HEBREW ALPHABET - Yale University
HEBREW silentmemmbetbnunn(vet)vsameh ayinzqofqreshrhet teth tshinshyody(sin)skhofktavtlμ mˆ ns[Pπ p xqrvc/(hof) h aBbgdhwzjty K kModern Hebrew equivalents are shown for the consonants. This will be true for the vowels aswell. This is by far the simplest system for Hebrew pronunciation. Note the following:a and [ once throat sounds, are treated as silent letters by most modern speakers.g and G have the sound of “g” as in “gum.”w now pronounced with a “v” sound, was originally pronounced as a “w” (the letter name is oftenwritten as “waw”).j and k are both a throaty “h” sound—like the “ch” in the Scottish word Loch. This sound willbe designated by “h.” andare all simple “t” sounds.t/ ?s and c are both “s” sounds.x is most closely approximated in English by the sound of “ts” as in hits.q has a hard “q” sound close to “k,” never the sound of our “qu.”c v In some Biblical Hebrew dictionaries c is listed before v but in concordances (and inmodern Hebrew) the two are often treated as the same letter or else v precedes c3
HEBREW ALPHABETHebrew is read from right to left; books (such as the Bible) begin at the “back.” Note that someletters have two forms. The second is called the final form, as it is used only at the end of a word.The first form is used at the beginning and middle of a word. Locate both forms of each letter inthe examples below:tsadehqdx rapehμynPnunπsKlpnˆK4memhmμvkhoflK lm
VOWEL POINTSFull VowelsB.Nameqamatspatah segoltsere (plene)tsere (defectiva)hireq (plene) hireq (defectiva) shureqqibbutsholem(plene) holem (defectiva) qamats hatuf SignSound-1-2-4y-3-3y-5-5u-6wF-f-1Classa (father)Aa (father)Aeh (set)I/Aei (sleigh)Iei/eh (sleigh or set)Ii (machine)Ii/ih (machine or hit)Iu (flute)Uu (flute)Uo (hope)Uo (hope)Uo (hold)UShewa and Composite Shewassimple shewasimple shewacomposite patah composite segolcomposite qamats-7-7-8-9-0no soundsilentslight sound (McCoy)vocala (around)Aeh (effect)I/Ao (olfactory)UNote the following:More than one vowel may have the same sound, e.g.: shurequ and qibbuts -6 are both heard as“u” in flute.Qamats and qamats hatuf are represented by the same symbol but are pronounced differently. Their distinguishing characteristics are discussed in Lesson 6.5
READING AND WRITINGTwo common marks that affect pronunciation are maqqefbefore it are not accented, and meteg lK1which means that the word(s)-' which indicates an open syllable. The following wordsshow the Hebrew pointing (vowel) system. y"! is open syllablehd!r&y!"μa6n&yl5j &meteg lk1 is unaccented a1yn#B76
V O C A L I Z AT I O NC.The Hebrew alphabet is the oldest in the world still in use today; our own alphabet is a descendantof it by a circuitous route. The text of the Hebrew Bible we use today reflects several periods of development. Originally only the consonants were used. By the time of the Israelite kingdoms, someconsonantsy w h were used to indicate certain vowels:h ahy i/eiw oo/ohThese letters, called matres lectionis (mothers of reading) or vowel letters, continued to be used asconsonants as well. Much later, in the Middle Ages, a system of dots and dashes was devised toindicate every vowel. This was done by scholars we call Masoretes. By that time, the text was sosacred that the vowel lettersy w h could not be removed, so the dot-dash system was used inaddition to the vowel letters. For example:ei (as in sleigh) can be represented by eitheri (as in machine) can be represented byo (as in hope) can be represented by eitheru as in ( flute) can be represented byy-3y-5wFuorororor-3-5-f-6The spellings with the vowel letters are considered to be long or longer than those without thevowel letters. Spelling rules during the period in which the texts were written varied a good deal,and the vagaries were usually preserved by the Masoretes. That is why you may see the samebv3yF and bv3wFy To distinguish thespellings there are two terms: bv3yF is defectiva spelling, and bv3wFy is plene (or full) spelling. Ifword spelled different ways in the text. For example:a word is usually written with a vowel letter, however, it means that the vowel is long and that itis basically unchangeable, whatever else is added to a word.The proper way to sound out a word is to sound the first consonant, then the vowel with it, thenthe next consonant and vowel combination, and so on. The last consonant most often has novowel sound and rounds off (closes) the syllable.rb11 ” d!¶l4 ” m4 μyh5 ” lƒ ” a9 , no sound for a pronounce the vowelUsually, the final syllable in a word is accented or stressed. In most cases, printed texts mark theaccented syllables. In this book a generic accent signnot accented on the final syllable.7- is used in most places when the word is
READING AND WRITINGD.Where no vowel sound was heard, the shewa-7 was used. Either it has no sound (silent shewa)or a very slight sound (vocal shewa) to link the consonants together.A shewa is heard as a slight “uh” sound (vocal shewa) when:It is under the first consonant in a word2.It is the second shewa in a row3.It follows a long vowel4.It is under a letter that is followed by the same letter5.It is under a letter with dagesh forte16.Composite shewassometimesE.μyr% ” b1 ” D& vocal shewa1.u[ ” m7 ” v7 ” Y%vocal shewa silent shewaμd! ” a1 ” l7 ” uvocal shewa long vowel-8 -9 -0¡ k7r b1y& he will bless you k vocal shewa/wFdL7y@m7 midwivesdagesh forte vocal shewaare, by definition, vocal. They are used under gutturals andr when a vocal shewa is needed. (See items 1–5 above.)Aside from the vowel signs, another mark was used to indicate more precisely how certain consonants were pronounced. This mark, called a dagesh, is simply a dot in the center of a letter. Thedagesh was also used in certain grammatical constructions you will learn, and so can be found inmost letters. In some letters it always indicates different pronunciation as well:With DageshbpkThree other lettersWithout DageshBP Kvfh bπ p k/ d g were distinguished by different pronunciation when a dagesh appearedin them, but these distinctions are no longer made in modern Hebrew pronunciation, in which1. Dagesh forte is addressed in Lesson 1. If a shewa makes a dagesh forte disappear (addressed in Lesson 2), isthe shewa still vocal? This is a matter about which grammarians argue.8
V O C A L I Z AT I O Nthese letters have only one sound each. We will follow this practice in pronunciation, but thedagesh will still be written in these three letters. These six consonants/ p k d g b are known asthe BeGaDKePHaT letters.Some letters do not take dagesh. These are the gutturalsF.[ j h a and the letter rSome letters become quiescent; that is, they drop out of pronunciation altogether. This happensif a silent letter would have a simple shewa-7 under it. In these cases, the consonant is written(remember, it is part of the sacred text), but the shewa is not:rm4aYFw@consonant, no shewa AssignmentsA. Using the textbook and B a tracks 2–3, memorize the alphabet and learn to recognize and pro-nounce the vowels.B.Practice reading out loud using the Proper Names and Places Reading Exercise (Reading and Writing G).C.Learn to write either block or script as your teacher wishes. Both styles are demonstrated in theWriting Exercises (Reading and Writing H).D. Throughout the course, use the Supplement to review, reinforce, and test what you have learned.References to sections in the Supplement will be designated by an S followed by the correspondinglesson reference in the textbook. Some discussions in the Supplement—those designated by a S —deal with material that may be more advanced or go into more detail than appeals to many beginners. Those sections may be skipped and returned to at a later stage of study.9
G. PROPER NAMES AND PLACES READING !n&B5ˆwF[d&G%la3umv7ˆwFyx5uhY !l5a3lm4r&K2swFm[1ˆ/1n!wFhy&ˆwFvm7v5uhy !r&k2z&μy%r h4 μy!r&m5hn!wFyz[2Bfˆ[2n@ K7[@uv 1wc1[3μy%r 4n!m7qd x4 yK5l7m2/y@l7G!lb4z ˆd [3hN!j1lb3B1wFjyr%y&μj4l 4 /yB3hw#n&yn%μ[2l7B5ly%g@ 6Egypthy!m7j4n&1117
H. BLOCK AND SCRIPT WRITING EXERCISEBlock Writing
Script Writing
The Hebrew alphabet is the oldest in the world still in use today; our own alphabet is a descendant of it by a circuitous route. The text of the Hebrew Bible we use today reflects several periods of de-velopment. Originally only the consonants were used. By the time of the Israelite kingdoms
All About the Alphabet Reading Alphabet Fun: A Reading Alphabet Fun: B Reading Alphabet Fun: C Reading Alphabet Fun: D Reading Alphabet Fun: E Reading Alphabet Fun: F Reading Alphabet Fun: G Reading Alphabet Fun: H Reading Alphabet Fun: I Reading Alphabet Fun: J Reading Alphabet Fun: K Reading Alphabet Fu
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Hebrew language including: 1. The Hebrew alphabet and vowels. 2. Hebrew prefixes and suffixes. Ancient Hebrew Dictionary 2 3. Pronouns, prepositions, etc. 4. Hebrew numbers. 5. Hebrew verb conjugations. Dictionary Format Below is an example entry, followed by an explanation of its .
The Alphabet is Just the Consonants 1-2 In English, both consonants and vowels are letters of the alphabet. –E.g., the vowel ‘A’ and the consonant ‘B’ are both letters of the alphabet. In Hebrew, only consonants are considered to be letters –The consonant Alef א is a letter of the alphabet.File Size: 1MBPage Count: 132
Psalm 119 is an acrostic poem based on the Hebrew alphabet: It has eight verses that begin with the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet aleph, then eight verses that begin with the second letter beth, and so on through the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet.4 Psalm 119 has been called the “most perfect alphabetic acrostic in Hebrew and .
In this textbook edition we incorporate a survey of what are commonly called the major . 2. Read this assignment’s scripture reading in English: Isaiah chapters 1-3. 3. Study this information about the Hebrew language. . Here is the Hebrew alphabet in Hebrew handwritten form: 3. Exercises a. Write all the letters of the Hebrew alphabet in .
Learning the Hebrew language can be both fun and exciting. By simply studying the pages that follow, for just a few minutes a day, you will soon be reading Hebrew, build a Hebrew vocabulary and even begin translating Biblical passages for your self. About Hebrew The English word "alphabet" is derived from the first two .
Scope and Sequence for Grade 2- English Language Arts 8/6/14 5 ELA Power Standards Reading Literature and Reading Informational Text: RL 2.1, 2.10 and RI 2.1, 2.10 apply to all Units RI 2.2: Identify the main topic of a multi-paragraph text as well as the focus of specific paragraphs within the text.
