime scene?What types of evidence are collected from a crime scene?Why is chain of custody important in the collection of evidence?What are the main search patterns used by crime scene investigators?What would happen if evidence were collected but not documented within the crimescene?ITEEA National Standards10. The Role of Troubleshooting, Research and Development, Invention and Innovation,and Experimentation in Problem Solving13. Assess the Impact of Products and Systems16
Task Number 51Describe the legal considerations for working in a crimescene.DefinitionDescription should include a summary of the Fourth Amendment and the legal guidelinessurrounding searches with and without warrants.Process/Skill Questions What is the Fourth Amendment?When is a warrant required?What is the importance of the concept of probable cause?When is it permissible to conduct a search without a warrant?How does the Fourth Amendment apply to the collection of evidence at a crime scene?ITEEA National Standards4. The Cultural, Social, Economic, and Political Effects of TechnologyTask Number 52Describe the services of the crime laboratory.DefinitionDescription should address all main disciplines of forensic scienceprovide photography for all disciplinesprovide testimony for cases analyzed.Process/Skill Questions What types of forensic services does a laboratory typically provide?Why do some laboratories focus on one or two specialties?Why is photography necessary in a forensic crime laboratory?What is the procedure for conducting a sobriety test in the laboratory?17
ITEEA National Standards1. The Characteristics and Scope of Technology12. Use and Maintain Technological Products and Systems13. Assess the Impact of Products and Systems3. The Relationships Among Technologies and the Connections Between Technology andOther FieldsTask Number 53Document a crime scene, using a sketch or scenedocumentation software.DefinitionDocumentation should include identifying and adhering to scaleusing the triangulation methodusing the baseline methodusing emerging technologyusing a scale for measurementcompleting a rough sketch and a finished sketch.Process/Skill Questions Why would an investigator create a finished sketch from a rough sketch?Why is it important to include scale in a sketch?How many landmarks should be used when measuring distance from objects?How has technology influenced the documentation of crime scenes?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyTask Number 5418
Document a crime scene, using photography.DefinitionDocumentation should include taking photos of the ingress, egress, and all evidence, with and without scaleusing long-range, midrange, and close-up perspectives, with and without scaletriangulating the scene, using fixed objects.Process/Skill Questions Why is it important to take photographs from different perspectives at the crime scene?Why should photographs include scale?What is the best kind of lighting for evidence photographs?What are the differences in photographing vs. sketching a scene?When should photographs be taken of the scene?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of Technology3. The Relationships Among Technologies and the Connections Between Technology andOther FieldsTSA Competitive EventsPhotographic TechnologyTask Number 55Describe witness-interview techniques.DefinitionDescription should include separating witnesses and questioning individuals alonedocumenting the contact information for anyone intervieweddescribing the interview subjectasking standard questions, including place, time, and circumstance19
documenting the entire process (e.g., questions asked, answers given, start and finish timeand/or date of interview, additional observations).Process/Skill Questions What are the procedures for questioning witnesses?How does eyewitness evidence affect a case?Why is it important to keep witnesses separate?What are some reasons that witness statements would conflict?What types of contact information are collected from witnesses?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyTSA Competitive EventsPrepared PresentationTechnology BowlTask Number 56Describe evidence-collection techniques.DefinitionDemonstration should include using appropriate packaging procedures for each piece of evidencelabeling each piece of evidence correctlyminimizing cross-contaminationfollowing chain-of-custody procedures.Process/Skill Questions Why is a chain-of-custody procedure important?Why does evidence need to be packaged and sealed?What is the procedure for packaging evidence?What is the procedure for maintaining the chain of custody?Why is it important to separately package evidence?Why should investigators collect control samples from the victim?20
ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyTask Number 57Define the terms class characteristic and individualcharacteristic.DefinitionDefinition should include class characteristic—characteristic that puts an object into a certain group of persons orthings (e.g., bullets to a type of weapon, blood sample to a blood group)individual characteristic—characteristic that narrows the object to a single source (e.g.,fingerprints, DNA).Process/Skill Questions How has individual evidence been used to reverse wrongful convictions?What are the differences between direct and circumstantial evidence?What does class evidence tell you about who may have been at the scene of a crime?Examining Trace EvidenceTask Number 58Identify the two types of trace evidence.DefinitionIdentification should include the definition of trace evidence. Identification should also includeobjects or substances used to gather evidence (e.g., hair, fiber, fingerprints, paint, glass, soil).Process/Skill Questions21
What category is trace evidence?Why is physical evidence important in forensic science?How are physical and biological evidence different?Task Number 59Analyze trace evidence, using light microscopy.DefinitionAnalysis should include preparing a slide of trace evidencedescribing findings from the slidedetermining the characteristics of particular trace evidence.Process/Skill Questions What types of light microscopy are used in forensic science?How does microscopic analysis help in the investigation of a crime?What types of evidence can be analyzed using light microscopy?ITEEA National Standards10. The Role of Troubleshooting, Research and Development, Invention and Innovation,and Experimentation in Problem Solving12. Use and Maintain Technological Products and SystemsTask Number 60Describe the testing procedure for any piece of traceevidence.DefinitionDescription should include following procedures when completing a written report about traceevidence.Process/Skill Questions22
What is the testing procedure for trace evidence?What role do communication skills play in the preparation of reports?What are the consequences of an improperly prepared report?What resources are available to properly write and prepare reports?ITEEA National Standards10. The Role of Troubleshooting, Research and Development, Invention and Innovation,and Experimentation in Problem SolvingTask Number 61Describe sources of contamination for trace evidence and theways to minimize that contamination.DefinitionDescription should include the type of source (e.g., other pieces of evidence, interaction with subjects not connected tothe case, the technician himself/herself)steps taken to minimize contamination (e.g., use of proper safety measures, gloves, labcoat, clean work area, hygiene practices, proper disposal of waste).Process/Skill Questions What types of procedures help prevent contamination of evidence?What would happen if contaminated evidence were introduced in a court case?Why is it important to follow chain-of-custody protocols?Why should access to trace evidence be limited?Who does laboratory safety protect?How does PPE help minimize contamination?Task Number 62Define positive control and negative control.Definition23
Definitions should include positive control—a sample known to contain a particular substance, which would cause apositive result and verify that the test works.negative control—a sample known not to contain a particular substance, which wouldproduce a negative result and verify that the test works.Process/Skill Questions What do you think would happen if there were no controls in a test?Why is it important to have both a positive and negative control?ITEEA National Standards2. The Core Concepts of TechnologyTSA Competitive EventsBiotechnology DesignTechnology Problem SolvingTask Number 63Interpret the results of a false-positive test and a falsenegative test.DefinitionInterpretation should include definitions of false-positive and false-negative testsdetermination of test validity.Process/Skill Questions How does contamination affect the validity of tests?How does instrumentation contribute to false-negative results?What can cause a false-positive result in a substance?What are ways to reduce or eliminate false positives and false negatives?What is the procedure used to validate a test result?24
ITEEA National Standards10. The Role of Troubleshooting, Research and Development, Invention and Innovation,and Experimentation in Problem Solving4. The Cultural, Social, Economic, and Political Effects of TechnologyTask Number 64Generate a comparison of two pieces of physical evidence.DefinitionProcedure should include comparing trace evidence to determine whether the two samples have acommon origin.Process/Skill Questions What class characteristics of physical evidence allow them to be identified?What are individualizing characteristics (e.g., striations, markings) that can be used tolink the evidence to a person?What is meant by common origin?What is the definition of the term exemplar?What are some specific tools or instruments used to compare trace evidence?ITEEA National Standards10. The Role of Troubleshooting, Research and Development, Invention and Innovation,and Experimentation in Problem SolvingTask Number 65Describe bodily fluids.DefinitionDescription shou
Exploring Forensic Anthropology and Forensic Entomology 121 Define the terms : forensic anthropology: and : forensic entomology. 122 Differentiate between a male skeleton and a female skeleton. . Definition should include identifying forensic
12 Summer Data -410 CTE Attendance: * Collected only in the summer submission. * 410 Attendance requires the student has a valid CTE Indicator code on the 101 record. * Each student enrolled for more than two hours in a valid CTE course must have a 410 record. * "V" Codes: * V1 45-89 ave. minutes per day in a CTE course * V2 90-149 ave. minutes per day in a CTE course
Forensic Science is the integration of core scientific disciplines. Forensic science involves a variety of careers. 1. Students will recognize the major contributors to the development of Forensic . Worksheets Lab; Activity Project assessments Research activities such as “famous forensic scientists and their contributions” or “careers inFile Size: 444KBPage Count: 21People also search forforensic science for high school textbook pdfdo forensic criminologist investigate the cri forensic criminology bookswhat is a dental hygienisthow to check fingerprint forensic criminologyare dental hygienists and dentist same thing
Forensic science is the application of science to law. Any science can be applied into a legal situation, but some of the commonest forensic sciences include forensic biology, forensic chemistry, and forensic toxicology. The word forensic in today’s world simply
forensic science discipline (or equivalent). Experience It is essential that the post holder is an experienced forensic scientist in forensic drug analysis, forensic toxicology and preferably in forensic criminalistics, with a minimum of 10 years performing multi-disciplined forensic
Forensic Psychology Chapter ObjeCtives ·orensic Define f psychology. · Review career areas in the forensic sciences. · Distinguish forensic psychology from forensic psychiatry. · Identify and describe the major subareas of forensic psychology. · Review the educational, training, and certification requirements to become a forensic psychologist.
Delivering forensic services (Report 21: 2018-19) 4 . Summary of audit findings . Delivering forensic services . We audited four types of forensic services: fingerprints, deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA), forensic medical examinations and illicit drugs. Three of these services accounted for approximately 92 per cent of all forensic services .
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DEPARTMENT OF ASTROPHYSICS INTRODUCTION The University Observatory, also known as the Department of Astronomy, was designed by architect Charles Barry. Located in the University Parks, it was built in 1873-5 to house a school of astronomical physics, the main focus of which would be research. Howard Grubb, astronomical instrument maker, was commissioned by the University to build a 12.25 inch .
