2019 PADI Instructor Manual - GoPro Cozumel PADI IDC
INSTRUCTORMANUALProduct No. 79173 (Rev. 12/18) Version 2019 PADI 2019
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALPADI Instructor Manual PADI 2019No part of this product may be reproduced, sold or distributedin any form without the written permission of the publisher. indicates a trademark is registered in the U.S. and certainother countries.Published by PADI30151 TomasRancho Santa Margarita, CA 92688-2125 USAPrinted in USAProduct No. 79173 (Rev. 12/18) Version 2019
Scuba diving can never be entirely risk-free. However, byadhering to the standards within this manual whenever trainingor supervising divers who participate in PADI courses andprograms, PADI Members can provide a strong platform fromwhich divers and novices can learn to manage those risks andhave fun in the process.How to Use This ManualThis manual provides PADI course requirements. Text appearingin boldface print denotes required standards that may notbe deviated from while teaching the course. PADI Standardsdo not, however, supersede local laws or regulations. Keepinformed of these wherever you teach.Though all PADI Members use this manual, it is written fromthe instructor’s perspective, except for course performancerequirements. These are written from the student diver’s orprogram participant’s perspective, stating specifically what mustbe demonstrated or performed.As a starting point, become familiar with the items in theCommitment to Excellence section. This includes the PADIProfessional’s Creed, PADI Member Code of Practice and YouthLeader’s Commitment. This section outlines your professionalcommitment to diver safety, responsibility and risk management.Read it first and read it often.Next, go to General Standards and Procedures, and then look tothe individual guide for specific standards regarding the courseyou are teaching. The following outlines what’s in the PADIInstructor Manual and how you can effectively find informationin it.General Standards and ProceduresStandards outlined in the General Standards andProcedures Guide apply to all PADI courses and programs,except as noted otherwise in the individual courseguide. You must first comprehend what’s in the GeneralHow to Use This Manual1
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALStandards and Procedures Guide, because these standardsare not repeated in the individual course guides.Read this first! The most important thing about the GeneralStandards and Procedures Guide is that it provides an overall setof standards for all PADI courses and programs. If the individualguide for a course or program doesn’t specify a standard, thestandard in General Standards and Procedures applies. There aretwo sections in this guide: Training Standards — This is a listing of term definitionsused and key concepts that apply throughout the manual.Here you’ll find general information about supervision,materials and equipment requirements, accepting diversfrom other organizations into PADI courses, etc. Paperwork and Administrative Procedures — Thisis a listing of general information an instructor needs toknow regarding the administration of PADI courses andprograms. Examples of content: documentation needs,certification/registration procedures, assessing diverknowledge, Quality Management and incident reportfiling and how PADI courses link together.Individual Course/Program GuidesNext you’ll find the various nonprofessional level course/program standards in individual guides, as well as the standardsfor PADI Divemaster training, in a consistent format: Section One, Course/Program Standards — theoverall standards for the specific course. Follow GeneralStandards, and then pay attention to any differences fromGeneral Standards noted in the specific guide. Section Two, Knowledge Development — standardspertaining to the knowledge development segment oftraining. Generally, divers develop knowledge throughindependent study with student educational materials.If you deliver knowledge development presentations,How to Use This Manual2
use the prescriptive lesson guides and teaching outlinesfor the course, obtainable from your PADI RegionalHeadquarters. Section Three, Confined Water Dives — standardspertaining to confined water training. Some courses don’trequire confined water training, though you can includeit for practice and to give divers a simulation of what willoccur in open water. Section Four, Open Water Dives — performancerequirements for each open water dive, and any relatedstandards pertaining to open water training.Professional MembershipThis guide covers PADI Membership status and ratings: Membership Status — explanation of each category ofmembership status Professional Ratings — prerequisites for PADI, TecRec and EFR professional levels.Keep in mind that this manual covers general standards and onlythe course or program standards for core courses and programs.You’ll find specific standards for PADI Specialty Diver, TecRec andEFR courses in the instructor guides for those programs.See PADI’s Guide to Teaching for information on recommendedtraining techniques, tips for course set up and training, usefulbackground on course philosophy and other importantrecommendations.You can find Knowledge Review answer keys, as well as examanswer keys, and any forms or documentation related to PADIcourses on the Pros’ Site at padi.com.How to Use This Manual3
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALIMPORTANT — Please Read:Instructor JudgmentBecause PADI Standards define learning and performancerequirements for courses or programs conducted anywherein the world, they must fit a large variety of teachingcircumstances. Maximum limits — Standards for ratios and depthsare listed as maximum limits. This means that youmust apply sound judgment in determining what isappropriate for training each time you conduct a courseor program. It’s your professional responsibility to conducta risk assessment by evaluating variables such as waterconditions – temperature, visibility and water movement –entries/exits, the individual abilities of each of your studentdivers, the number of certified assistants available, yourabilities and limitations, etc., to determine what ratio willfit the situation; reducing the ratio from the maximum, ifneeded. Conduct this risk assessment before the dive, andcontinue to assess and evaluate during the dive, takinginto account changing variables. Minimum requirements — Conversely, standards suchas course prerequisites (logged dives, age, instructor ratingrequirements) are all listed as minimums. For example,when the age prerequisite is 10 years old, this is theabsolute youngest age you may accept. And, you mustapply prudent judgment to determine whether or not aparticular 10-year-old is ready for the course or program.Your PADI professional training and experience, plus the PADIresources – such as the various PADI manuals, references,Training Bulletins, The Undersea Journal , padi.com/Pros’Site and the Training Department at your PADI RegionalHeadquarters – are available to help you stay up-to-date andmake sound judgments when you have a question. Think ofthis manual as your quick reference to PADI Standards. Use it inHow to Use This Manual4
context with these other resources to make the dive experiencethe best it can be for both you and those who take your PADIcourses and programs.Reference padi.com and PADI’s Guide to Teaching forinformation on PADI’s Mission Statement, Tasks, Purposes andGoals, PADI Worldwide Group and Affiliates, and a complete listof PADI Educational Programs.How to Use This Manual5
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALHow to Use This Manual6
CONTENTSHOW TO USE THIS MANUAL1COMMITMENT TO EXCELLENCE7PADI Member Code of Practice9GENERAL STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES 15Training StandardsKey StandardsPaperwork and Administrative Procedures163037COURSE/PROGRAM INSTRUCTOR GUIDES49Open Water Diver CoursePADI Scuba Diver CourseAdvanced Open Water Diver CourseRescue Diver CourseMaster Scuba DiverTM ProgramDivemaster CourseDiscover Scuba Diving ProgramBubblemaker ProgramPADI Seal TeamTMReActivate ProgramDiscover Local DivingSkin Diver CoursePROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIPMembership StatusPADI Professional Ratings49717599109111133139143153159163167168171
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
COMMITMENTTO EXCELLENCESECTIONCommitment to Excellence7
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALPADI Professional’s CreedAs a PADI Professional I have the opportunity to see: Fear changed to courage Faintheartedness converted into accomplishment Timidity transformed into confidence Anticipation turned into passionAs a PADI Professional I can: Open hearts and minds to the hidden beauty ofnature’s creation and our obligation to protect it Foster self-esteem in another person Teach the value of character and integrity Transform another human being and change alife for the better and forever“From what we get we make a living.From what we give we make a life.”– Winston ChurchillCommitment to Excellence8
PADI MemberCode of PracticeAs a PADI Professional, you enjoy a rewarding role – teachingand introducing others to scuba diving. You have the chanceto change lives for the better and to experience things mosthumans will never have the opportunity to enjoy. With thisability comes a very important obligation to your students,clients and all those who come to you to be taught or ledunderwater: You are responsible for the safety of others.As a PADI Member, you agree to the following:1. Put the safety of diving clients and students as yourfirst priority and responsibility. In doing so, abideby the requirements and intent of PADI Standardsand Procedures in the PADI Instructor Manual, PADI’sGuide to Teaching, Training Bulletin and otherupdates while applying your best judgment duringthe PADI courses and programs you conduct.2. Although scuba diving is a reasonably safeactivity when safety rules are followed, the risk/consequence of scuba diving can lead to veryserious injuries. Be safety minded, safety consciousand practice instructing and dive masteringprofessionally.3. Perform a personal readiness self assessment beforeyou teach or lead others on dives. This includesevaluating your physical health and fitness fordiving as well as your ability to supervise andrespond to diver emergencies on that day and atthat location.a. Personal ability — There is a wide range of physicalability and fitness among dive professionals. Recognize your personal ability and limitations as itapplies to leading and supervising divers, includCommitment to Excellence9
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALing your ability to respond to a diver emergency.Personal ability can change over time. Evaluate yourpractices and accommodate, if need be, for lossof strength, stamina, hearing, sight, etc. Thinkthrough the dive plan and emergency action planas it applies to any personal limitations, takingconservative measures such as using certified assistants, diving in favorable conditions and reducing ratios as needed to reduce risk to those yousupervise, and to yourself.b. Dive site — Evaluate the dive conditions and environment and determine if you’re ready and familiar enough with it to teach or lead dives there.c. Knowledge — Assess your knowledge readiness toteach or lead divers on any given day – to makesure that you are familiar with the standards,latest updates and teaching tools for that PADIprogram; and that you’re aware of the readinessand abilities of your student divers.d. Confidence — Though fully qualified to take on yourprofessional role as a new PADI Divemaster, AssistantInstructor or Instructor, you can further develop leadership skills and confidence by seeking mentorship from,by team-teaching with or shadowing experienced PADIprofessionals. Make appropriately conservativejudgment calls as a newly-certified professional.After a period of leadership inactivity, this same practice can help assure your leadership skills and confidence.4. When teaching, repetition is important for masteryand long term skill retention. Mastering basicskills and breath control in a variety of conditionstakes time and practice. Help those you teach andsupervise by guiding them through this learningprocess.Commitment to Excellence10
5. Each person has an individual state of mind andcomfort level that may be very different from yours,and may vary greatly between divers in a group. Bewilling to cancel a dive for the group or an individualat any time to err on the side of safety.6. Be watchful for signs of diver stress and anxiety, andact quickly and appropriately when you see them.7. Employ effective group control measures in thewater, particularly when supervising novices andchildren. Carry out frequent head counts.8. Conduct yourself and your PADI-related activities ina professional manner.9. Represent yourself as a PADI Instructor only whenyou are in Teaching Status. Only teach coursesthat you are authorized to teach after receivingnotification from your PADI Office. For example, youmust be a PADI Specialty Instructor for a particularspecialty course before teaching that course.10. Comply with the intent of the PADI Standard SafeDiving Practices Statement of Understanding whileteaching and supervising.11. Treat student divers and all those involved in diveactivities with respect, regardless of age, ethnicity,gender, religious affiliation, disability or sexualorientation.12. Not disparage the PADI organization, PADI Membersor any other dive industry professionals.13. Exhibit common honesty in your PADI-relatedactivities.14. Cooperate during PADI investigations by respondingfully and promptly to inquiries.15. Respect and reinforce the depth and supervisoryrestrictions as displayed on restricted PADIcertification cards, such as PADI Scuba Diver andJunior Diver.Commitment to Excellence11
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUAL16. Follow a strict code of conduct and abide by therequirements and intent of the PADI MemberYouth Leader’s Commitment whenever teaching orsupervising children.17. Follow a professional code of practice toward theenvironment and abide by the practices and intentof Project AWARE ’s Ten Tips for Divers to Protectthe Ocean Planet in all PADI-related activities.(See projectaware.org)18. Accept that a criminal conviction involving abuse ofa minor either during or prior to PADI Membershipis grounds for denial or termination of PADIMembership.19. Accept that a criminal conviction involving sexualabuse of an adult either during or prior to PADIMembership is grounds for denial or termination ofPADI Membership.20. Not substitute other courses and programs for PADI,TecRec and EFR programs advertised.If you breach the Code of Practice, your PADI Membershipis at risk.Commitment to Excellence12
Youth Leader’s Commitment1. Look after the child’s health, safety and welfare.2. Ensure appropriate supervision during allinstructional activities.3. Whenever possible, meet the child’s parents orguardians and share program goals and objectives.4. Strive to keep parents or guardians involved andinformed through verbal reports and updates asoften as possible.5. Treat children, parents or guardians with respectregardless of age, race, gender and religiousaffiliation.6. Honor commitments made to children.7. Discuss disciplinary problems with parents orguardians.8. Do not engage in inappropriate contact withchildren.9. Respect a child’s rights to privacy and intrude onlywhen health and safety demand.10. Whenever possible, ensure two adults are withchildren.Commitment to Excellence13
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALCommitment to Excellence14
GENERALSTANDARDS ANDPROCEDURESGeneral Standards and Procedures15
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALTraining StandardsThe following definitions, descriptions and requirements applyto and are used throughout this manual.Altitude DiveAn altitude dive is conducted at a dive site located from 300 to3000 metres/1000 to 10,000 feet above sea level.Assessing Open Water Dive ReadinessFor Continuing Education Courses andOpen Water Diver ReferralsIn preparation for the dive and before beginning openwater dive skills, assess the diver’s skills and comfort levelinwater and generally assess dive knowledge. If the diverexhibits lack of dive readiness, remediate before trainingprogresses.Recent dive experience with the diver is acceptable as a screen ifyou are confident in the diver’s current knowledge level, inwaterskills and comfort.Assistant InstructorAn Assistant Instructor is a Teaching Status PADI AssistantInstructor.Certified AssistantA certified assistant is a Teaching Status PADI Instructor, PADIAssistant Instructor or Active Status PADI Divemaster.Confined Water DivesConfined water is a general term that refers to either aswimming pool or confined open water.General Standards and Procedures16
Confined open water is an open water site that offersswimming-pool-like conditions with respect to clarity, calmness,and depth. It has both shallow water and water sufficientlydeep to allow student divers to meet all skill performancerequirements.Evaluate confined open water conditions carefully before eachdive because a site may qualify as “pool-like” on a given dayunder certain conditions, but not qualify under others.When confined water logistics aren’t ideal and the depth is tooshallow to conduct all skills, introduce skills requiring water toodeep in which to stand, in sequence, in shallow water. Thenwhen you have access to confined water deep enough to meetskill performance requirements, repeat the deep-water skills, insequence, before the associated open water dive.RequirementsDo not combine confined open water dives with openwater dives. After a confined open water dive, have diversleave the water and remove equipment before beginning openwater dives.Exception: Discover Scuba Diving participants and PADI Scuba Diver/OpenWater Diver students may progress directly from Confined Water Dive 1 toOpen Water Dive 1 without exiting the water.Deep DiveA deep dive is conducted at a depth between 18 to 30metres/60 to 100 feet.Exceptions: Some courses such as Deep Diver and TecRec courses allow forgreater depths.DisabilitiesDisability is defined as a physical or mental impairmentthat impedes normal achievement. Although meetingskill performance requirements may be challenging, youmay suggest adaptive techniques and make reasonableGeneral Standards and Procedures17
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALaccommodations to assist individuals with disabilities to learndive skills and theory.Allow people with disabilities to:1. Participate in scuba training activities after theyobtain approval from a licensed physician.2. Receive certification after fulfilling all performancerequirements for the particular certification level.3. Continue to participate in diver training activitiesif unable to fulfill the certification performancerequirements, provided they are otherwise qualifiedto participate.Leadership-LevelBefore enrollment and the course begins:1. Inform divers who have disabilities that may affecttheir ability to supervise or communicate that theymay have post-certification stipulations dependingon individual circumstances.2. Contact the PADI Training Department and receivewritten confirmation of any additional requirements.DivemasterA Divemaster is an Active Status PADI Divemaster.Dry Suit OrientationOrient divers to dry suit use in confined water beforethey use them for the first time in open water.eLearning PADI eLearning is an online learning tool available for somePADI courses and programs. Divers who complete a PADIeLearning program have met all or most of the knowledgeGeneral Standards and Procedures18
development requirements for the program, and may berequired to take a quick review with an instructor. eRecordsverify requirements met and expire within one year of the lastknowledge development section completed.Children age 13 and younger must have parental/guardianconsent to enroll in and pay for eLearning courseware.EquipmentStandard Diver EquipmentMake sure divers have, at a minimum:Note: See Rebreather Use and Sidemount Use1. Fins, mask and snorkel2. Compressed gas cylinder and valve3. Buoyancy control device (BCD) with tank mount orseparate backpack, and low pressure inflator4. Primary regulator and alternate air source5. Breathing gas monitoring device (e.g. submersiblepressure gauge)6. Depth monitoring device7. Quick release weight system and weights (ifnecessary for neutral buoyancy, or if required forskills practice)8. Adequate exposure protection appropriate for localdive conditions.Note: The dry suit orientation requirement in this guide.9. At least one audible emergency surface signalingdevice (whistle, air horn, etc.).10. Dive computer or RDP (eRDPmlTM or Table) Note: If dives are planned using the RDP, the student diver musthave a timing device.Familiarize divers with the equipment they use inthe course.General Standards and Procedures19
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALRebreather Use Student divers and qualified instructors must useregistered rebreathers during PADI Rebreather,Advanced Rebreather and Tec CCR courses. Seerelated instructor guides for requirements. PADI Rebreather Divers may use rebreathers on whichthey are qualified during courses provided that all diveperformance requirements can be met. Maximum depth is the depth for which divers arequalified with the rebreather or maximum coursedepth, whichever is shallower. Do not use rebreathers (neither staff nor students)during PADI Discover Scuba Diving programs,PADI Scuba Diver, Open Water Diver or InstructorDevelopment Courses. Instructors and certified assistants with rebreatherqualifications and experience (30 hours and dives forType R; 50 hours and dives for Type T) may use registeredrebreathers on dives where indirect supervision is allowed. Do not use rebreathers when direct supervisionis required, unless you are a PADI Rebreather and/orTec CCR Instructor on the specific unit you’re using andhave conducted a risk assessment to decide whether it’sappropriate to use a rebreather.Sidemount Use Student divers and qualified instructors must usesidemount configuration during PADI Sidemountand Tec Sidemount courses. See related instructorguides for requirements. PADI Sidemount Divers may use sidemount configurationduring courses provided that all dive performancerequirements can be met.General Standards and Procedures20
Standard Instructor and Certified Assistant EquipmentHave all standard diver equipment plus:1. Time monitoring device2. Compass3. Knife/diver’s toolException: Where prohibited locally.4. Two surface signaling devices — one audible (whistle,air horn, etc.) and one visible (inflatable surface tube,flare, signal mirror, etc.).5. Dive flag — where required locally6. Instructions for use for dive computer or RDP/eRDPmlInstructorAn instructor is a Teaching Status PADI Open Water ScubaInstructor (or higher rating).Junior Diver CertificationsDivers who are under age 15 may earn a Junior Divercertification as indicated in a course instructor guide. All courserequirements, except dive depths, apply to junior diversunless noted specifically in the course instructor guide(refer to junior depth limitations in the Open Water Dive sectionof this guide). Certification for juniors, as for adults, is basedon mastery learning. Junior Diver certification cards state therestrictions based on age.After certification, 10-11 year olds are restricted todiving with a parent, guardian or PADI Professional to 12metre/40 feet maximum depth; 12-14 year olds must divewith an adult certified diver.Logged DivesTo credit as a logged dive for course requirements, the dive takesplace in open water and specific information about the dive (i.e.General Standards and Procedures21
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALdate, time, location, depth, profile, etc.) is recorded. Training divesfor PADI courses (in open water) qualify as logged dives.Mastery LearningPADI courses/programs are performance based. Certificationsignifies that the student demonstrated mastery of all courseknowledge and skill performance requirements.During knowledge development, mastery is defined asmeeting Knowledge Assessment requirements listed underAdministrative Procedures. (See TecRec Instructor Guides formastery requirements specific to technical diving courses.)During confined and open water dives, mastery is definedas performing the skill so it meets the stated performancerequirements in a reasonably comfortable, fluid, repeatablemanner as would be expected of a diver at that certification level.MaterialsDiverEnsure that student divers have a personal set of currentPADI materials for study and use during the course andfor reference afterward, to include, at a minimum, thecourse manual and slates (printed, digital or app version)unless unavailable in a language understood by thestudent diver. Ensure that student divers have a log book.PADI eLearning meets course manual and video materialrequirements.InstructorUse all PADI diver level materials for PADI courses andprograms, as well as the PADI Instructor Manual, PADI’sGuide to Teaching and the related instructor guides.Recommended: use all associated instructor-level materials.General Standards and Procedures22
Multilevel DiveUsing the eRDPml, a multilevel dive starts at the deepest depthand progresses to shallower depths.Night DiveA night dive is generally conducted any time between sunsetand sunrise.Open Water DivesOpen water is a body of water significantly larger than aswimming pool offering conditions typical of a natural body ofwater encountered by divers.Within this definition, there are certain sites (very largeaquariums and specifically-constructed environments designedfor recreational diving, for example) that provide conditionstypically associated with natural bodies of water, such asappropriate depths for diving, the ability to plan and experiencea dive, bottom contour and composition, water temperaturesrepresentative of the open water dive experience, and/or others.Sites having such attributes can be appropriate for conductingthe following PADI open water dives: Discover Scuba Diving dive(s) PADI Scuba Diver dives Open Water Diver course Dives 1 and 2 Specialty course dives that have an Open Water DiverprerequisiteRequirements1. Choose an appropriate open water diveenvironment that is conducive to meeting courseperformance requirements. Consider these variables:a. Water conditions — including movement, temperature, visibility, depth and aquatic lifeGeneral Standards and Procedures23
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALb.c.d.e.Weather conditionsDive requirementsNumber of certified assistantsPersonal familiarity with the sitef. Participant age, ability, experience andcomfort level2. Minimum depth is 5 metres/15 feet.3. Do not exceed the maximum depth specified incourse instructor guides.a. Absolute maximum is 40 metres/130 feet.Exception: TecRec courses as specified in course instructor guide.b. For Junior Divers, 12-14 years — maximumdepth is 21 metres/70 feet.c. For Junior Divers, 10-11 years — maximumdepth is 12 metres/40 feet.d. When planning a training dive deeper than 18 metres/60 feet, take into account divers’ deep divingexperience level.4. Do not plan or conduct dives that exceedthe Recreational Dive Planner limits or theno-decompression limits of the student’s divecomputer (as outlined by the manufacturer’sinstructions).Exception: TecRec courses as specified in course instructor guide.5. Do not conduct open water dives and DiscoverScuba Diving experience dives in caves, caverns,under ice or in any situation where direct verticalaccess to the surface is not possible.Exceptions: Ice, Cavern or Wreck Diver Specialty courses, special orientationdives for certified divers, and some TecRec dives as specified in course instructorguides.General Standards and Procedures24
6. During open water dives, have divers spend themajority of time at 5 metres/15 feet or greater,and breathe at least 1400 litres or 50 cubic feet ofcompressed gas or remain submerged for at least20 minutes.7. Conduct skills outlined in the course instructor guideand include:a. Briefing covering dive objective, safety andcare for the environment.b. Equipment assembly and predive safety checkc. Entryd. Exite. Debriefing and equipment disassemblyf. Logging the dive — sign/verify each studentdiver’s log book.8. Conduct open water dives during daylight hoursunless otherwise specified in the course instructorguide. Daylight is generally defined as the time from onehour after sunrise to one hour before sunset.9. Student divers may participate in no more thanthree open water training dives in a single day, nightor combination thereof.10. Do not combine the performance requirementsfor two or more dives, such as Adventure Dives orspecialty course dives, into one dive so that credit isreceived for more than one rating.11. Divers may use enriched air on training dives if theyare certified as PADI Enriched Air Divers, or whileparticipating in the PADI Enriched Air Diver course.PADI ProfessionalA PADI Professional is a renewed PADI Member (PADI Divemasteror higher certification).General Standards and Procedures25
PADI INSTRUCTOR MANUALPrerequisite CertificationsContinuing education courses have PADI, TecRec or EFRcertification prerequisites.You may accept divers with certifications through othertraining organizations into a PADI course using this generalguideline, and after conducting a knowledge and skillpreassessment.Qualifying Certification Description:1. PADI Scuba Diver — proof of an entry-level scubacertification with a minimum of two open watertraining dives.2. PADI Open Water Diver — proof of an entry-levelscuba certification with a minimum of four openwater training dives.3. PADI Adventure Diver — proof of certificationbeyond entry-level (at least two certifications total).4. PADI Advanced Open Water Diver — proof ofcertification beyond entry-level (at least twocertifications total); proof of 20 or more loggeddives; documented experience in deep diving andunderwater navigation.5. PADI Rescu
PADI (Junior) ScubaDiver Connedwater Openw aterdive 10:1 8:1 Divemaster — DiscoverLocalDiving 10 PADI (Junior) ScubaDiver 1openwaterdive — Divemaster — PADIScubaDiver/Junior 15/10 — 3connedwater 2openwaterdives 10:1† 8:1† Instructor 19 OpenWaterDiver/Junior 15/10 —
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PADI Instructor Manual 3 Scuba diving can never be entirely risk-free. However, by adhering to the standards within this manual whenever training or supervising divers who participate in PADI courses and programs, PADI Members can provide a strong platform from which divers and novices can
PENGENDALIAN HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TANAMAN PADI Suparyono Balai Penelitian Tanaman Padi Jl Raya IX, Sukamandi, Subang 41256 Pendahuluan Begitu ditanam di lapangan, tanaman padi dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala, baik yang bersifat biotis maupun yang bersifat abiotis. Di antara yang bersifat biotis hama dan penyakit padi
Hama dan penyakit tanaman padi sangat beragam. Disamping faktor lingkungan (curah hujan, suhu, dan musim) yang sangat mempengaruhi terhadap produksi padi adalah pengendalian hama dan penyakit pada tanaman padi sangat perlu dilakukan. 12 Apabila hama dan penyakit tanaman padi tidak dikendalikan dengan baik akan .
Tanaman Padi Tanaman padi merupakan tanaman semusim berumur pendek kurang satu . toleran terhadap hama dan penyakit dan tahan rebah. Dalam pemilihan varietas perlu mempertimbangkan hal-hal sebagai berikut: pergiliran varietas pada pola tanam padi-padi-palawija untuk mencegah ledakan hama dan penyakit, pada musim hujan (MH) dipilih varietas .
This, too, is still basic to conventional literary criticism and is also open to seriou objection. De Wette in 1805 assigned Deuteronomy to the time of Josiah, such that pentateuchal matter considered dependent on Deuteronomy would be still later than it; 160 years later this is still commonly held, despite opposition. In the first half of the 19th century rival theses arose alongside the .
