What IsWhat Is Global Warming?!Global Warming?!
What isGlobal Warming?!By HayanonTranslated by Y. Noda and Y. KamideSupervised by A. Mizuno
People and mammoths coexisted in ancientdays. Paintings of the mammoths on the cavewalls in Europe are believed to date back tothe Paleolithic era.Ȫhttp://www.grottederouffignac.fr/ȫCold6 C151050WarmDate (10,000 yr before the present)6 CColdYounger Dryas3020100Date (1,000 yr before the present)WarmMidlatitude air temperatureMedieval Warm PeriodLittle Ice Age1.5 CColdHi. I am a mammoth. My genusexisted from around 3 million years agoto 10,000 years ago. Do you know thatremains of a frozen mammoth excavatedin Siberia were displayed at the 2005World Exposition in Aichi, Japan? Tomy delight, as many as about 7 millionvisitors came to see the display!Although we resemble modernelephants, it is said that we were nottheir immediate ancestors. Some of ourspecies were covered with long hair andwere able to survive throughout the IceAge.The mammoths‛ territory expanded toEurope, Asia, and North America, whichwere connected together at that time.Then we disappeared.Thousands of years after theextinction, people found our remains inSiberia and came to understand us.Do you ever wonder why we died out?There seem to be two possible reasons.One is that extinction is the result ofglobal warming. Grasslands and pondswere replaced by coniferous forests dueto the temperature rise after the IceAge. The plants we lived on were gone.I have heard that you, humans, areresponsible for the acceleration of te Change (Adapted from “Webb, III, T. et al., inGlobal Change, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1985”)warming by emitting more carbon dioxideand methane. I really hope that youwill not suffer from food shortages likewe did. Luckily, though, global warmingcan be minimized by your efforts andingenuity.The other theory for our extinction isoverhunting by humans. They sometimesact, driven only by their own desires,jumping over a line which should not becrossed. Please remember the value ofall life on Earth and the preciousness ofthe Earth‛s environment.The whole world needs to tackle theproblem of global warming instead ofpursuing their own interests in order tohead off an irreversible crisis.Also, if the globe keeps warming, mybed will be melted! That is really aproblem. Now, I have talked enough. Iam going back to sleep. Bye for now.Zzz .
It is a rainyday today.Mom saidsummer iscoming soon.Our familiar friends, sciencelover Mol and her robotic dogMirubo, are stuck in the house,doing nothing but watching TV.Now, we havea report onglobal warming . but whyis it socold?I really miss thesunshine. Go awayrain, and hurry upsummer!What?Globalwarming?!1
Is the Earth warming?Can I swim inthe sea throughoutthe year?We will neverhave winter?I don‛t thinkso, Mol. Globalwarming must besomething bad.Splash!That isheaven!!We shouldask Sensei!Why?Everyone ishappy in thewarm weather.They sayit is a“problem.”Hi kids!Are you interestedin global warming?Yes, what isit, Sensei?PatThat is not aneasy questionto answer.Why is ita problem?Let‛s begin withthinking whatwill happen . followingglobalwarming.2
During the past 4.6 billion years,the Earth has gone throughclimate changes over and over.The Earth, a magma ocean at thebeginning of its history, hasalternately experienced iceages and warm periods.This is a simulationresult, calculated by asupercomputer, on howglobal temperature willchange over the nextcentury.It is currently in theslow-paced warmingperiod that started20,000 years ago.It shows anincrease ofabout 1 to 5 C.Is it onlyabout 5 C?Global Temperature Change from 1990 to 2100,according to the two scenarios㧖Temperature Change ( C)6Scenario 1Scenario 25We can ignoresuch a fied from “Climate Change 2001: Contribution WG I to IPCC 3, J. T. Houghtonet al. (eds.), Cambridge Univ. Press, 2001”Actually, we couldfind ways to adjustourselves to eitherextremely warm orcold weathers.Other animalsmay migrateto comfortableplaces to live.Move to . a newworld, folks.㧖 Bars on the right show the range in the temperature in 2100 produced by two different models.Scenario 1: A future world of rapid economic growth with technological emphasis on fossil fuel-intensive energies.Scenario 2: A world with the introduction of clean and resouce-efficient technologies emphasizing environmental sustainability.3
Then what about plants?BlaaaaBur zingrrrningThey are sensitive totemperature changes,and they cannot moveto other places bythemselves.It‛s too hot.I cannot staystanding anymore.First of all,global warmingwill have a greatimpact on plants.When there arenot many plants,creatures that eatplants will also beaffected.Insects, birds,and plant-eatinganimals willdisappear fromtheir habitats.Furthermore,meat-eating animalscould no longersurvive as a resultof this ecologicaldisorder.The temperature risecauses melting of icecaps atop mountains andglaciers in the north andsouth polar regions.4It is anticipatedthat we will facea serious shortageof agriculturalfoods.This willimpact livestockas well ascrop harvests.Even a few degreeincrease in temperaturehas impacts on animaland plant distributions,leading to globalecosystem changes.That isterrible.
If the sea level rises,low-lying coastal areasand small islands willbe submerged.Noooo!!That wouldseverely affectpeople living there.It is predicted that a 5 Cincrease in temperature wouldmelt the Greenland ice sheet,resulting in 3-meter sealevel rise over the nextmillennium.What if mycountrydisappears?We mustmove tosomewhereelse!Not only that, it would raise sea level byabout 7 meters if it melted completely.What would happen if all the ice onthe Earth melted?My town wouldbe gone?Well, it is not aneasy thing to escapeto another country.I haveto learn aforeignlanguage.蛞ȟ?䚐 ʆNot manycountries couldreceive evacuees.I would goanywhere onlyif they haveroasted meat.A lot moreproblems areto be expected.5
Climate change couldreduce the habitableareas of the world.Then, people will startfighting over scarcefoods and lands.This is a horribleidea, but globalwarming couldspark widespreadwars.Aargh!ak oombEven wars couldtake placebecause of a fewdegree rise?Hands offmy meat!!The slightestdifference in theEarth‛s temperaturewould upset thewhole world.weep.6Yes, it hasseriouseffects.It is not timefor tears.We have to dosomething to stopglobal warming.Let‛s begin withunderstandingits mechanism.Please explain itto us, Sensei.
Do you knowhow the Earth‛stemperaturerises?Sunlight heatsup the ground.The heatedground emitsinfrared radiation.SolarRadiationInfraredRadiationGroundThe ozone layer absorbs theultraviolet radiation from theSun and warms the atmosphere.Meanwhile, the airabsorbs infraredradiation, warmingup the atmosphere.Carbon dioxide (CO2),water vapor, methane,nitrous oxide (N2O), andchlorofluorocarbonsexist in the air.These moleculeseffectively absorbinfrared heat radiationand are calledgreenhouse aredRadiationGreenhouseGasesInfraredRadiation7
They areour enemies!!Fight offgreenhousegases!Listen, kids.Those gases play animportant role inkeeping our planetat comfortabletemperature.Greenhouse gasesform a “blanket”around the Earthand keep it warm.Can you imagine howwarm it is to becovered by manylayers of blankets?The Earth is actingjust like that.It is becomingwarmer and warmerinside the blankets.Without them,Earth wouldbe a frozen,ice planet.The problem isan excessiveincrease of thosegases.The Sun‛s heat keepscoming, but the heatis trapped by blanketsand cannot escape.Oh, it isso hot!I feel like I amin a greenhouse!8
The Earth isgetting warmerand warmer.Removethe blanket,pleeease!Do youknow anysolution?What can Ipossibly do?!puffpuffMany ofgreenhouse gasesare emitted byhuman activities.A large amountof CO2 is generatedin the combustionprocess.By reducingemissions, globalwarming canbe prevented.We have to try toreduce the humanoriginated gasemissions with ourefforts and ingenuity.Burning rubbish inan incinerator, usingfossil fuels todrive cars, .There are many causesof CO2 emissionsaround us.What exactlycan be done?Can we helpstop such abig problem?9
One of theimmediateactions is wastereduction.Give awayold clothes tosomeone orremake them.Do not set yourair conditioner‛sthermostat .We have to cutthe amountof rubbish tobe burned.Do not throwaway products onlyto buy brand newones, one afteranother. at a colder orwarmer settingthan normal.Save energy!click!Grow treesand protectforests!10Do not wasteresources.Go on recycling!Plastic bottles,cans, and usedpaper are recycledthrough a resourcerecycling center.Bring your own bags forshopping to reduce wastefrom plastic bags.Mom doesthe same thing!Use publictransportation.Ride a bicycle orwalk to avoidusing your car.When you stopthe car for acertain time, turnoff the engine tosave the fuel.Turn offunnecessarylights.Trees absorbcarbon dioxide andproduce oxygen.
Protecting natureand resources leadsto the prevention ofglobal warming.Reduce rubbish,save resources!Slight effortsby each of uswill make a bigdifference.I just thoughtglobal warmingwould bring useverlastingsummer.Good !That issomethingI can do.So did I, butthe truth is,it should bestopped!Now,to save energyand to protectthe Earth, turnoff the lights andgo to sleep earlytoday. Good night,Mirubo.But Mol,you have notfinished yourhomework yet.11
⁉⁚⁓ ‒⁛ ‒‹⁞ ⁔⁓⁞‒⁉⁓ ⁛ ⁙‱–On TV and newspapers everyonetalks about global warming. They saygasoline cars cause the problem andthat the gasoline tax needs to beincreased to stop it.Gee, you are so smart, Mol!Greenhouse gases such as CO2 andmethane emitted from burning fossilfuels contribute a lot to global warming.Various measures are studied to cutthose gases.The introduction of“environmental tax” on oil and coal isone of them.When did the Earth start warming?The Earth has gone through warmand cold climates in cycles that lastthousands of years or tens of thousandsof years since its birth about 4.6 billionyears ago. The Earth is currentlythought to be in a warm period, fromthe viewpoint of long-term climatechanges.However, greenhouse gas emissionsincluding CO2 have increased especiallysince the Industrial Revolution beganaround 1750. The recent warming trendreflects its impacts.I know that the invention of thesteam engine led to the rapid industrialdevelopment. Coal provided the powerto drive the steam engines!Thanks to inventions during thisperiod, our life has become full ofconveniences. Is that a cause ofglobal warming?! We did not need theIndustrial Revolution at all?!Wait! I, and even TV, would notexist without those inventions.Our present life has beenestablishedbasedonpeople‛sachievements of that time. They,however, never imagined we would facethe crucial problem resulting fromtheir inventions.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) areanother example of what had providedus with convenience but later turnedout to be harmful. CFCs, used in air12conditioners, are found to destroy theozone layer.In 1898, a Swedish chemist S.Arrhenius suggested that CO2 couldcause global warming. The issue thenbegan to be discussed at the U.S.Congress in the 1980s, and soon becameof worldwide concern.What will happen if the Earth keepswarming?Scientists make predictions basedon various scenarios. They say that thetemperature will rise about 1 to 5 C inthe next 100 years.Is that all? We can ignore that.No. Even though the rise wouldnot be severe enough to directlykill animals, it could cause ecologicaldisorder. Global warming could reducecrop yields as well as plants whichanimals depend on.It would also cause sea levels torise by melting glaciers. Most parts oflow-lying islands like Maldives will besubmerged. The occurrence of extremeweather events such as heat waves andtyphoons is estimated to increase.That is a big problem! What can wedo to avoid that?The whole world needs totackle global warming together. Aninternational conference is annuallyheld to try to reduce greenhouse gasemissions.Every one of us is also able tocontribute to stopping the problemthrough energy saving. Setting your airconditioner‛s thermostat to a moderatetemperature, or turning off the enginewhile parking, for example. Many smallthings make a great difference.I have an idea!I will use asmokeless BBQ grill from now on. Thatcould reduce CO2 emissions.Well, I do not know whether thatworks, maybe so .
*QY VQ /GCUWTG )TGGPJQWUG )CUGUA compact FTIR measures atmospheric CO2 concentration.some specific infrared wavelengthsdetermined by the molecular structure ofCO2. Such a discrete absorption featureis called an absorption line. In the FTIRmeasurements from the ground, thespectrometer directly looks at the Sun,and the CO2 concentration is derived fromthe intensity of the absorption lines.There is an ongoing project to makeobservations of greenhouse gases inthe Earth‛s atmosphere from space!Satellite-borne FTIR is to obtain two typesof infrared spectra. One is reflected bythe Earth‛s surface after being radiatedfrom the Sun, and the other is radiatedfrom Earth itself.With the aim of studying changes inthe Earth‛s CO2 concentration in a broaderperspective, the GOSAT satellite of Japanand the U.S. OCO satellite carrying adiffraction-grating infrared spectrometerare scheduled for launch in 2007.CO2 Concentration (ppm)Do you know that the content ofgreenhouse gases such as CO2 and methanein the air is only a tiny bit? CO2 accountsfor 0.03% of the air, and the level ofmethane is only 1.7 ppm (parts per million).Because they have enormous impacts onclimate changes despite their low content,an accurate measurement of those gases isessential.In 1958, a U.S. scientist C. D. Keelingand his colleagues started measurementof CO2 as the major greenhouse gas at anobservatory on the top of an about 4,000meter-high mountain called Mauna Loa inHawaii.A nondispersive infrared analyzer isused for the observation. This analyzermeasures CO2 concentration by making useof the gas's nature of absorbing infraredradiation.In more detail, infraredabsorption intensities are measuredalternately for two gas samples; one is theair sampled from the outside and the otheris a reference gas whose CO2 abundance isknown. The CO2 concentration is derivedfrom the difference of the absorptionintensities.While the above method provides“in-situ” analysis of CO2 concentration,“remote” data can be obtained using aninstrument named Fourier TransformInfra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR).CO2 in the atmosphere absorbs sunlight atYearCO2 Concentration Observed at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (Source: C. D. Keeling et al., ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, University of California at San Diego)
Climate and Weather ofSun-Earth System (CAWSES)CAWSES: A SSCOSTEPCOSCOSTEP Program 20042004-20082008Solar Influence on ClimateSpace Weather: Science andApplicationsAtmospheric Coupling ProcessesSpace ClimatologytheCAWSES is an international program sponsored bySCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics)and has been established with the aim of significantlyenhancing our understanding of the space environment andits impacts on life and society. The main functions ofCAWSES are to help coordinate international activities inobservations, modeling and theory crucial to achieving thisunderstanding, to involve scientists in both developed anddeveloping countries, and to provide educational opportunitiesfor students at all levels. The CAWSES office is located atBoston University, Boston, MA, USA. The four scienceThemes of CAWSES are shown in the aa.gov/stp/SCOSTEP/scostep.htmlSolar-Terrestrial Environment(STEL), Nagoya UniversityLaboratorySTEL is operated under an inter-university cooperativesystem in Japan. Its purpose is to promote “research on thestructure and dynamics of the solar-terrestrial system,” incollaboration with a number of universities and institutionsboth in Japan and abroad. The Laboratory consists of fourresearch Divisions: Atmospheric Environment, Ionosphericand Magnetospheric Environment, Heliospheric Environment,and Integrated Studies. The Geospace Research Center isalso affiliated to the Laboratory to coordinate and promotejoint research projects. At its seven Observatories/Stations,ground-based observations of various physical and chemicalentities are conducted ǜ Hayanon Graduated from the Department of Physics ofRyukyu University, Hayanon, a writer andcartoonist, has contributed a number of serialsin popular magazines on the basis of her strongbackground in science and computer games.Her consistent writing style, expressing a lovefor science, is well accepted.http://www.hayanon.jp/ ޓ Kodomo no Kagaku (Sciencefor Kids)Kodomo no Kagaku, published by theSeibundo Shinkosha Publishing Co., Ltd. is amonthly magazine for juniors.Since theinaugural issue in 1924, the magazine hascontinuously promoted science education byproviding various facets of science, fromscientific phenomena in everyday life to cuttingedge research topics.http://www.seibundo.net/“What is Global Warming?!” is published with cooperation of “Kodomo no Kagaku.”Mol, Mirubo, and Sensei thank Lisa Kihn, Joe Allen, and T. Nagahama for their helpin preparing the English version of our story.Produced by the Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Nagoya University and theScientific Committee on Solar-Terrestrial Physics in conjunction with the CAWSES program.July 2006All rights reserved.
talks about global warming. They say gasoline cars cause the problem and that the gasoline tax needs to be increased to stop it. Gee, you are so smart, Mol! Greenhouse gases such as CO2 and methane emitted from burning fossil fuels contribute a lot to global warming. Various measures are studied to cut those gases. The introduction of
controversies. This article discusses amongst cause of global warming and consequences of global warming on the environment. Keywords:Global warming, Greenhouse gas, Global environment, Atmosphere. *Corresponding Author: Ranjana Bhatt, ranjanabhatt83@gmail.com INTRODUCTION Global warming is a very large area of scientific uncertainty.
Humans can't reduce global warming, even if it is happening. Humans could reduce global warming, but people aren't willing to change their behavior so we're not going to. Humans could reduce global warming, but it's unclear at this point whether we will do what's needed. Humans can reduce global warming, and we are going to do so successfully. 12.
caused global warming, worry about the threat, and support for several climate policies over the past 14 months. Global Warming Beliefs and Attitudes Most registered voters (74%) think global warming is happening, including 98% of liberal Democrats, 85% of moderate/conservative Democrats and 70% of liberal/moderate Republicans.
a primary factor in reducing their potential to affect global warming. This paper examines the calculated greenhouse effects of several one and two carbon halocarbons. Esti-mates of these effects will be quantified in terms of a relative potential to enhance global warming (halocarbons global warming potential or HGWP).
are contributing to global warming without quantifying the contribution) and quantified (e.g., humans are contributing more than 50% of global warming, consistent with the 2007 IPCC statement that most of the global warming since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations).
Global Warming Acceleration 14 December 2020 James Hansen and Makiko Sato Abstract. Record global temperature in 2020, despite a strong La Niña in recent months, reaffirms a global warming acceleration that is too large to be unforced noise - it implies an increased growth rate of the total global climate forcing and Earth's energy imbalance.
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API and DNV codes describe slightly different approaches to assess the axial bearing capacity of a pile. These codes provide guidline for the calculation of pile length in common soil conditions such as clay (cohesive) or sand (cohesionless). The assessment also depends on the type of soil information available i.e. laboratory test results showing soil properties such as undrained shear .
