Retail Workers: 2018 - Census.gov
Retail Workers: 2018American Community Survey ReportsBy D. Augustus Anderson and Lynda LaughlinIssued August 2020ACS-44INTRODUCTIONThe retail workforce has a substantial presence inthe American labor force. In 2018, 9.8 million workers were employed as either retail salespersons,cashiers, or first-line supervisors of retail salesworkers. They are also some of the most commonoccupations in the United States (Table 1).Since the 1970s, employment in the retail sectorhas expanded as consumer spending increasedand the rise of dual-earner households in the 1980sled to an increased supply of female workers.1Through the early 2000s and post Great Recessionperiod, the retail industry has been shaped bylarger economic forces, such as the consolidation of retail stores and the growth of online retailoptions, that may limit the growth of “brick andmortar” retail stores and limit the demand forretail workers. 2 The Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS) recently projected that employment in retailsales occupations would decrease by 2.0 percentbetween 2018 and 2028, below the average of 5.0percent for all occupations. 3More recently, the COVID-19 pandemic, a healthcrisis of unprecedented size, has caused major1Sarah Kuhn and Barry Bluestone, “Economics Restructuringand the Female Labor Market: The Impact of Industrial Changeon Women,” Women, Households, and the Economy, eds. LourdesBeneria and Catherine R. Stimpston, Rutgers University Press, NewJersey, 1987, p.3.2Ali Hortacsu and Chad Syverson, “The Ongoing Evolutionof US Retail: A Format of Tug-of-War,” Journal of EconomicPerspectives, Vol. 29 (4), 2015, p. 89.3See -6 .disruptions in economic activities in the UnitedStates and around the world. Data from the BLSshow that total nonfarm payroll employmentdeclined by 20.5 million in April 2020. The retailtrade industry alone lost 2.1 million jobs.4 Retailworkers have been among the hardest hit duringthe pandemic for many reasons including stayat-home orders that threaten their earnings. Forthose that continued to work, many were in workenvironments that put them in direct contact withothers, increasing their likelihood of infection.This report provides a detailed description of thedemographic and employment characteristics ofretail workers using the most recently availabledata from the 2018 American Community Surveys(ACS) 1-year estimates, as well as the 2000 Censusand 2010 ACS 1-year estimates. 5 The 2018 ACS1-year estimates collected data on occupationsthroughout calendar year 2018, thus these datanecessarily reflect the situation prior to the COVID19 pandemic. Because of that, these data will provide a solid baseline for understanding the impactof the economic crisis and recession that beganin February 2020.6 This report focuses on thenumbers and characteristics of some of the mostcommon sales and related occupations—first linesupervisors of retail sales workers, cashiers, and4See www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit 05082020.htm .5The U.S. Census Bureau reviewed this data product forunauthorized disclosure of confidential information and approvedthe disclosure avoidance practices applied to this release.CBDRB-FY20-POP001-0058.6NBER www.nber.org/cycles/june2020.html .
some point in 2018, comparedwith 12.6 percent of retailsalespersons and 7.8 percentof first-line supervisors ofretail workers.Figure 1.Selected Largest Occupations: 2018(Civilian labor force, 16 years and over)Millions3.9Managers, all other5Elementary and middleschool teachersDriver/sales workers andtruck drivers3.83.7Cashiers83.3Retail salespersons3.3Registered nurses14Customer servicerepresentativesFirst-line supervisors ofretail sales workers3.3Janitors and building 17cleanersSecretaries and administrativeassistants, except legal,medical, and executive3.13.12.72.6Note: For more information, visit www.census.gov/acs .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.retail salespersons, collectivelyreferred to in this report as retailworkers.7HIGHLIGHTS In 2018, 9.8 million workers were employed as retailsalespersons, cashiers, orfirst-line supervisors of retailsales workers. Together, thesethree detailed occupationsaccounted for 6.3 percent ofthe total labor force. Over half of all retail workerswere aged 16 to 34. Cashiershad the youngest age profilewith 48.3 percent betweenthe ages of 16 and 24.7First-line supervisors, cashiers, andretails salespersons are part of the majoroccupational group, sales and relatedoccupations. This major group includes 18detailed occupations including telemarketers, insurance sales agents, and counter and rental clerks. See the 2018 CensusOccupation Code list for additionaldetails, on/guidance/code-lists.html .2 Women were less likely thanmen to manage or superviseretail workers. About 47 percent of first-line supervisorsof retail workers were women,compared with 53.4 percentwho were men. Black and Hispanic retailworkers were less likely thanWhite retail workers to bein supervisory positions likefirst-line supervisors of retailsales workers. Cashiers were among thelowest paid members of theretail workforce. In 2018, themedian earnings for fulltime, year-round cashierswere 22,109, comparedwith 35,301 for retail salespersons and 42,421 forfirst-line supervisors of retailsalespersons. Around 25 percent of cashierswere covered by Medicaid atEMPLOYMENT IN RETAILOCCUPATIONSWith over 550 occupations classified by the Census Bureau,the distribution of America’slabor force is concentrated ina relatively small number ofoccupations. 8, 9 Together, thethree detailed occupations thatmake up retail workers accountfor about 9.8 million workers,or 6.3 percent of the total laborforce in 2018 (Figures 1 and 2).Retail salespersons and cashiersinclude over 3.3 million workers each, followed by first-linesupervisors of retail sales workers with 3.1 million workers.10Other large occupations includeelementary and middle schoolteachers, registered nurses, andjanitors and building cleaners(Figure 1).Despite ongoing technological changes in ways customersinteract with retail businessesand the general consolidation ofretail stores, there has been littlechange in the relative number8Jennifer Cheeseman Day and JeffreyRosenthal, “Detailed Occupations andMedian Earnings: 2008,” Working Paper,U.S. Census Bureau, 2008.9Occupation statistics are compiled fromdata coded based on the 2018 StandardOccupational Classification (SOC) unlessotherwise stated. All federal statistical agencies use the SOC to classify workers intooccupational categories. The SOC manual isavailable online at www.bls.gov/soc .10The estimates in this report are basedon responses from a sample of the population. As with all surveys, estimates may varyfrom the actual values because of samplingvariation or other factors. All comparisonsmade in this report have undergone statistical testing and are significant at the 90percent confidence level unless otherwisenoted.U.S. Census Bureau
KEY DEFINITIONS AND OCCUPATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONSRetail workers include the following detailed occupations:First-line supervisors of retail sales workers directly supervise and coordinate activities of retailsales workers in an establishment or department. Duties may include management functions, suchas purchasing, budgeting, accounting, and personnel work, in addition to supervisory duties.Cashiers receive and disburse money in establishments other than financial institutions. Many useelectronic scanners, cash registers, or related equipment. May process credit or debit card transactions and validate checks.Retail salespersons sell merchandise such as furniture, motor vehicles, appliances, or apparel toconsumers.Census Occupational ClassificationsOccupation statistics are compiled from data that are coded based on the 2018 StandardOccupational Classification (SOC) manual. Census Bureau occupation codes, based on the 2018SOC, provide 570 specific occupational categories arranged into 23 major occupational groups. Theretail occupations selected for this report are part of sales and related occupations major occupational group. This major group includes 18 detailed occupations including telemarketers, insurancesales agents, and counter and rental clerks. See the 2018 Census Occupation Code list for additionaldetails at on/guidance/code-lists.html .For more information on the 2018 SOC, see www.bls.gov/soc/2018/home.htm .Figure 2.Retail Workers: Total and Percentage of Civilian LaborForce: 2000, 2010, and 2018M millions8.8M9.6M9.8MCHARACTERISTICS OF RETAILWORKERS16.8200020106.8%6.9%20002010Note: For more information, visit www.census.gov/acs .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census and 2010 and 2018American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.U.S. Census Bureauor share of retail workers.11 In2018, there were 9.8 millionretail workers, up from 8.8 million workers in 2000 (Figure2). Retail workers’ share of totalemployment over this same timeperiod fell slightly between 2010and 2018, from 6.9 percent to6.3 percent, respectively.1220186.3%2018Retail jobs offer numerous entrylevel employment opportunitiesand are a common first job foryoung workers. However, retailjobs are also among those with11Werner Rinartz, “In the Future ofRetail, We’re Never Not Shopping,” HarvardBusiness Review, March 10, 2016.12Estimates presented in this report donot reflect any possible economic impactsrelated to the coronavirus pandemic in2020, but instead serve as a precrisisbenchmark for future research. Additionalresources on more current workforcedynamics can be found at https://lehd.ces.census.gov/data/ .3
the lowest wages and lack accessto health insurance or retirementor pension benefits.13, 14 To shedlight on this large workforce,this section focuses on selectdemographic and economiccharacteristics of retail workersin 2018. Data are presented for allretail workers as well as for eachdetailed occupation within thisgroup of workers.DEMOGRAPHICCHARACTERISTICSAge and SexOverall, retail workers areyounger than the total workforce, with workers betweenthe ages of 16 and 34 makingup the largest share of retailworkers (Table 1). About halfof employed retail workersfall within this age range, with29.0 percent between the agesof 16 to 24, and 21.5 percentbetween the ages of 25 to 34.Across the selected retail occupations, cashiers were some ofthe youngest, with 48.3 percentbetween the ages of 16 and24 and 18.0 percent betweenthe ages of 25 to 34. Amongthe next youngest were retailsalespersons, with 28.6 percentbetween the ages of 16 and24 and 20.7 percent betweenthe ages of 25 and 34. In contrast, 8.8 percent of first-line13Francoise Carre and Chris Tilly,“America’s Biggest Low-wage Industry:Continuity and Change in Retail Jobs,”Center for Social Policy Publications, Paper22, 2008.14Arne L. Kalleberg, Barbara F. Reskin,and Ken Hudson, “Bad Jobs in America:Standard and Nonstandard Employmentin Relations and Job Quality in the UnitedStates,” American Sociological Review,Vol. 65 (2), 2000.4supervisors of retail sales workers were between the ages of 16and 24, but the larger share ofworkers were between the agesof 25 and 34 (26.1 percent).In general, retail workers weremore likely to be women thanmen (56.5 percent comparedwith 43.5 percent, respectively).However, the representationof women differs by detailedretail occupations. For example,almost 3 out of 4 cashiers werewomen, while similar percentages of women and men wereemployed as retail salespersons (both around 50 percent,respectively). Women were lesslikely to manage or superviseretail salespersons. About 47percent of first-line supervisors of retail sales workers werewomen, compared with 53.4percent who were men.Educational AttainmentRetail workers were less likelyto have a bachelor’s degree ormore compared to the totalemployed population. In 2018,18.1 percent of retail workers hada bachelor’s degree or more,compared with 35.2 percent ofall workers. Among the selectedretail-related occupations, 25.8percent of first-line supervisorsand 21.2 percent of retail salespersons had a bachelor’s degree,compared with 7.8 percent ofcashiers. The lack of a bachelor’sdegree among retail workersreflects the younger age distribution of this occupation group,especially cashiers.Race and Hispanic OriginThe racial and ethnic representation of all retail workersdiffered little from the overallworkforce.15 About two-thirdsof the total workforce in 2018was non-Hispanic White, compared with 59.5 percent of retailworkers. Blacks and Hispanicswere relatively more likely to beemployed in some type of retailoccupation compared to theircounterparts in the overall workforce. Asian workers constituted5.9 percent of retail occupations,compared with 6.1 percent of allworkers.Although a majority of retailworkers were non-HispanicWhite, the racial and ethnic distribution varies by the selectedretail occupations. For example,Black and Hispanic workers wereoverrepresented in cashier jobs.Nearly a quarter of cashierswere Hispanic, while Hispanicsmade up 18.7 percent of all retailworkers. Black workers made up12.5 percent of all retail workersbut held 16.9 percent of cashierjobs. In contrast, non-HispanicWhite retail workers were15Federal surveys give respondents theoption of reporting more than one race.Therefore, two basic ways of defining a racegroup are possible. A group, such as Asian,may be defined as those who reportedAsian and no other race (the race-aloneor single-race concept) or as those whoreported Asian regardless of whether theyalso reported another race (the race-aloneor-in-combination concept). This reportshows data using the first approach (racealone). The use of the single-race population does not imply that it is the preferredmethod of presenting or analyzing thedata. The Census Bureau uses a variety ofapproaches. In this report, the term “nonHispanic White” or “White, not Hispanic”refers to people who are not Hispanic andwho reported White and no other race.Because Hispanics may be any race, datafor Hispanics overlap with data for racialgroups.U.S. Census Bureau
U.S. Census 22.7137,766 7,343761,178 18,7727.869.50.4 2,328,294 31,23615.2475,446 12,94845.10.1 4,440,471 43,69029.10.330.50.4 1,022,881 19,79384.80.3 2,658,713 29,01654.90.1 5,395,859 37,52070.9261,1449,0960.425.8809,646 15,2170.218.135.255,255,402 207,1570.1 1,781,899 21,03235.40.5 1,185,088 18,30339.50.3 1,238,952 18,33238.631.349,132,338 117,1680.1 3,799,132 35,85135.80.5 1,198,766 22,17029.2914,423 17,1240.331.50.1 3,096,994 35,25724.438,226,819 121,57421.10.3706,177 14,6185.58,428171,1380.211.8 0.1 1,158,305 19,2909.068,83714,168,6060.20.43.114.495,814 5,617451,025 14,5350.10.33.518.7344,571 10,960 0.1 0.1 1,835,421 .96.90.5 1,657,245 19,836565,072 16,4170.3229,914 35 17,3260.50.5 2,421,640 30,8430.3 1,619,651 26,453603,933 17,5070.4348,261 12,4430.5315,848 9,7990.3463,482 10,8290.40.3 2,124,335 24,275286,521 10,0220.2176,464 8,6610.153.446.68.826.122.621.521.059.512.55.90.3 1,673,668 24,9300.3 1,460,491 18,6220.30.30.20.20.2NumberMargin oferror1( ,88810,86813,0749,005983,805 17,955280,990110,991 5,812623,218 16,717711,109 14,9970.5 1,636,731 23,8510.5 1,714,265 25,6760.30.5 1,375,092 24,3320.40.40.20.50.5 2,072,085 22,7560.4374,885 11,651169,817 7,9600.30.4 1,670,931 21,6300.4 1,680,065 n ofPer- error1cent( )Retail salespersonsX 3,350,996 37,798 100.0Margin ofPer- error1cent( ) 0.1 5,853,665 38,202 0.1 1,226,478 22,783576,195 15,000 0.143.556.529.021.515.414.819.2NumberMargin oferror1( )X 3,351,175 36,362 100.0Margin ofPer- error1cent( )Cashiers62.211.46.1 0.1 4,274,134 36,225 0.1 5,562,196 46,326 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1NumberMargin oferror1( )X 3,134,159 30,369 100.0Margin ofPer- error1cent( )First-line supervisors ofretail sales workers97,448,196 105,37417,938,178 46,8889,487,788 32,22886,76299,071WORK STATUSFull-time, yearround. . . . . . . . . . . . . 111,195,237 124,689Less than full-time,45,587,928 119,742year-round . . . . . . . .See notes at end of table.EDUCATIONALATTAINMENTLess than high schoolgraduate . . . . . . . . . .High school graduate(includes equivalency) . . . . . . . . . . . .Some college(includes associatedegree) . . . . . . . . . . .Bachelor’s degree ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .RACE AND HISPANICORIGINWhite, not Hispanic . .Black, not Hispanic . .Asian, not Hispanic . .Other race, notHispanic . . . . . . . . . .Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . .82,216,66574,566,500SEXMale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Female . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,834,372AGE16 to 24 years old . . .25 to 34 years old . . .35 to 44 years old . . .45 to 54 years old . . .55 Years and Over . . .NumberMargin oferror1( )Retail workersX 9,836,330 62,325 100.0Margin ofPer- error1cent( )156,783,165 142,228 100.0Marginof error1Number( )TOTAL . . . . . .CharacteristicsTotal(Civilian employed, 16 years and over)Selected Characteristics of Retail Workers: 2018Table 1.
6U.S. Census Bureau89.670.111.49.00.110.40.10.10.1 0.1 33,45357,23648,99323,04121,1931,34221,3590.1 3,709,042 31,5000.1 6,127,288 50,712Number87.559.912.915.30.112.537.762.30.2 2,842,186 29,0620.3 2,217,157 28,1360.2412,607 13,1850.2244,2548,982 0.11,7986370.2291,973 11,4470.3 1,672,015 19,0160.3 1,462,144 24,762NumberMargin oferror1( )90.770.713.27.80.19.353.346.7NumberMargin oferror1( )Cashiers0.3 2,812,338 32,5920.6 1,632,978 25,0390.4374,315 10,9060.3843,818 18,423 0.11,1696250.3538,837 12,8460.5760,108 14,9590.5 2,591,067 32,254Margin ofPer- error1cent( )First-line supervisors ofretail sales workers83.948.711.225.2 0.116.122.777.3NumberMargin oferror1( )0.3 2,948,353 34,0280.5 2,040,124 28,6970.3485,568 11,0890.4421,265 10,795 0.14,9791,0680.3402,643 12,5210.4 1,276,919 19,5160.4 2,074,077 29,715Margin ofPer- error1cent( )88.060.914.512.60.112.038.161.90.30.50.30.3 0.10.30.50.5Margin ofPer- error1cent( )Retail salespersons1X Not applicable.Data are based on a sample and are subject to sampling variability. A margin of error is a measure of an estimate’s variability. The larger the margin of error is in relation to the size of theestimates, the less reliable the estimate. When added to and subtracted from the estimate, the margin of error forms the 90 percent confidence interval.2People may have more than one type of coverage.Note: For more information, visit www.census.gov/acs .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey, 1-Year EALTH INSURANCECOVERAGE2Any coverage . . . . . . . .Employer-based . . . . . .Direct purchase . . . . . .Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . .Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .No coverage . . . . . . . . 16,382,29851.748.3NumberMargin ofPer- error1cent( )Margin oferror1( )Margin ofPer- error1cent( )Margin oferror1( )MARITAL STATUSMarried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,040,215 223,222Not married. . . . . . . . . . 75,742,950 161,816CharacteristicsRetail workersTotal(Civilian employed, 16 years and over)Selected Characteristics of Retail Workers: 2018—Con.Table 1.
overrepresented in supervisoryretail positions. Sixty-eight percent of first-line supervisors ofretail sales workers were nonHispanic White, compared with62.2 percent of all retail workers.Conversely, Black and Hispanicworkers were underrepresentedin supervisory positions. Justunder 1 in 10 first-line supervisors were Black, while 14.4 percent were Hispanic.Black and Hispanic employmentin retail occupations has beengrowing since 2000, as has theiroverall workforce share (Figures3a and 3b). In 2018, 18.7 percentof retail workers were Hispanic,up from 10.4 percent in 2000.Around 10 percent of retailworkers were Black in 2000,which slightly increased to 12.5percent in 2018. In contrast, nonHispanic Whites’ share of retailworkers decreased during thesame period, from 74.5 percentin 2000 to 59.5 percent in 2018.ECONOMICCHARACTERISTICSWork StatusRetail workers were less likelyto work full-time, year-roundcompared with the total laborforce.16 In 2018, 54.9 percent ofretail workers were employedfull-time, year-round, comparedwith 70.9 percent of all workers.Full-time status varied greatly bydetailed retail occupations. Firstline supervisors of retail salesworkers had the highest percentage of full-time, year-roundworkers (84.8 percent), followedby retail salespersons (51.2percent). Under one-third (30.516Full-time, year-round workers includeall people 16 years old and over who usuallyworked 35 hours or more per week for 50to 52 weeks in the past 12 months.U.S. Census Bureaupercent) of cashiers worked fulltime, year-round in 2018.Health Insurance Coverage andPoverty StatusFor many working-age adults,health insurance coverage andtype of coverage are related towork status.17, 18 Health insurancecoverage is common for mostworkers, including retail workers. In 2018, among all workers,about 9 out of 10 had sometype of public or private healthinsurance coverage at the timeof interview. About 88 percentof all retail workers had someform of health insurance. Firstline supervisors were more likelyto be covered by health insurance (90.7 percent) than retailsalespersons (88.0 percent) orcashiers (83.9 percent).Similar to the general workforce, the most common typeof health insurance among allretail workers was employerbased insurance, covering59.9 percent of this workforce.First-line supervisors were morelikely to have employer-basedinsurance (70.7 percent) thanretail salespersons (60.9 percent) and cashiers (48.7 percent). Compared with otherretail workers, cashiers weremore likely to receive Medicaid,a government-based healthinsurance plan for low-incomepeople. In 2018, 25.2 percentof cashiers were covered byMedicaid, compared with 12.617Edward R. Berchick, Jessica C.Barnett, and Rachel D. Upton, “HealthInsurance Coverage in the United States:2018” Current Population Reports, P60-267,U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC, 2019.18Health insurance coverage is thecoverage at the time of interview. The ACSis conducted throughout the year, and theresulting measure of health insurance coverage reflects an annual average of currenthealth insurance coverage status. Peoplemay have more than one type of coverage.percent of retail salespersonsand 7.8 percent of first-linesupervisors of retail workers.The higher rates of Medicaidcoverage among cashiers maybe related to several factors. Forexample, cashiers were morelikely to work part-time (Table1) and were more likely to bein poverty (Figure A-1).19 Thesefactors may limit their eligibilityfor employer-provided healthinsurance or make them lessfinancially able to purchase it.Furthermore, workers with lowtotal income may qualify forgovernment health care plans. 20Median Earnings of RetailWorkersWith 9.8 million workers, retailoccupations are some of themost common occupations inthe United States. Yet, theseoccupations are often low-paying and offer limited opportunities for advancement. 21 Figure4 shows the median earnings offull-time, year-round workers bydetailed retail occupation andselected characteristics.Women consistently earnedless than men across detailedretail sales occupations. In 2018,women who worked full-time,year-round as first-line supervisors of retail sales workers had19Poverty statistics in ACS products adhere to standards specified bythe Office of Management and Budgetand in Statistical Policy Directive 14.For more information, see page 107 of“American Community Survey and PuertoRico Community Survey 2018 SubjectDefinitions” at mentation/code-lists.html .20Government Accountability Office,“Low-wage Workers: Poverty and Useof Selected Federal Social Safety NetPrograms Persist among Working Families,”GAO-17-677, Washington, DC, 2017.21Liana Christin Landivar and JuliaBeckhusen, “Racial Disparities in Women’sMobility out of Retail and ServiceOccupations,” SEHSD Working Paper 201903, Washington, DC, 2019.7
Figure 3a.Distribution of Total Employment by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000, 2010, and 2018(In percent. Civilian employed, 16 years and over)20002010201874.267.362.2White, not Hispanic510.814.917.5Hispanic89.910.511.4Black, not Hispanic14Asian, not Hispanic17Other race, not Hispanic3.85.16.11.42.22.9Note: For more information, visit www.census.gov/acs .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census and 2010 and 2018 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.Figure 3b.Distribution of Retail Workers by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000, 2010, and 2018(In percent. Civilian employed, 16 years and over)20002010201874.5White, not lack, not Hispanic14Asian, not Hispanic17Other race, not Hispanic4.25.45.91.52.73.5Note: For more information, visit www.census.gov/acs .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census and 2010 and 2018 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.8U.S. Census Bureau
candidates for supervisory positions to have a college degree. 22narrower among first-line supervisors of retail sales workers.Whites earned the most amongthis occupation group ( 45,453),compared with 37,374 forHispanics and 37,503 for Blackfirst-line supervisors of retailsales workers.median earnings of 36,166,compared with men at 50,319.Female cashiers and retailsalespersons earned 21,664and 29,246, respectively,compared with male cashiersand retail salespersons who hadmedian earnings of 24,477 and 40,600, respectively.The median earnings of cashierswas around 45 percent less thanthose of all full-time, year-roundworkers, ( 22,109 and 48,565,respectively). First-line supervisors of retail sales workers wereamong the highest-earning retailoccupations, but only first-linesupervisors of retail workerswith a college degree and malesupervisors earned more thanthe median for all workers in2018.Even within the same retailoccupation, more educationcould lead to higher medianearnings for full-time, year-roundworkers. For example, first-linesupervisors of retail workerswith a bachelor’s degree earnedover 15,000 more per yearthan those with a high schooldegree ( 55,011 and 37,375,respectively). Some of this variation may be attributed to age,and some employers may wantEarning differences persist byrace and Hispanic-origin. Someof the biggest gaps were amongretail salespersons. Hispanic andBlack retail salespersons earnedabout 10,000 less per yearcompared with White workersin the same occupation. Amongfull-time, year-round workers, White retail salespersons’median earnings were 39,665,compared with 28,896 forHispanics. The earnings gap wasBetween 2000 and 2018,the real median earnings forfull-time, year-round workers22BLS Occupational Outlook Handbook,see “Retail Sales Workers,” www.bls.gov/ooh/ .Figure 4.Median Earnings for Full-Time, Year-Round Retail Workers by Selected Characteristics: 2018(Civilian employed, 16 years and over, with earnings in dollars)CashiersAll retail workers122,109MenWomenWhite, not HispanicBlack, not HispanicHispanicLess than high school graduateHigh school graduate(includes equivalency)Some college(includes associate's degree)Bachelor's degree or moreFirst-line supervisors of retail sales 331,94822,28150,31936,16622,447Asian, not HispanicOther race, not HispanicRetail he median earnings for all full-time, year-round workers in 2018 was 48,565.Note: For more information, visit www.census.gov/acs .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.U.S. Census Bureau9
Figure 5.Median Earnings for Full-Time, Year-Round Retail Workersin 2018 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars: 2000 and 2018(Civilian employed, 16 years and over, with earnings)Total employed 49,034First-line supervisorsof retail sales workers 46,711 48,565Retail salespersons 40,162 35,301Cashiers 25,157 22,109 42,42120182000Note: For more information, visit www.census.gov/acs .Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2000 Census and2018 American Community Survey, 1-Year Estimates.decreased by less than 500,from 49,034 to 48,565,respectively (Figure 5). 23 Themedian earnings for selectedretail occupations also declinedduring the same period. Themedian earnings of first-linesupervisors of retail sales workers decreased from 46,711 in2000 to 42,421 in 2018. Themedian earnings of retail salespersons and cashiers decreasedfrom 40,162 and 25,157 in2000, respectively, to 35,300and 22,109 in 2018.23Estimates in this report are inflationadjusted to 2018 dollars. “Real” refers toearnings after adjusting for inflation.10RETAIL WORKERS BYINDUSTRYIndustry refers to the kind ofbusiness conducted by a person’s employing organization.Some occupation groups arerelated closely to certain industries. 24 Retail workers are primarily employed in two industries. In2018, over 8 out of every 10 retailworkers worked in the retail tradeindustry (Figure 6). The retail24Written responses to industry questions on the ACS are coded using theindustry classification system developedfor the census in 2010, modified in 2012,and again in 2017. The Census IndustryClassification system was developed fromthe North Americ
retail workers. About 47 per-cent of first-line supervisors of retail workers were women, compared with 53.4 percent who were men. Black and Hispanic retail workers were less likely than White retail workers to be in supervisory positions like first-line supervisors of retail sales work
Index to Indiana Statistics in the Decennial Censuses Contents 3rd Census of the United States (1810) 2 4th Census of the United States (1820) 3 5th Census of the United States (1830) 4 6th Census of the United States (1840) 5 7th Census of the United States (1850) 7 8th Census of the United States (1860) 10 9th Census of the United States (1870) 17
1940 The census tract became an official geographic entity for which the Census Bureau would publish data for. Census tracts covered major cities and block number areas (BNAs) covered many other cities 1970 1980 The number of BNAs increased and the criteria of the BNA matched the census tract 1990 Census tracts and BNAs covered the entire nation
SIMS is up to date before running the Census. The 10% of data not held in SIMS must be entered in the Census panels each time a Census is completed (eg questions related to teaching of RE). If the SIMS data is not kept up to date it will need to be entered into the Census panels each time the Census is completed.
South Carolina Department of Archives and History. South Carolina Census Records on Ancestry.com U.S. Census Reconstructed Records, 1660-1820 1910 South Carolina, Compiled Census and Census Substitutes Index, 1790-1890 Index to the 1800 Census of South Carolina Free Blacks and Mulattos in South Carolina 1850 Census
Instagram, announce your role as a U.S. Census Bureau partner in your status messages and include a link to the test census online. (Visit census.gov/2016Partners to find information that can be easily shared and downloaded.) Distribute. Use the fact sheets in this toolkit to raise awareness about the test census and spark conversation.
CAPE (April 2018) release CYE date of January 01, 2018. The methods utilize various data sources such as Experian - ConsumerView, Maponics, Valassis Lists, US Census Bureau 2010 Census data, and US Census Bureau Annual Population Estimates data. Updated US Census Bureau County-level post-Census estimates of
U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau Economic Indicators Division, International Trade Public Information Office 301 -763 -3629 301 -763 -3030 esmd.profile@census.gov pio@census.gov FOR RELEASE AT 8:30 AM EST, WEDNESDAY, APRIL 7, 2021 . A PROFILE OF U.S. IMPORTING AND EXPORTING COMPANIES, 2018-2019 . Release Number: CB21-52
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT FROM AMERICA’S PERSPECTIVE JOHN R. BOLTON* In the aftermaths of both World War I and World War II, the United States engaged in significant domestic political debates over its proper place in the world. President Wilson’s brainchild, the League of Nations, was the center-piece of the first debate, and the United Nations the centerpiece of the second. The .
