THE JEWISH ANNOTATED
THE JEWISHANNOTATEDNEW TESTAMENTNew RevisedStandard Version
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THE JEWISHANNOTATEDNEW TESTAMENTNew RevisedStandard VersionBible TranslationAmy-Jill Levine and Marc Zvi BrettlerEditors1
3Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research,scholarship, and education.Oxford New YorkAuckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala LumpurMadrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei TorontoWith offices inArgentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece GuatemalaHungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea SwitzerlandThailand Turkey Ukraine VietnamCopyright 2011 by Oxford University Press, Inc.Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016h p://www.oup.comOxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University PressAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmi ed, in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permissionof Oxford University Press.New Revised Standard Version Bible copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Councilof the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.Up to five hundred (500) verses of the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) Bible text may be quoted or reprintedwithout the express wri en permission of the publisher, provided that the verses quoted neither amount to a complete book of the Bible nor account for 50 % or more of the wri en text of the total work in which they are quoted.When the NRSV text is quoted, notice of copyright must appear on the title or copyright page of the work as follows:The Scripture quotations contained herein are from the New Revised Standard Version Bible, copyright 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A.,and are used by permission. All rights reserved.When quotations from the NRSV text are used in non-saleable media, such as church bulletins, orders of service,posters, transparencies, or similar media, the initials (NRSV) may be used at the end of each quotation.Quotations or reprints in excess of five hundred (500) verses (as well as other permission requests) must be approvedin writing by the NRSV Permissions Office, The National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., 475 RiversideDrive, New York, NY 10115-0050.Portions of the informational annotations for Luke and 2 Corinthians are based on those in The New Oxford Annotated Bible, fourth edition. Copyright 2010 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Used by permission.Part of the essay “Jewish History, 331 bce – 135 ce” is adapted from “Introduction to the Apocrypha” in The OxfordBible Commentary. Copyright 2001 by Oxford University Press. Used by permission.Design and typese ing by 2Krogh AS, Denmark.1098 7 6 5 4 3Printed in the USA21
EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORSAlan J. Avery-Peck – The Second Le er of Paul to the CorinthiansAndrew S. Jacobs – The Le er of JudeHerbert Basser – The Le er of JamesJonathan Klawans – The LawDaniel Boyarin – Logos, A Jewish Word: John’s Prologue as MidrashNaomi Koltun-Fromm – The First Le er of Paul to TimothyMarc Zvi Bre ler, Editor – The New Testament between theJennifer L. Koosed – The Le er of Paul to TitusHebrew Bible (Tanakh) and Rabbinic LiteratureRoss S. Kraemer – Jewish Family Life in the First Century ceJonathan Brumberg-Kraus – The Third Le er of JohnShira Lander – The First Le er of Paul to the CorinthiansShaye J. D. Cohen – The Le er of Paul to the Galatians; JudaismDaniel R. Langton – Paul in Jewish Thoughtand Jewishness; JosephusRebecca Lesses – Divine BeingsMichael Cook – The Le er of Paul to the PhilippiansDavid B. Levenson – Messianic MovementsPamela Eisenbaum – The Le er to the HebrewsAmy-Jill Levine, Editor – The Gospel According to Luke; BearingMichael Fagenblat – The Concept of Neighbor in Jewish andChristian EthicsFalse Witness: Common Errors Made about Early JudaismLee I. Levine – The SynagogueCharlo e Elisheva Fonrobert – Judaizers, Jewish Christians, and OthersMartin Lockshin – Jesus in Medieval Jewish TraditionDavid Frankfurter – The Revelation to JohnMichele Murray – The First Le er of JohnDavid M. Freidenreich – Food and Table FellowshipMark D. Nanos – The Le er of Paul to the Romans; Paul andJulie Galambush – The Second Le er of JohnJudaismAaron M. Gale – The Gospel According to Ma hewAdele Reinhartz – The Gospel According to JohnJoshua D. Garroway – IoudaiosDavid Fox Sandmel – The First Le er of Paul to the ThessaloniansBarbara Geller – The Le er of Paul to PhilemonDavid Satran – Philo of AlexandriaGary Gilbert – The Acts of the ApostlesDaniel R. Schwartz – Jewish Movements of the New TestamentMartin Goodman – Jewish History, 331 bce–135 cePeriodLeonard Greenspoon – The SeptuagintNaomi Seidman – Translation of the BibleMichael R. Greenwald – The Second Le er of Peter; The Canon ofClaudia Setzer – The First Le er of Peter; Jewish Responses tothe New TestamentBelievers in JesusAdam Gregerman – The Second Le er of Paul to the ThessaloniansDavid Stern – Midrash and Parables in the New TestamentMaxine Grossman – The Le er of Paul to the Ephesians; The DeadGeza Vermes – Jewish Miracle Workers in the Late Second TempleSea ScrollsPeriodSusannah Heschel – Jesus in Modern Jewish ThoughtBurton L. Visotzky – Jesus in Rabbinic TraditionMartha Himmelfarb – A erlife and ResurrectionLawrence M. Wills – The Gospel According to MarkTal Ilan – The Second Le er of Paul to TimothyPeter Zaas – The Le er of Paul to the Colossiansv
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CONTENTSThe Editors’ Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiAcknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvTo the Reader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviiAlphabetical Listing of the Books of the New Testament. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xixAbbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiThe New TestamentMa hew . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Aaron M. Gale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Lawrence M. Wills. . . . . . . . . . . 55Luke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Amy-Jill Levine. . . . . . . . . . . . . 96John. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Adele Reinhartz . . . . . . . . . . . . 152Acts of the Apostles. . . Introduction and Annotations by Gary Gilbert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Mark D. Nanos . . . . . . . . . . . . 2531 Corinthians . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Shira Lander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2872 Corinthians . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Alan J. Avery-Peck. . . . . . . . . . 315Galatians . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Shaye J. D. Cohen . . . . . . . . . . 332Ephesians . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Maxine Grossman. . . . . . . . . . 345Philippians . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Michael Cook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Colossians. . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Peter Zaas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3621 Thessalonians . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by David Fox Sandmel . . . . . . . . . 3722 Thessalonians. . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Adam Gregerman . . . . . . . . . . 3781 Timothy. . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Naomi Koltun-Fromm . . . . . . 3832 Timothy . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Tal Ilan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391Titus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Jennifer L. Koosed . . . . . . . . . . 397Philemon . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Barbara Geller . . . . . . . . . . . . .402Hebrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Pamela Eisenbaum . . . . . . . . 406James . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Herbert Basser. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4271 Peter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Claudia Setzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4362 Peter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Michael R. Greenwald . . . . . . 4431 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Michele Murray. . . . . . . . . . . . 4482 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Julie Galambush. . . . . . . . . . . . 4563 John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Jonathan Brumberg-Kraus . . 458Jude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by Andrew S. Jacobs. . . . . . . . . . .460Revelation . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction and Annotations by David Frankfurter . . . . . . . . . . 463vii
Maps, Charts, Sidebar Essays, and DiagramsThe Virgin Birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4Righteousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7The Geography of the Gospel of Ma hew . . . . . . . . . . . . 8The Beatitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Peter in Ma hew’s Gospel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31Paying Taxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Pharisees and Judas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Eschatological Elements in Ma hew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44The Geography of the Gospel of Mark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Impurity and Healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Pharisees and Tax Collectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Parables and Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Scripture Fulfillments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Jesus’ Synagogue Sermon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107The Geography of the Gospel of Luke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108Pharisees in Luke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110Parable of the Good Samaritan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123Parable of the Prodigal Son . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133Parable of the Pharisee and the Tax Collector . . . . . . . .138The Geography of the Gospel of John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162The Native Lands of Pentecost Pilgrims . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Jews and the Death of Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204Gamaliel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209Stephen’s Speech. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211Sites of Early Christian Missionary Activities. . . . . . . . 215First Missionary Journey of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224Second Missionary Journey of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228Third Missionary Journey of Paul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235Paul and the Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243Paul’s Journey to Rome. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255Diatribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258Circumcision and “Works of Law”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259Circumcision of the Heart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260God is One for All Humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260The Source of Authority in Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . 274viiiGra ing the Olive Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276Restoration of Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Food that is “Profane” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283Paul and the Trinity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293Freedom from the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296Sexual Mores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Headcovering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Eucharist and Passover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306Cursing Jesus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Spiritual Gi s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307Paul and the Rabbis on Moses’ Radiant Face . . . . . . . . 320Places Mentioned in Galatians 1–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334Christ Hymn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357“Beware of the Dogs” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359Colossians and Ephesians: Parallels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365Diatribe against the Jews. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374Slavery in the Roman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404Perfection through Suffering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408The High Priest in Jewish Tradition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412Melchizedek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Heroes of the Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421Implanted Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429Suffering under Persecution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438Use of Israel’s Scripture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439Oral and Wri en Prophecy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Christ as Manifestation of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467The Le ers to the Seven Congregations . . . . . . . . . . . . 468So-Called Jews and Their Synagogues of Satan. . . . . . 469Revelation 2–3: The Seven Churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470John, A New Ezekiel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473The Numerology of Revelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475The Heavenly Temple Cult. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478Chaos Monsters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483Names Inscribed on the Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485Woman and the Symbolism of Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . 489A Holy City without a Holy Temple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 496
Essaysintroductory essaysBearing False Witness: Common Errors Made about Early Judaism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Amy-Jill LevineThe New Testament between the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and Rabbinic Literature . . . 504Marc Zvi Bre lerhistory and societyJewish History, 331 bce–135 ceMartin Goodman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Judaism and JewishnessShaye J. D. Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .513The LawJonathan Klawans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515The SynagogueLee I. Levine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519Food and Table FellowshipDavid M. Freidenreich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521IoudaiosJoshua D. Garroway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524Jewish Movements of the New Testament PeriodDaniel R. Schwartz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526Messianic MovementsDavid B. Levenson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530Jewish Miracle Workers in the Late Second Temple PeriodGeza Vermes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536Jewish Family Life in the First Century ceRoss S. Kraemer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537The Concept of Neighbor in Jewish and Christian EthicsMichael Fagenblat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Divine BeingsRebecca Lesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544Logos, a Jewish Word: John’s Prologue as MidrashDaniel Boyarin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 546A erlife and ResurrectionMartha Himmelfarb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549Paul and JudaismMark D. Nanos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551Judaizers, Jewish Christians, and OthersCharlo e Elisheva Fonrobert. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554ix
literatureThe Canon of the New TestamentMichael R. Greenwald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557Translation of the BibleNaomi Seidman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560The SeptuagintLeonard Greenspoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562Midrash and Parables in the New TestamentDavid Stern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565The Dead Sea ScrollsMaxine Grossman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Philo of AlexandriaDavid Satran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572JosephusShaye J. D. Cohen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575jewish responses to the new testamentJewish Responses to Believers in JesusClaudia Setzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Jesus in Rabbinic TraditionBurton L. Visotzky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580Jesus in Medieval Jewish TraditionMartin Lockshin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581Jesus in Modern Jewish ThoughtSusannah Heschel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582Paul in Jewish ThoughtDaniel R. Langton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Tables, Glossary, Indextimeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588chronological table of rulers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .590some tannaitic rabbis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592some amoraic rabbis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594weights and measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595parallel texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596chapter/verse differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .598canons of the hebrew bible/old testament with additions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600translations of ancient texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .601divisions and tractates of the mishnah, talmud, and tosefta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619x
THE EDITORS’ PREFACE“. . . for my family, my kin of the flesh: Israelites they are, and to them are due the sonship, the glory, thecovenants, the giving of Torah, the worship, the promises; of them were the patriarchs, and from them isthe messiah in the flesh—who is over all, and whom God blessed, forever . . . for the gi s and the callingof God are irrevocable.Saul (Paul) of Tarsus, Le er to the community in Rome, 9.3–5; 11.29”It is almost two millennia since the earliest texts incorporated into the New Testament were composed. For themost part, these centuries have seen a painful relationship between Jews and Christians. Although Jewish perceptions of Christians and Christian perceptions of Jews have improved markedly in recent decades, Jews andChristians still misunderstand many of each other’s texts and traditions. The landmark publication of this book isa witness to that improvement; ideally, it will serve to increase our knowledge of both our common histories andthe reasons why we came to separate.The word “Jewish” in the title The Jewish Annotated New Testament serves several roles. First, this volume highlights in its annotations and essays aspects of first- and second-century Judaism that enrich the understanding ofthe New Testament: customs, literature, and interpretations of biblical texts. We believe that it is important forboth Jews and non-Jews to understand how close, in many aspects, significant parts of the New Testament areto the Jewish practices and beliefs reflected in the works of the Dead Sea Scrolls, Philo and Josephus, the Pseudepigrapha and Deuterocanonical literature, the Targumim (Aramaic translations of the Bible), and slightly later rabbinic literature, and that the New Testament has, in many passages, Jewish origins. Jesus was a Jew, as was Paul;likely the authors known as Ma hew and John were Jews, as were the authors of the Epistle of James and the bookof Revelation. When they were writing, the “parting of the ways” had not yet occurred. Other authors, such as theindividual who composed the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles, while probably not Jewish themselves,were profoundly influenced by first- and second-century Jewish thought and by the Jewish translation of Tanakhinto Greek, the Septuagint. Thus, understanding the diverse Jewish populations of the early Roman Empire—theirhabits, their conventions, their religious practices—is as crucial to understanding the New Testament writingsas is general familiarity with the Roman world. In turn, familiarity with the New Testament helps Jews to recoversome of our own history.Second, we highlight connections between the New Testament material and later Jewish (especially rabbinic)literature, so readers can track similar as well as distinct ideas across time. For example, in most rabbinic literature,the entire book of Psalms is a ributed to David, even though fewer than half of the psalms have a Davidic superscription and several are explicitly a ributed to other people, such as Korach. How and when did the rabbis’ understanding of all of Psalms as Davidic (b. B. Bat. 14b) develop? Here, Acts 4.25 introduces Psalm 2—a psalm with noexplicit Davidic superscription—by saying “it is you who said by the Holy Spirit through our ancestor David, yourservant.” The verse offers important evidence that the idea of the Davidic authorship of Psalms already existed inthe first or early second century ce, and was not a rabbinic innovation. Similarly, seeing certain ascetic tendencies,interests in resurrection and heaven and hell, views of fallen angels and Satanic evil in some New Testament textscan make readers aware that such ideas existed in early Judaism as well.Third, the volume addresses problems that Jewish readers in particular may find in reading the New Testament,especially passages that have been used to perpetuate anti-Judaism and the stereotypes that non-Jewish readerssometimes bring to the texts. Therefore, in addition to emphasizing the Jewish background—or be er, the Jewishcontexts—of the New Testament, we pay special a ention to passages that negatively stereotype Jews or groupsof Jews, such as the Pharisees or the “Jews” in John’s Gospel. Jews have for too long been accused of being “Christkillers” (see 1 Thess 2.14b–16), or regarded as Judases, or seen as the venal descendants of the Temple’s “moneychangers” (Mt 21.12; Mk 11.15; Jn 2.14–15, cf. Lk 16.14). The authors in this volume do not engage in apologetics byclaiming that these statements are harmless. In some cases, they contextualize them by showing how they arepart of the exaggerated language of debate of the first century, while elsewhere they note that the statementsmay not have always been understood accurately by later Christian tradition. An excellent example of the la eris reflected in the annotations to Ma hew 27.25: “Then the people as a whole answered, ‘His blood be on us andxi
on our children!’” (a verse unique to Ma hew’s Gospel). The annotation observes that the verse may be referring tothe destruction of the Second Temple in 70 ce, and the “children” may be specifically the generation a er Jesus whoexperienced that destruction, and not Jews in perpetuity. Similarly, the notes to Revelation propose that the polemicagainst the “synagogue of Satan, who say that they are Jews and are not” (Rev 3.9) is not against Jews at all, but isagainst Gentile followers of Jesus who promote Jewish practices. These annotations cannot undo the harm that suchverses have done for two millennia, but they may help both Jews and Christians see that certain pernicious interpretations of the New Testament are not based on the actual texts, as they have been assumed to be. At the very least, theannotations and essays should provide guidance to Christian teachers and preachers, so that when they proclaim the“good news” (the meaning of the Greek term euangelion or “gospel”) of Jesus, they will not stain that good news byanti-Jewish stereotypes.At times, the reader must wrestle with these New Testament texts (and we would argue the same point for thematerials in the shared Scriptures—the Tanakh of the Synagogue and the Old Testament of the Church) since theysometimes express ideas that might make us uncomfortable, or worse. The point in studying such texts is not tojustify them, but to understand them in their historical contexts and to recognize that the heirs of those texts have different interpretations of them. For example, some New Testament texts appear to promote a supersessionist agenda.Supersessionism (also sometimes called “replacement theology”) is the claim, expressed in its starkest form, that byrejecting Jesus and then killing him, the Jews have lost their role as a people in covenant with God, and that the promises made to Abraham now apply only to the followers of Jesus. In other words, this view regards Jews and Judaism ashaving been superseded by or replaced with Christians and Christianity. This theology is most evident in Hebrews 8.13,which states: “In speaking of ‘a new covenant’ [Jer 31.31–34] he has made the first one obsolete. And what is obsoleteand growing old will soon disappear.” Study leads to deeper knowledge and therefore understanding of how those ofdiffering beliefs or traditions develop.Indeed, for many Jews, including the editors of this volume, study of the New Testament also has made us be er,more informed Jews. Familiarity with the New Testament allows readers to see the various options open to Jews in thefirst century (to follow Jesus, or John the Baptist; to join the community at the Dead Sea or to affiliate with Pharisaicteaching; to align with Rome or with the rebels, and so on), and so have a be er sense of why most Jews did not followJesus or the movement that developed in his name. At times, we find that many of the passages in the New Testamentprovide an excellent encapsulation of basic, ongoing Jewish values: of love of God and love of neighbor (Lk 10.25–28,quoting Deut 6.5; Lev 19.18; Josh 22.5; on love of God see Avot de R. Natan 48 [67a]; on the primacy of Lev 19.18, seeR. Akiva in y. Ned. 9.4, who notes that “it is a great principle of the Torah”); of tzedakah (righteousness expressed ascharity) (Mk 10.21; Mt 25.34–40; see Jer 22.3; Prov 21.3; on its primacy in rabbinic texts, see b. B. Bat. 9a; b. Sukk. 49b);of longing for the kingdom or reign of God (Mt 16.24–26) and the repair of the world (Rev 21.1-–4); compare the Aleinuprayer: “To repair the world through the kingdom o
v EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS Alan J. Avery-Peck – The Second Leer of Paul to the Corinthians Herbert Basser – The Leer of James Daniel Boyarin – Logos, A Jewish Word: John’s Prologue as Midrash
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