Your Guide To Healthy, Quality Turf - BASF
Southern Turf SolutionsYour Guide to Healthy, Quality Turf
Dr. Kathie KalmowitzWes Eppele - Region 5Southern z@basf.comSales Representative919-257-1413wes.eppele@basf.comScott Dunham - Region 6Sales 356contents141 Innovative Solutions That Meet Your Regional Needs2 Southern Turf Diseases6 Disease Spray Program Recommendations10 Turf Fungicide Solutions12 Southern Weeds16 Weed Spray Program Recommendations18 Turf Herbicide Solutions20 Turf Colorant Spray Program15
Peggy Clanton - Region 13Sales llie Pennington - Region 12Sales omChris Key - Region 14Herman Giraldo - Region 15Sales Representative813-758-3361chris.key@basf.comSales nnovative Solutions That Meet Your Regional NeedsAt BASF, we create chemistry that helps you grow resilient, healthy turffor optimal playing conditions. Our commitment is to provide you withinnovative fungicides, herbicides and insecticides that complement youragronomic programs and help you achieve your turf management goals.When you purchase BASF solutions, you have the confidence that comesfrom choosing high-quality products, backed by a dedicated team ofexperts that know your business and the challenges you face every day.Our Crop Protection Division invests 1 million per day on research anddevelopment, which has led to innovations like Lexicon Intrinsic brandfungicide and Xzemplar fungicide. In the coming years, we will continueto develop innovative solutions that meet your needs.This regional solutions guide includes recommended BASF products thatare ideal for the control of primary diseases and weeds in your region aswell as turf colorants that enhance the appearance of your course. Withinthis directory, you will also find a valuable overview of the biggest problemsthat affect the turf in your region, from key diseases to important weeds.Note that BASF fungicides control up to 27 diseases, and our herbicidescontrol hundreds of problem weeds.To discuss your specific needs, please contact your BASF salesrepresentative, technical representative or distributor sales representative.You may also visit us online at betterturf.basf.usWe look forward to hearing from you.SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE1
Southern Turf DiseasesBASF fungicides provide rapid and long-lasting residual control of up to27 turf diseases, the most problematic of which are shown and describedhere. On the following pages, you will find recommended spray programsthat deliver preventive and/or curative control of these diseases and others,as well as a list of those diseases and the BASF products that control them.Spring Dead SpotSpring dead spot is considered by some to be the most problematic disease on bermudagrassand bermudagrass hybrid turfgrasses that go dormant and are established for at least threeyears. Circular, straw-colored patches characterize the infection when grasses begin to breakdormancy in the spring. Disease development begins in late summer and early fall and growsrapidly in roots and stolons of turfgrass that have goodmoisture in moderate soil temperatures of 50º-68ºF. Turfgrassunder lower mowing heights, heavy thatch, and nutrientimbalances and compaction can increase disease severity.Turfgrass that is less susceptible to winterkill or that exhibitsgreater cold hardiness can be less affected by springdead spot.The fungi associated with the cause of spring dead spotare Ophiospharella korrae, O. herpotricha, O. narmari, andsometimes Gaeumannomyces graminis in the Southern UnitedStates. Ophiospharella korrae is found mostly in the Easternand Southern United States; O. herpotricha in the plains states(Oklahoma, Arkansas and Missouri); and O. narmari is foundto be more common in California. It is known that a toxinfrom the fungus can remain in the soil, contributing to lackof turfgrass growth in these spots following infection.above:Spring dead spotPhoto: Dr. Bruce Martin,Clemson UniversityField Day, 20152SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
at left:Pythium spp.Photo: N.C. State UniversityPythium spp.Pythium spp. can cause foliar or crown and root rot, generally under different weather patterns,turfgrass susceptibility, and maintenance routines. The typical foliar Pythium blight (aka cottonweb) appears during warm and humid weather patterns, develops rapidly, and can spread fromround patches to streaks across greens and tees with water patterns. A foliar greasy surfaceappearance characterizes these larger areas. Cool-season turfgrass can be more susceptible.Crown and root rots caused by Pythium spp. are slower to develop and can occur anytime thatthe cool and wet conditions associated with spring and autumn (winter in Florida) dominate.Pythium root dysfunction caused by a complex of fungi dominated normally by P. volulum isproblematic on bentgrass greens whereas other Pythium species have been associated withturf decline on warm season greens, especially bermudagrass hybrids. Patches can developand become large areas of turfgrass decline that appear off color, from yellow to reddish brown,ultimately resulting in complete death of the turfgrass across the green. Root and crownPythiums generally do not have foliar mycelia present and clinical diagnostics can best confirmthese diseases.above:Pythium root dysfunctionPhoto: Dr. Bruce Martin,Clemson UniversitySOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE3
Patch Diseases (Rhizoctonia spp.)Brown patch of cool-season turfgrasses, large patch of warm-season turfgrasses caused byRhizoctonia solani, and leaf and sheath spot diseases caused by R. zeae and R. oryzae infect bothwarm- and cool-season turfgrasses. Also, R. cerealis, or yellow patch, generally associated withbentgrass greens, has occurred in the winter months. In the Southern region, brown patch onbentgrass greens occurs as day temperatures along with humidity increase in summer. In themountain regions, fairways of cool-season blends are also susceptible. Grayish to tan patchesdevelop. Smoke rings are noticeable on close-cut turf greens.Large patch caused by Rhizoctonia solani (AG2-2LP) infects warm-season turfgrasses. Zoysiagrassand seashore paspalum turfgrasses – used from greens and collars to bunker faces and fairways– are most susceptible to large patch development. Centipedegrass and St. Augustinegrass aresensitive as well.As soil temperatures drop below 70º F in the early fall, these turfgrasses can become infected.Cool and wet conditions in the fall and spring favor disease development and extended infection.If spring remains cold and wet, the severity of disease can require multiple protective applications.When infected, plant sheaths become reddish-brown to bronze colored; when highly infected,the sheaths turn tan to black and turf dies out in large patches.It is much harder to predict conditions that favor leaf and sheath spot* caused by R. zeae, and thisdisease can be very difficult to control. Laboratory diagnostics of R. zeae are key, as is timing ofthe protective fungicide before patches and rings can extend over large areas of the greens. In theSouth – excluding Florida – the disease is associated with mid-summer to mid-fall temperaturestop to bottom:and moisture. Research is currently exploring which nutrients may help fungicides provide moreBrown patch; large patch;effective overall control.leaf and sheath spotBrown patch photo:Dr. Henry Wetzel,ConsultantLarge patch photo:Dr. Mike Richardson,University of ArkansasLeaf and sheath spot photo:Jim Kerns, NC State University* Leaf and sheath spot caused by Rhizoctonia zeae or Rhizoctonia oryzae(Waitea circinata var. zeae or W. circinata var. oryzae, Chrysorhiza zeae or Chrysorhiza oryzae)4SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
Fairy RingFairy rings can occur through the growing season in any region of the country and inbelow:cool- and warm-season turfgrasses. A number of soil- and thatch-inhabiting fungi belongingFairy ring typesto the “mushroom-forming” group basidiomycetes cause fairy rings of different types. ThePhotos: Dr. Mike Fidanza,presence of a fungal growth under the turfgrass is indicated by any of the following: an irregularPennsylvania State Universitypattern of turfgrass death or a ring of dead turfgrass; a darkgreen stimulated ring of turfgrass; or a ring or an arrangementof mushrooms or puffballs with no other effects to the turfgrass.Turfgrass under lower moisture and watering conditions aswell as lower fertility and higher thatch production are moresusceptible to fairy ring development. Sand-based greens canbe more susceptible. Knowing whether you have developedhydrophobic conditions in your soil profile may dictate a routinewetting agent program to assist with moisture retention andbreakdown of the organic layers. Applications of fungicides andwetting agents have provided relief but may not eradicate thepossible ring formation.Bipolaris Leaf SpotIn warm-season turfgrasses, bipolaris leaf spot is causedprincipally by Bipolaris cynodontis, B. sorokiniana, B. spicfera,and Exserohilum spp. Leaf spot infection occurs on leaves,stolons and rhizomes, first appearing tan to straw in color.Individual spots can coalesce and form irregular patches if not controlled. Overall thinning of theturfgrass may occur. If turfgrass is lost, then algae can be seen filling these canopy voids.Bipolaris leaf spot occurs in warm-season turfgrass during wet and cooler weather, from latesummer through autumn and spring. In bermudagrass that does not go dormant, the infectionperiod could extend into winter months. Leaf spots occur in warm-season turfgrass during wetand cooler weather from late summer to autumn and then into spring. In bermudagrass thatdoes not go dormant the infection period could extend into winter months. Lean fertility programsand low mowing heights can aggravate infection. Sometimes severe leaf spot can be mistakenfor the occurrence of chronic nematode problems.above:Bipolaris leaf spotPhoto: Dr. Bruce Martin,Clemson UniversitySOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE5
Disease Spray Program RecommendationsProgram 1: Fall Management of Non-Dormant Bermudagrass Greens and TeesRate/DiseaseTargetApplication VolumeEnd of summer through winter0.47 fl ozBipolarisleaf spotApplication needs to target leafspot and leave fungicide on foliage*Segway fungicide 26GT fungicide Mancozeb fungicidePreventive or early curative0.9 fl oz 4 fl oz 4 fl ozLeaf spot andPythiumFollow individual product labelfor target disease treatment2bXzemplar fungicidePreventive or early curative0.26 fl ozFairy ring andleaf spots2 gal/1,000 sq ft – Fairy ringrequires additional irrigation; leafspots do not irrigate3Honor Intrinsic brand fungicideLate Oct. through Nov.0.47 fl ozBipolaris leafspot, fairy ring,Bermudagrassdecline2 gal/1,000 sq ft – Applicationneeds to leave fungicide on foliage.See footnote for contact fungicidetank mix4aProstar fungicide, Mirage Stressgardor Torque fungicidePreventive or early curativeSee productlabelFairy ring2 gal/1,000 sq ft ¼ inch of waterfollowing application4bSegway fungicide 26GT fungicide Mancozeb fungicidePreventive or early curative0.9 fl oz 4 fl oz 4 fl ozLeaf spot andPythiumFollow individual product labelfor target disease treatmentApp #ProductTiming1Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicide2a1,000 sq ft* If cloudy, humid and wet conditions persist, the shorter length of control may be anticipated. Combine or rotate with contact likeDaconil or Mancozeb fungicide to extend control. When controlling leaf spot, avoid applications of Plant Growth Regulators ( PGRs)at the time of application to allow the turfgrass to grow.Program 2: Fall Management of Soil Diseases on Dormant Bermudagrass Greens and TeesRate/DiseaseTargetPreventive Sept. 15 - Oct. 100.47 fl ozSpringdead spot*†2 gal /1,000 sq ft additional turnson the head directly following theapplicationSignature XTRA Stressguardfungicide Daconil Action fungicidePreventive or early curative6 fl oz 3.2 fl ozPythium andleaf spotsFollow individual product label fortarget disease treatment2bXzemplar fungicidePreventive or early curative0.26 fl ozFairy ring †2 gal /1,000 sq ft 1/4 inch of waterfollowing application3aLexicon Intrinsic brand fungicidePreventive Oct. 15 - Nov. 100.47 fl ozSpringdead spot*†2 gal /1,000 sq ft additional turnson the head directly following theapplication3bSegway fungicide 26GT fungicide Mancozeb fungicidePreventive or early curative0.9 fl oz 4 fl oz 4 fl ozLeaf spot andPythiumFollow individual product labelfor target disease treatment4ProStar fungicidePreventive or early curative2.2 fl ozFairy ring2 gal /1,000 sq ft 1/4 inch of waterfollowing applicationApp #ProductTiming1Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicide2a1,000 sq ftApplication Volume* The second application should be out at least one month prior to beginning of winter dormancy.Applications should be made to actively-growing turfgrass.† Subject to BASF FIFRA Section 2(ee) Recommendation for spring dead spot and fairy ring. See www.CDMS.net for BASFTechnical Information Bulletin.6SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
Program 3: Control of Pythium spp. on Bentgrass or Bermudagrass Greens and TeesRate/DiseaseTargetPreventive or early curativewhen weather conditions favordisease development0.9 fl ozPythium spp. blight or root rot2 gal /1,000 sq ftLexicon Intrinsic brand fungicideor Honor Intrinsic brand fungicide2 weeks following initialapplication; 10-14 day intervalwhen weather conditionsremain challenging0.47 fl ozPythium spp. blight or root rot2 gal /1,000 sq ft*3Chipco Signature fungicide2 weeks after last application4-6 fl ozPythium spp.2 gal /1,000 sq ft4Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicideor Honor Intrinsic brand fungicide2 weeks following initialapplication; 10-14 day intervalwhen weather conditionsremain challenging0.47 fl ozPythium spp. blight or root rot2 gal /1,000 sq ft*App #ProductTiming1Segway fungicide21,000 sq ftApplication Volume* If treating Pythium root rot, make sure to provide additional irrigation directly following the application to move fungicide intothe soil.* Presence of Pythium can be both foliar blight and root and crown rot. Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicide is best used as apreventive in a rotation with Pythium-specific fungicides. Segway fungicide, Banol fungicide and Koban fungicide are productsof choice when making curative applications, followed by residual applications of Lexicon Intrinsic or Honor Intrinsicbrand fungicides.SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE7
Program 4: Control of Rhizoctonia spp. in Cool-Season TurfgrassesApp #ProductTimingRate/DiseaseTarget1,000 sq ftApplication VolumeBrown Patch1Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicideHonor Intrinsic brand fungicideWhen conditions are presentfor brown patch summer 2 week interval0.47 fl oz1.11 fl ozBrown patchon bentgrassgreens2 gal /1,000 sq ft2Daconil fungicideWhen conditions remainpresent for brown patch7-10 day interval3.2 fl ozBrown patchon bentgrassgreens2 gal /1,000 sq ft3Xzemplar fungicideWhen conditions remainpresent for brown patch2 week interval0.26 fl ozBrown patchon bentgrassgreens2 gal /1,000 sq ft426 GT Daconil fungicideWhen conditions are presentfor brown patch2 week interval0.47 fl oz3.2 fl ozBrown patchon bentgrassgreens2 gal /1,000 sq ftProgram 5: Control of Rhizoctonia spp. in Warm-Season TurfgrassesApp #ProductTimingRate/DiseaseTarget1,000 sq ftApplication VolumeLarge Patch1Trinity fungicideEarly Sept. when conditionsare present for large patch1.5 fl ozLarge patch onwarm-seasongreens orfairways2 gal /1,000 sq ft2Xzemplar fungicideLater in fall, prior to dormancy0.26 fl ozLarge patch onwarm-seasongreens orfairways2 gal /1,000 sq ft*3Xzemplar fungicideIn spring, at the time of the firstgreen-up. Repeat applicationwithin 21 days if weatherremains cool and wet0.26 fl ozLarge patch onwarm-seasongreens orfairways2 gal /1,000 sq ft* P lease note that this application will also protect the turfgrass from dollar spot and leaf spots caused by Bipolaris spp.as the turf becomes dormant.8SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
Program 6: Control of Rhizoctonia zeae in Warm- or Cool-Season Turfgrass GreensRate/DiseaseTargetEarly summerControl of this disease targetshould be with applicationson 14-day interval0.47 fl oz3.2 fl ozRhizoc. zeae warm-seasonturfgrass greens2 gal /1,000 sq ftMirage Stressgardor Torque fungicideSummerSee productlabel(s)Rhizoc. zeae warm-seasonturfgrass greens2 gal /1,000 sq ft3Xzemplar fungicide Daconil fungicideSummer0.26 fl oz3.2 fl ozRhizoc. zeae warm-seasonturfgrass greens2 gal /1,000 sq ft*4ProStar fungicideSummerIf symptoms persist continue torotate products, referring backto top treatments (1-4), every2 weeks into fallSee productlabelRhizoc. zeae warm-seasonturfgrass greens2 gal /1,000 sq ftApp #ProductTiming1Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicide Daconil fungicide21,000 sq ftApplication Volume* Please note that these applications will also provide preventive protection for fairy ring and bipolaris leaf spot during thistime period if weather conditions become cloudy and wet for extended periods. Reference CDMS for BASF FIFRA 2(ee)Recommendations for Xzemplar fungicide.SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE9
Turf Fungicide SolutionsBroad-SpectrumPlant Health SolutionsLexicon Intrinsic brand fungicideFor the ideal plant health foundation, apply four times a year* for cool-season and warm-seasongreens. Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicide controls 27 turfgrass diseases, providing resilient,healthy greens.Honor Intrinsic brand fungicideKeep your fairways and tees in top-notch condition. Provides two modes of action, deliveringsuperior control of top diseases plus proven plant health benefits.Insignia SC Intrinsic brand fungicideThis proven standard provides reliable, cost-effective disease control and plant health benefits forfairways and greens.Pillar G Intrinsic brand fungicideA broad-spectrum granular fungicide for the control of patch diseases such as brown andlarge/zoysia patch, bermudagrass decline and others, for a total of 27 diseases.Dollar Spot SolutionsXzemplar fungicideMaximizing utility on greens and fairways for control of patch diseases, fairy ring and leaf spots.Xzemplar fungicide provides the ultimate control of dollar spot.Emerald fungicideProvides 21- to 28-day preventive dollar spot control. Excellent for fairways, greens, and tees.Trinity fungicideDelivers unbeatable value for controlling a broad spectrum of diseases, including dollar spot,anthracnose, and patch diseases. The ideal tank mix or rotation partner for Intrinsic brandfungicides to control your most troublesome turf problems. Best used in the spring and fall ofthe year in Southern turfgrass management.* Now labeled for 4 applications per year at the highest rate, which is 0.47 fl oz /1,000 sq ft.Technical OverviewFRAC group(s)PackagingFormulationLength of controlRate cbrandfungicideInsignia SCIntrinsicbrandfungicidePillar ngicideTrinityfungicide7 117 11113 117734x 21 fl oz6x 3 lb1x 36 lb4x 30.5 fl oz4x 122 fl oz2x 2.5 gal30 lb bag2x 114 fl oz4x 11.4 fl oz10x 0.49 lb50x 0.49 lb2x 2.5 galSuspensionconcentrateWater-dispersable ntrateWater-dispersable granuleSuspensionconcentrateUp to 28 daysUp to 28 daysUp to 28 daysUp to 28 daysUp to 28 daysUp to 28 days14-21 days0.34 - 0.47 fl oz/1,000 sq ft0.55 - 1.11 oz /1,000 sq ft0.4 - 0.7 fl oz /1,000 sq ft3 lbs /1,000 sq ft0.16 - 0.26 fl oz/1,000 sq ft0.13 - 0.16 oz /1,000 sq ft1.0 - 2.0 fl oz/1,000 sq ftSOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
Disease Spectrum OverviewLexicon Intrinsic brandfungicideHonor IntrinsicbrandfungicideInsignia SCIntrinsicbrandfungicidePillar GIntrinsicbrandfungicideAnthracnosennnnBentgrass dead spotnnnnBermudagrass declinennnnBrown patchnnnnBrown ring patchnnnnDollar spotnnnnnn Major diseasescontrolledAlgae (suppression)Xzemplar fungicidennnnnnnnnGrey leaf spotnnnnLarge patchnnnnnLeaf spotnnnnn Melting outnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnPink patchnnFairy ringPowdery mildewTrinity fungicidenFusarium patchNecrotic ring spot(suppression)Emerald fungicidennnnnnn†nPythium blightnnnnPythium root dysfunctionnnnnRapid blightnnnnRed threadnnnnnnnnRustnnnnnSnow moldnnnnnRhizoctonia leafor sheath spotSpring dead spotnn n Summer patchnnnnTake-all patchnnnnYellow tuftnnnnZoyzia patchnnnnnnnnn N ow subject to BASF FIFRA 2(ee) Recommendation for fairy ring, leaf spot, rhizoctonia leafor sheath spot, spring dead spot in certain states. See www.CDMS.net for BASF TechnicalInformation Bulletins.† Tank mix suggested.SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE11
Southern WeedsBASF offers highly effective pre- and postemergent herbicides that controlSouthern turfgrass weeds. The five most prevalent Southern weeds areshown and described here. On the pages that follow, recommended weedcontrol spray programs and a Weed Spectrum Overview detail how BASFproducts control these weeds.Annual BluegrassAnnual bluegrass (Poa annua) is a problematic, winter annual, grassy weed found infestingturfgrass stands around the globe. Although it has been cultivated on putting greens in theNorthern U.S., annual bluegrass infestations on greens, fairways, roughs and lawns disruptthe aesthetics of the area, and in the case of athletic fields, its shallow root system can reduceabove:Annual bluegrass withinturfgrassPhoto: Shawn AskewVirginia Polytechnic Instituteand State Universityathlete safety. Annual bluegrass has a light green color and produces copious numbers ofseedheads in early spring. In summer, its lack of tolerance for drought, heat, and overall stressreduces stand numbers and produces an undesirable, voided appearance. This weed easilytolerates a broad range of cutting heights, from several inches to several millimeters.Annual bluegrass can be identified by its light green color, tall, membraneous ligule, and foldedvernation. Seeds are produced in a whitish-green pyramidal panicle.Currently, there are few postemergent herbicides labeled for control of annual bluegrass incool-season turfgrass, but herbicides in the sulfonylurea group will selectively control annualbluegrass (and other cool-season turfgrass species) in warm-season turfgrass. There areseveral options for controlling annual bluegrass preemergence, but consult labels for turfgrassrestrictions. See specific labels for selectively postemergent control since products can severelydamage cool-season grasses or can only be used on dormant turfgrass.12SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
CrabgrassCrabgrass is a summer annual grass commonly found infesting turfgrass stands. There areseveral species that are commonly found in the Southern region: smooth crabgrass (Digitariaischaemum), large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis), and Southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris).Crabgrass germinates when soil temperatures exceed 57-64ºF for extended periods of timein spring, and dies following decreased temperatures and the first killing frost in fall. Crabgrassestiller aggressively if left unchecked, and are capable of rooting at tiller nodes. Crabgrassgerminates readily in bare areas, so a strong, dense turfgrass sward is a good defenseagainst infestation.Smooth crabgrass has a smooth, membranous ligule (1.0-2.0 mm), with sparse hairs aroundthe collar region, but no hairs are visible on the rest of the plant. Large crabgrass has an uneven,membranous ligule (1.0-2.0 mm) with dense hairs on thecollar and overall leaf surface. Southern crabgrass has a frayed,membranous ligule (1.0-3.0 mm) with dense hairs on thesheath and collar, but sparse or absent hairs on leaf surfaces.All species have a rolled vernation.There are several effective pre- and postemergent herbicideslabeled for controlling crabgrass in cool- and warm-seasonturfgrass, which can be referenced in the Weed SpectrumOverview in this guide.above and left:Crabgrass in variousturfgrassesSOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE13
GoosegrassGoosegrass (Eleusine indica) is another summer annual grass that is commonly found infestingturfgrass stands where the turfgrass is thinned from biotic or abiotic factors. Goosegrass alsothrives in compacted areas such as driveways, cart paths, or other areas subject to high traffic.Plant growth is similar to crabgrass, but overall plant morphology is different.Goosegrass has a fringed, membranous ligule (0.9 mm), and a prostrate growth habit. Often, thecenter of the tillers is whitish-silver. Seedheads are shaped loosely like bird’s feet. Sheaths aretypically hairy, with sparse hairs found elsewhere on the plant. Goosegrass has a folded vernation.There are several effective pre- and postemergent herbicides labeled for controlling goosegrassin cool- and warm-season turfgrass, which can be referenced in the Weed Spectrum Overviewin this guide.above:Goosegrass; green kyllingaGoosegrass photo:Dr. Shawn Askew,Virginia Polytechnic Instituteand State UniversityKyllinga and SedgesKyllinga and sedges are not grasses, but perennial grass-like plants commonly found infestingturfgrass stands that tend to remain wet. Green kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia), yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentus), and purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) are most easily identified by theirtriangular stems. Kyllinga species typically grow about four to five inches in height, usually no tallerthan eight inches in height. Yellow nutsedge can be much taller, often exceeding 12 inches in heightwith finely pointed leaves; purple nutsedge has both tall and short spikes and boat-shaped leaf tips.Kyllinga persists via mats of rhizomes, or underground stems,and reproduces by seed. Yellow nutsedge persists via mats ofrhizomes and reproduces via small tubers, or nutlets. Purplenutsedge persists and reproduces via rhizomes connectedtogether like chains. Yellow nutsedge is known for tubers thathave a “sweet taste.”There are several BASF products shown in the Weed SpectrumOverview which control kyllinga and sedges, but reducingpersistent, wet soil conditions can also reduce infestations ofthese weeds. Hand pulling does not typically reduce populationlevels, as most of the persistent structures are underground.left:Yellow nutsedgePhoto: Jose (Javi) Vargas,Research Associate, Universityof Tennessee14SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
DoveweedDoveweed (Murdannia nudiflora) is a summer annual broadleaf weed that is often confused fora grass, particularly when it infests large areas of turfgrass. Doveweed germinates at temperaturesbetween 65º and 70º F. Similar to the sedge species, doveweed prefers moist areas but hasbeen seen to infest taller cut grass around bunkers, fairway edges, and slope areas. The leaveshave a thick, rubbery texture, and are borne on stolons. This plant reproduces by seed and viashredded stolons. Flowers are purple-blue and have three petals.Utilizing pre- and postemergent herbicides in conjunction with improved cultural practices willeliminate weed problems in one to three years, depending on infestation severity. See theWeed Spectrum Overview in this guide for herbicides that control doveweed. Identifying wherethe doveweed has emerged – since it grows deep out of the turfgrass canopy – is the key totiming. The first application ofthe season should combinea preemergent herbicide witha postemergent herbicide.left:Closeup of doveweedin flowerabove:Doveweed in turfgrassPhotos: Dr. Lambert McCarty,Clemson UniversitySOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE15
Weed Spray Program RecommendationsProgram 1: Control of Weeds in Fairways, Roughs or Lawn CareApp #ProductTimingRate/ACTurf TypeWeed TargetApplication Volume1Pendulum AC herbicidePreemergence in earlyspring4.2 ptsCool and warmCrabgrass and small-seededbroadleafs40-80 galsper acre2Tower herbicidePreemergence in latespring32 fl ozWarmGoosegrass, doveweed,and sedges/kyllinga40-80 galsper acre3aPylex herbicide orPylex herbicide Drive XLR8 herbicidePostemergence in latesummer1-1.5 fl oz1 32 fl ozCoolGoosegrass and crabgrassin cool-season grasses40-80 galsper acre3bPendulum AC herbicide Pylex herbicidePre- and postemergencein early summer4.2 pts1-1.5 fl ozCoolGoosegrass and crabgrassin cool-season grasses40-80 galsper acre3cPylex herbicide Basagran T&O herbicidePostemergence in earlysummer and fall1-1.5 fl oz2 ptsCoolCrabgrass, goosegrass, andsedges40-80 galsper acre4aTower herbicidePreemergence inmid summer32 fl ozWarmGoosegrass, doveweed,and sedges/kyllinga40-80 galsper acre4bTower herbicide Drive XLR8 herbicidePreemergence combinedwith postemergence32 fl oz32-64 fl ozWarmGoosegrass, doveweed,crabgrass, and sedges/kyllinga40-80 galsper acreBasagran T&O herbicide has registration for use on cool- and warm-season grasses, and can be integrated into these programsfor postemergent control of broadleaf weeds and sedges.16SOUTHERN TURF SOLUTIONS GUIDE
Program 2: Control of Weeds in Naturalized AreasApp #ProductTimingRate/ACTurf TypeWeed TargetApplication Volume1Pendulum AC herbicidePreemergence in earlyspring4.2 ptsCool- and warmseason ornamentalgrassesCrabgrass and small-seededbroadleafs40-80 galsper acre2Pendulum AC herbicide Pylex herbicidePre- andpostemergence inearly summer4.2 pts1-1.5 fl ozCool- andselective warmseason ornamentalgrasses*Goosegrass and crabgrass/clover in cool-season grasses40-80 galsper acre3Basagran T&O herbicide Pylex herbicidePostemergence2 pts 1.5 fl ozCool- and nga, goosegrass,crabgrass and selectedbroadleaf weeds40-80 galsper acre * Little bluestem, weeping lovegrass and fescues have shown a tolerance to Pylex herbicide. All other species used in naturalizedareas need to be tested prior to large-scale application. Segment herbicide can be integrated into the program for control ofgrasses, including perennial grasses such as bermudagrass.Progr
1 Lexicon Intrinsic brand fungicide End of summer through winter 0.47 fl oz Bipolaris leaf spot Application needs to target leaf spot and leave fungicide on foliage* 2a Segway fungicide 26GT fungicide Mancozeb fungicide Preventive or early curative 0.9 fl oz 4 fl oz 4 fl oz Leaf spot and
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