Salinity Effects On Seed Germination In Different Tall .
Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi 7 (2): 08-12, 2014ISSN: 1308-3945, E-ISSN: 1308-027X, www.nobel.gen.trSalinity Effects on Seed Germination in Different Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceaeSchreb.) VarietiesAlpaslan KUSVURAN1*Recep Irfan NAZLI2Sebnem KUSVURAN11Kizilirmak Vocational High School, Cankiri Karatekin University, Kizilirmak, Cankiri, Turkey.2Field Crops Department, Agricultural Faculty, Cukurova Universirty, 01330, Saricam, Adana, Turkey.*Corresponding authore-mail: akusvuran@gmail.comReceived: May 31, 2014Accepted: July 10, 2014AbstractSeeds of 9 tall fescue (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) cultivars (Apache, Arid-III, Barvado, Da Vinci, Eldorado, Prospect, andTomahawk), 2 of which were newly introduced (Brigantine and Jaguar 4G) in 2014, were used to investigate the effects of different NaClconcentrations (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM) on their germination rate, shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot/root ratioand salt tolerance index (STI). The experiment was designed as a completely randomized with four replicates at the laboratory of KizilirmakVocational High School, Cankiri Karatekin University, in 2014. The results showed that different salinity treatments had statisticallyconsiderable effects on the germination rate, shoot and root length, shoot and root fresh weight, shoot/root ratio, and salt tolerance index(STI). The values of these parameters were reduced with increasing salt concentration. In all parameters, considerable decreases occurredwith 100 mM concentration and the lowest values were obtained from 200 mM. The overall findings suggest that the Apache, Da Vinci,Prospect, and Tomahawk varieties were more tolerant than the other ones.Key Words: Salt stress, salinity, turfgrass, tolerance, seedlingTuzluluğun Farklı Kamışsı Yumak (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.) Çeşitlerinde TohumÇimlenmesi Üzerine EtkileriAbstractÇeşitlerden 2 tanesi (Brigantine and Jaguar 4G) 2014 yılında tescil edilen, 9 farklı kamışsı yumak (Festuca arundinaceae Schreb.)çeşidinde (Apache, Arid-III, Barvado, Da Vinci, Eldorado, Prospect, ve Tomahawk) farklı tuz konsantrasyonlarının (0, 50, 100, 150 ve 200mM) çeşitlerin çimlenme oranı, sürgün ve kök uzunluğu, sürgün ve kök yaş ağırlığı, sürgün/kök oranı ve tuza tolerans indeksleri üzerineetkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırma, Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi, Kızılırmak Meslek Yüksekokulu Laboratuvarı’nda, 4 tekrarlamalı olarak,2014 yılında tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre yürütülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçları, farklı tuz uygulamalarının çimlenme oranı, sürgünve kök uzunluğu, sürgün ve kök yaş ağırlığı, sürgün/kök oranı ve tuza tolerans indeksi üzerinde istatistiksel olarak önemli düzeyde etkiliolduğunu göstermiştir. İncelenen parametrelerin değerleri artan tuz konsantrasyonu ile azalmıştır. Değerlerde 100 mM tuz konsantrasyonu ileönemli azalmalar meydana gelmiş ve en düşük değerler 200 mM’da elde edilmiştir. Araştırma bulguları göz önüne alındığında Apache, DaVinci, Prospect ve Tomahawk çeşitlerinin diğerlerine kıyasla daha tolerant oldukları sonucuna varılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çim bitkileri, çimlenme, tuzluluk, tuz stresi, toleransINTRODUCTIONUnder salinity stress, reduction in plant growth usuallyinterlinked with a variety of biochemical, physiological,and molecular characteristics [1]. Salinity is one of theproblems that must be deal with in turf-grass management,due to both restrictions in freshwater use for landscapeirrigation and exposure to salt stress in coastal areas [2]. Itshigh levels reduce the ability of plants to absorb water fromthe soil and have toxic effects on cell metabolism [3].Zhang et al. [4] indicated that salinity adversely affectsplant growth and development, resulting in reducedaesthetical and playable functions of turfgrass. Salt canhave unfavorable effects on turfgrass growth, includingphysiological drought, ion toxicity, and ion imbal had germination rateshigher than 70%, even with the 150 mM NaClconcentration, while the Eldorado variety had a lowergermination rate with the same NaCl treatment. Salt stresscaused 22% reductions of germination rate in the tall fescuevarieties in the 200 mM NaCl concentrate. The highestgermination rate was observed in the Tomahawk (87.3%),Barvado (85.8%), and Arid-III (81.3%) varieties. However,the Eldorado varieties showed the lowest germination rate(66.8%) with the 200 mM NaCl treatment (Table 1).Bakth et al. [8] indicated that the relative germinationrate, relative germination potential and the ratio of root toseedling of four oats varieties declined with raising saltconcentration. This study identified and compared salinitytolerance levels of 9 varieties during germination toturfgrass and Arid-II, Barvado, and Tomahawk showedbetter performance than the other varieties. In addition,because of the depressing effect of NaCl seeds saturatedwith 150 and 200 mM NaCl (15.39% and 22.30%decreasing) had lower germination rate. Similarly, Katembeet al. [9] and Cokkizgin [10] also reported that theimbibitions of water reduced with the decrease in waterpotential of the solutions resulting from following NaCltreatments. Since the high salt level limited the waterabsorption, it has adverse impact on the germination. Ourresults were relevant to the findings of Dai et al. [5] andNizam [11] studied on different plants.In the present study, shoot and root lengths werereduced gradually with increasing NaCl concentrationsfrom 0 to 200 mM (Table 2 and Table 3). When comparedthe control plants, shoot and root lengths decreased average42% and 46% with 200 mM NaCl treatment, respectively.The highest shoot and root lengths were observed in theBrigantine variety (7.03 and 4.62 cm, respectively) incontrol treatment, whereas the lowest was determined in theArid-III varieties (2.16 and 0.91 cm, respectively) with 200mM NaCl. The lowest reductions were determined in theBarvado and Tomahawk varieties, with decreases of35.32% and 42.66%, respectively. However, the Apache,Arid-III, Brigantine and Prospect cultivars showedremarkable shoot and root reductions, with decreases of 6371%. Anbumalarmathi and Mehta [12] assessed thatplumule length of all the rice varieties decreased with anincrease in salinity. Reduction of seedling height is acommon phenomenon of many crop plants grown undersaline conditions. Similarly, radicle length was alsodecreased with increased salinity. The general effects ofsalinity on plant growth reported a reduction in plantgrowth with shorter stature and sometimes fewer leaves,and roots are also reduced in length and mass [13].The average shoot and root fresh weights of thevarieties was 9.62 mg plant–1and 5.21 mg plant–1 undercontrol conditions, and this value gradually decreasedthroughout the increasing salt concentrations, reaching 6.82mg plant–1 and 2.61 mg plant–1 with 200 mM NaCl,respectively (Table 4 and Table 5).
A. Kusvuran et al / TABAD, 7 (2): 08-12, 201410Table 1. Effects of different salt concentration on germination rateGermination rate (%)50 mM100 mM NaCl150 mM NaCl200 mM NaClNaClApache97.8 d81.8 g74.8 f73.0 g69.3 fArid-III98.8 b98.0 a91.8 c90.0 b81.3 cBarvado99.8 a96.5 c94.3 a93.3 a85.8 bDa Vinci99.8 a97.3 b90.0 a86.8 d80.3 dEldorado98.5 c92.3 f81.3 e78.8 e66.8 hBrigantine97.8 d95.0 e90.3 d77.3 f73.3 eJaguar 4G99.8 a95.0 e92.8 b79.3 e68.0 gProspect98.0 cd95.3 de90.3 d87.3 cd80.0 dTomahawk100 a95.8 d93.3 b87.8 c87.3 aMean98.9**94.1**88.7**83.7**76.9**Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differ according to the Duncan’s test at the 0.01 level of significance. *:P 0.05, **: P 0.01CultivarsControlTable 2. Effects of different salt concentration on shoot lengthShoot length (cm plant-1)CultivarsControl50 mM100 mM NaCl150 mM NaCl200 mM NaClNaClApache6.48 e4.38 f5.05 ab3.21 g2.36 hArid-III7.03 a6.18 a5.08 ab4.14 b2.90 fBarvado4.58 ı3.87 g3.75 de3.44 e2.85 gDa Vinci4.70 h4.55 e3.52 e3.34 f3.04 eEldorado6.61 c5.31 b3.89 de3.47 e3.39 cBrigantine5.16 g5.30 b4.41 b-d3.85 c2.16 ıJaguar 4G6.95 b4.87 d5.59 a4.42 a3.92 aProspect5.34 f4.86 d4.14 c-e3.55 d3.25 dTomahawk6.54 d5.05 c4.75 bc4.42 a3.75 b********Mean5.934.934.463.763.07**Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differ according to the Duncan’s test at the 0.01 level of significance. *:P 0.05, **: P 0.01Table 3. Effects of different salt concentration on root lengthRoot length (cm plant-1)50 mM100 mM NaCl150 mM NaCl200 mM NaClNaClApache3.17 h2.73 g2.49 e2.12 f0.91 ıArid-III3.08 ı3.39 d2.68 b2.44 b1.17 fBarvado3.73 d3.93 c2.63 c1.89 g1.08 gDa Vinci3.81 c2.69 h2.30 g1.51 h1.34 eEldorado3.57 e2.88 e2.38 f2.35 c1.55 dBrigantine3.47 f2.84 f2.52 d2.50 a2.09 aJaguar 4G4.62 a4.14 b2.92 a2.49 a1.81 bProspect3.90 b2.87 ef2.54 d2.24 d1.03 hTomahawk3.30 g4.50 a2.69 b2.21 e1.77 cMean3.63**3.33**2.57**2.19**1.42**Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differ according to the Duncan’s test at the 0.01 level of significance. *:P 0.05, **: P 0.01CultivarsControlTable 4. Effects of different salt concentration on shoot fresh weightShoot fresh weight (mg plant-1)50 mM100 mM NaCl150 mM NaCl200 mM NaClNaClApache8.34 g7.93 ı7.63 f6.50 h5.53 gArid-III9.18 e9.11 e9.36 b8.91 b7.52 cBarvado8.59 f8.45 f8.06 e7.54 e7.40 dDa Vinci8.33 g8.41 g8.24 d6.91 f6.44 fEldorado11.15 b10.23 c8.68 c8.59 d7.90 bBrigantine12.32 a10.93 b6.75 g3.95 ı4.12 hJaguar 4G11.10 c11.26 a10.91 a9.27 a9.09 aProspect9.40 d9.56 d9.33 b8.73 c6.94 eTomahawk8.20 h8.12 h7.63 f6.80 g6.47 fMean9.62**9.33**8.51**7.47**6.82**Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differ according to the Duncan’s test at the 0.01 level of significance. *:P 0.05, **: P 0.01CultivarsControl
11A. Kusvuran et al / TABAD, 7 (2): 08-12, 2014Table 5. Effects of different salt concentration on root fresh weightRoot fresh weight (mg plant-1)50 mM100 mM NaCl150 mM NaCl200 mM NaClNaClApache4.46 ı3.06 h3.14 f3.22 f2.16 gArid-III5.80 a5.71 b5.27 a5.62 a2.49 eBarvado5.70 b5.83 a5.16 b4.34 c3.43 cDa Vinci5.39 d4.90 d4.63 c3.13 g2.74 dEldorado4.90 g4.10 f2.77 g2.45 h1.36 hBrigantine5.11 f2.23 ı1.91 h1.49 ı1.43 hJaguar 4G5.60 c4.69 e4.23 d4.92 b3.99 aProspect4.73 h3.41 g3.42 e3.39 e2.35 fTomahawk5.21 e5.09 c4.64 c3.88 d3.54 bMean5.21**4.34**3.91**3.60**2.61**Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differ according to the Duncan’s test at the 0.01 level of significance. *:P 0.05, **: P 0.01CultivarsControlAs the salt concentrations increased, the shoot and rootfresh weights of the cultivars decreased. In our study, whilethe Barvado and Tomahawk cultivars (21-39% decreasing)were significantly higher in all salinity concentrations whencompared to the control varieties, growth was inhibited inthe Eldorado and Brigantine cultivars with 200 mM NaCl.When the salinity increased from 50 mM to 200 mM, theshoot and root fresh weights were markedly decreased inthe Eldorado and Brigantine varieties by 66% and 72%,respectively. The shoot/root ratio of the salt tolerancevarieties were 2.28-5.86 with 200 mM NaCl (Table 6).Zabihi-e-Mahmoodabad et al. [14] reported that the shootand root fresh and dry weights decreased with increasingsalinity and many other studies also reported this trait as themain indicator of salinity tolerance. Moreover, Hussein etal. [15], Carpici et al. [16], Anbumalarmathi and Mehta[12] and reported that a negative relationship was detectedbetween the vegetative growth parameters and increasingsalinity.The STI showed a large variation among the varieties atdifferent salt concentrations (Table 7). Its values wereobtained between 33.41% and 86.14% with 200 mM NaCl.The Barvado (86.14%) and Arid-III (81.86%) varietieswere the best performing with the 200 mM NaCl treatment.Nevertheless, while the Apache (66.25%) and Brigantine(33.41%) cultivars showed the lowest values, the other oneswere moderately affected by the salt treatment. Carpici etal. [16] informed that the effects of different saltconcentrations on the salt tolerance indices of cultivarswere of importance. As the salt concentrations increased,the salt tolerance indices of the cultivars decreased. Koktenet al. [17] determined that tolerant genotypes showedhigher salt tolerance indices than sensitive ones.Table 6. Effects of different salt concentration on shoot/rootShoot/root50 mM100 mM NaCl150 mM NaCl200 mM NaClNaClApache1.87 d2.59 c2.43 e2.02 e2.56 cArid-III1.58 e1.60 g1.78 f1.58 h3.02 bBarvado1.51 g1.45 h1.56 h1.74 g2.15 deDa Vinci1.55 f1.72 f1.78 f2.21 d2.35 cdEldorado2.28 b2.50 d3.14 b3.51 a5.86 aBrigantine2.41 a4.91 a3.53 a2.65 b2.89 bJaguar 4G1.98 c2.40 e2.58 d1.89 f2.28 cdProspect1.99 c2.81 b2.73 c2.58 c2.96 bTomahawk1.58 e1.60 g1.64 g1.75 g1.83 fMean1.86**2.40**2.35**2.21**2.88**Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differ according to the Duncan’s test at the 0.01 level of significance. *:P 0.05, **: P 0.01CultivarsControlTable 7. Effects of different salt concentration on salt tolerance indexCultivars50 mMNaCl100 mM NaCl150 mM NaCl200 mM NaClApacheArid-III95.05 e99.21 c91.49 f101.9 a77.93 f97.00 a66.25 g81.86 aBarvadoDa VinciEldoradoBrigantine98.34 d100.9 b91.81 f88.71 g93.80 d99.98 b77.84 g54.77 h87.74 c82.94 e77.09 g32.03 h86.14 a77.39 d70.84 f33.41 hJaguar 4GProspectTomahawk101.4 ab101.7 a99.02 c98.24 c99.33 b93.01 e83.53 d92.89 b82.86 e81.84 b73.87 e78.84 cMean*Means in a column followed by the same letter are not significantly differ according to the Duncan’s test at the 0.01 level of significance. *:P 0.05, **: P 0.01
A. Kusvuran et al / TABAD, 7 (2): 08-12, 2014CONCLUSIONSThe present study on the salt tolerance of turfgrassvarieties showed a marked variation in their sensitivity tosalt tolerance. The increasing NaCl concentration causedharmful effects on seed germination in the evaluatedproperties such as, shoot and root lengths and fresh weight.However, there were slightly more harmful effects in thetolerant varieties than in the sensitive ones.REFERENCES[1] Shaheen S, Naseer S, Ashraf M, Akram NA. 2013.Salt stress affects water relations, photosynthesis, andoxidative defense mechanisms in Solanum melongenaL. Journal of Plant Interactions. 8(1):85-96.[2] Scalia R, Oddo E, Russo G, Saiano F, Grisafi F.2014. Effectiveness of glycinebetaine foliar application inrelievingsaltstresssymptomsintwoturf‐grasses. Grassland Science. 60(2):92-97.[3] Munns R, Tester M. 2008. Mechanisms of salinitytolerance. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59:651-681.[4] Zhang Q, Rue K, Wang S. 2012. Salinity effect onseed germination and growth of two warm-season nativegrass species. HortScience. 47:527-530[5] Dai J, Huff DR, Schlossgerg MJ. 2009. Salinityeffects on seed germination and vegetative growth ofgreens-type Poa annua relative to other cool-seasonturfgrass species. Crop Science. 49: 696-703.[6] Chartzoulakis KS, Loupassaki MH. 1997. Effects ofNaCl salinity on germination, growth, gas exchange andyield of greenhouse eggplant. Elsevier, Agricultural WaterManagement. 32: 215-225.[7] Huang J, Redman R. 1995. Physiological responsesof canola and wild mustard to salinity and contrastingcalcium supply. Journal of Plant Nutrition. 18:1931-1949.[8] Bakht J, Shafi M, Khan AA, Hussain S, Tariq M,Akbar H, Rehman M. 2007. Growth performance of oatand barley at early seedling stage under salineenvironment. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture. 23(3):565.[9] Katembe WJ, Ungar AI, Mitchell JP. 1998. Effectof salinity on germination and seedling growth of twoAtriplex species (Chenopodiaceae). Ann. Bot. 82: 167-175.[10] Cokkizgin A. 2012. Salinity stress in commonbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seed germination. Not. Bot.Horti. Agrobo. 40(1):177-182.[11] Nizam I. 2011. Effects of salinity stress on wateruptake, germination and early seedling growth of perennialryegrass. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10(51):1041810424.[12] Anbumalarmathi J, Mehta P. 2013. Effect of saltstress on germination of indica rice varieties. eJournals ofAcademic Research and Reviews. 1-6.[13] Shannon MC, Grieve CM. 1999. Tolerance ofvegetable crops to salinity. Scientia Hort. 78:5-38.[14] Zabihi-e-Mahmoodabad R, Jamaati-e-Somarin S,Khayatnezhad M, Gholamin R. 2011. The study of effectsalinity stress on germination and seedling growth in fivedifferent genotypes of wheat. Advances in EnvironmentalBiology. 5(1):177-179.[15] Hussein MM, Balbaa LK, Gaballah MS. 2007.Salicylic acid and salinity effects on growth of maizeplants. Research Journal Agriculture Biological Science.3(4): 321-328.12[16] Carpici EB, Celik N, Bayram G. 2009. Effects ofsalt stress on germination of some maize (Zea mays L.)cultivars. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 8:4918-4922[17] Kokten K, Karakoy T, Bakoglu A, Akcura M.2010. Determination of salinity tolerance of some lentil(Lens culinaris M.) varieties. Journal of Food Agricultureand Environment. 8(1):140-143.
Barvado and Tomahawk varieties had germination rates higher than 70%, even with the 150 mM NaCl concentration, while the Eldorado variety had a lower germination rate with the same NaCl treatment. Salt stress caused 22% reductions of germination rate in the tall fescue varieties in the 200 mM NaCl concentrate. The highest
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Five seed treatment practices used for controlling seed-borne infection of the target pathogenic fungi were - seed treatment with hot water; seed treatment with plant extracts (a) garlic tablet and (b) neem leaf extract; seed treatment with BAU bio-fungicide; and seed treatments with Vitavax-200. The modified method of hot water
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Ulster Archaeological Society at the Divis and Black Mountain site. 5 Illustration 1: Divis Mountain viewed from the south west 1.2 Aims In order to enhance the archaeological record of this site, the aims of this survey were to produce an accurate plan drawing of the monument and carry out a photographic survey. This information was compiled into a report and submitted to the Environment and .
