The Treasures Of The Pyramids
ZAHI HAWASS
EDITED BYZAHI HAWASSS e c r e t a r y G e n e r a l of the S u p r e m e C o u n c i lof A n t i q u i t i e s a n d D i r e c t o r of the G i z aPyramids ExcavationsPROJECT EDITORSLaura AccomazzoValeria Manferto De FabianisGRAPHIC DESICNPaola PiaccoWHITE STARPUBLISHERS
THE TREASURES OF THEPYRAMIDS
ContentsINTRODUCTIONPageCHAPTER 85by H . E . M r s . Suzanne MubarakT H E ROYAL MORTUARY ENCLOSURES OF ABYDOS AND HIERAKONPOLISby Matthew Adams and D a v i d O ' C o n n o rTHE PYRAMIDSPagePage78Page86Page11212CHAPTER 9by Z a h i HawassT H E STEP PYRAMIDSCHRONOLOGYPageisby Ali RadwanCHAPTER ICHAPTER 10W H Y A PYRAMID? PYRAMID RELIGIONby James P. AllenT H E PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTYPage22by Rainer StadelmannCHAPTER \ \CHAPTER 2T H E QUEENS' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTY AT GIZAT H E ADMINISTRATION OF THE PYRAMIDby Z a h i Hawassby Vassil D o b r e CHAPTER 1 2CHAPTER 3T H E SATELLITE PYRAMID OF KHUFUBUILDING AN O L D KINGDOM PYRAMIDby Mark LehnerPage28by Z a h i HawassPage32CHAPTER 1 3CHAPTER AT H E MYSTERY OF HETEPHEREST H E ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN ROYAL TOMBby Z a h i HawassPageby Z a h i HawassCHAPTER 1446T H E SECRET DOORS INSIDE THE GREAT PYRAMIDCHAPTER 5by Z a h i HawassT H E ARCHITECTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE PYRAMID COMPLEXby Z a h i HawassPageCHAPTER 1 550T H E PYRAMIDIONCHAPTER eby Z a h i HawassT H E PREDYNASTIC PERIODCHAPTER \6by Renee FriedmanPage54T H E ROYAL BOATS AT GIZAby Zahi HawassCHAPTER ICHAPTERT H E TOMBS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DYNASTIESAT ABYDOS AND SAQOARAby Giinter DreyeraT H E SPHINXPage1 062by Mark Lehner
The Publisher would like to thank:CHAPTER ISH.E. Farouk Hosny - The Egyptian Minister of Culture,T H E TOMBS OF THE H I G H OFFICIALS AT GIZANabil Osman - President of the Egyptian Information Centerby Peter Der ManuelianPage190Attiya Shakran - General Director of the Cairo Press Center,M. El-DamatyCHAPTER 19- Director of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo,Mena House Oberoi Hotel, Cairo,T H E 'UNFINISHED' PYRAMIDS OF THE FOURTH DYNASTYb y Michel ValloggiaGamal Sbafik of the Cairo Press Center,Pag.224The curators and assistants of the Egyptian Museum, Cairo,Rajiv Kaul,CHAPTER 2 0Guido Paradisi and Fabio Calamante - photographers' iiss/staiifs.T H E PYRAMIDS OF THE FIFTH DYNASTYb y Miroslav VernerPag.236CHAPTER 2 1The Editor would like to thank Mark Linz and Neil Hewison of the AmericanT H E SURPRISING ABUSIR BLOCKS.Mohamed Ismail, Mobamed Megahed, Brook Myers, and Sahar Mabroukfromb y Zahi Hawass and Miroslav VernerPag.260Pag.264Technical Office of the Supreme Council of Antiquities.CHAPTER 2 2T H E PYRAMIDS OF THE SIXTH DYNASTYb y Audran LabrousseCHAPTER 2310-11T H E DECORATIVE PROGRAM OF THE OLD KINCDOM PYRAMID COMPLEXESby Zahi HawassPageCHAPTERScene showing the 'Meidum geese,'282Egyptian Museum Cairo, Old24Kingdom.T H E TOMBS OF THE FIFTH AND SIXTH DYNASTIES AT SAQQARAby Karol Mys'liwiecCHAPTERT H E PYRAMIDS OF THE MIDDLEUniversityin Cairo Press. He also wants to thank Essam Shehab of the Giza Inspectorate, andPage286Page32625KINGDOMb y Dieter Arnold 2 0 0 3 W h i t e S t a r S.r.l.Via C Sassone, 2 2 / 2 41 3 1 0 0 V e r c e l l i , Italywww.whitestar.itCHAPTER 26T H E TOMBS OF THE NOBLES IN THE MIDDLEb y David P. SilvermanAll rights reserved. No pan ol this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted inany form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, without writtenpermission from the publisher.KINGDOMPage348CHAPTER 21ISBNROYAL AND PRIVATE STATUES OF THE O L D AND MIDDLE KINGDOMS88-8095-233-1b y Hourig SourouzianPage366Reprints:12 3 4 5 6 07 06 05 04 03INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHYPage392Printed in Italy b y O f f i c i n e G r a f i c h e D e A g o s t i n iC o l o r s e p a r a t i o n b y F o t o m c c , TurinI Ithe
C h a p t e r2Administrationof t h e P y r a m i dby Vassil DobrevI»n ancient Egypt, after the death of the king, histemple (where the body of the king was mummified).cult. The duties of this type of priests were recordedsuccessor had one idea in mind: to build a tomb thatThe valley temple was accessible by a large harboron numerous papyri. Some fragments of these papyri,will help him, after his own death, to resurrect andbuilt on a big canal connected to the Nile. All thesedating from the Fifth Dynasty, are known as the Abusirgain entry to the world of Eternity. For more thanstructures, with the pyramid as the major structure,archives. This archive is our main source of1000 years (from the Third to the Thirteenthcomprise the royal funerary complex.information about the organization of administrationDynasty, during the historical periods that we call theThe first thing that a new king had to do was toduring the Pyramid Age. We would like to have similarOld and Middle Kingdoms), the Egyptians built stonechoose an appropriate place for his funerary complex.archives from a funerary complex under construction,pyramids under which to bury their pharaohs. This isHe was helped by a number of persons (priests,but until now, nothing of the kind has been found.the so-called Pyramid Age' of Egypt when more thanarchitects, scribes, and others) that belonged to hisHowever, the quarrymen, the stone haulers, and thea hundred pyramids were built. In the beginning, theadministration. Most of these persons had alreadybuilders of the pyramids left numerous inscriptions onEgyptians constructed step pyramids, then, from thebeen working for years on the funerary complex of thethe stones, generally painted in red, black, and ochreFourth Dynasty on, they built true pyramids, theking who had just died. Sometimes, it was even the(very rarely were they carved). These inscriptions arebiggest of which is the Great Pyramid at Giza.case that his pyramid was not yet finished at his death,another important source of information about theBuilding a pyramid was the major event duringso his successor (generally one of the royal sons) hadadministration of pyramids.the reign of any king. But the pyramid was not theto complete the work and bury the dead ruler. At theonly monument that had to be erected for the royalsame time, the new king had to start the work on histhe Pyramid Age. It can even be said that the creationfunerary cult,- it was surrounded by a protective wallown pyramid. It is clear that most of the persons thatof a well-organized administration was vital for theand was supplemented by several other structures: awere administrating the funerary complex of the deadcountry. The question is: why did it come into beingspacious mortuary temple (where the priestsking had to come to serve the new king and organizein the first place?performed rituals), a small cult pyramid (also called athe work of the new funerary complex. Nevertheless, acenotaph: a kind of secondary tomb but without thecertain number of priests had to stay at the funerarywhen nomadic tribes began to settle on the banks ofking's mummy), a long causeway (through which thecomplex of the deceased king, who was alreadythe Nile. Immediately, they had to face an importantmummy of the king was transported), and a valleyconsidered a god, in order to perpetuate his mortuarynatural phenomenon: the strong periodic flood of theChapter 2I 28The Egyptian administration existed long beforeIt started a long time ago (10,000-5,000 BC),
river, which reached its zenith at the end of July. If theThere is a word in the pharaonic language,the phyles, and, together with the other priests, wereflood was not controlled, the country would have beenpronounced za, that might have been used toserving the pharaoh. The priests were living in a cityfacing a general disaster due to destroyed agriculturedesignate the most important groups of people in thenext to the pyramid complex of the ruling king, calledand a starving population. So the Egyptians had noadministration. The earliest evidence of the hieroglyphthe 'pyramid town,' but some of them had their livingchoice,- they had to organize themselves and dig canals«tM za, which represents a looped cord serving asplace inside the royal temples, where they wereand basins in order to control and stock the waters ofhobble for cattle, comes from First Dynastyworking. These temples were the storage places forthe flood. It is not by chance that one of the firstinscriptions on royal stone jars (3100 BC). One of thethe enormous quantities of offerings coming from allknown representations of an Egyptian king shows himlatest is on a bilingual decree of King Ptolemy III (237around Egypt to celebrate the royal mortuary cult. Indigging canals. A quite elaborate administrationBC), where za was translated as the Greek word 'phylefact, these offerings were also used, after theemerged to organize and direct the work in thewhich means 'a tribe.' The fact that phyles wereceremonies, to provide the income of the priests. It iscountry. The result was a fertile land that was irrigatedmentioned regularly throughout the three millennia ofobvious that when a new king came into power, thepermanently. Egypt became prosperous and was evenancient Egyptian history, shows clearly that they werepriests would not let someone else plan and direct theconsidered as the granary of the ancient world.the skeleton of the Egyptian administration. Thebuilding of his pyramid and its adjacent structures, i.e.phyles were composed mainly of priests. An Egyptiantheir main working place. From the first stone of theadministration is probably quite far from the ancientpriest could have many other functions at the samefuture pyramid until the completion of the royalEgyptian reality. Nevertheless,.the actual sources oftime: a scribe, a controller of works, an architect, afunerary complex, the priests' phyles were there toWhat we actually know about pharaonicinformation that we have in our possession depict ajudge, a vizier, a king's son, and so on. Therefore,organize and control the work, then provide thecertain image of this administration and how it wassome of the members of the phyles were already high-necessary service for the mortuary cult of the king,organized during the Pyramid Age.ranking officials. They were the directing persons ineven after his death.R O Y A LF U N E R A R YO FABVALLEYK I N GC O M P L E XS A H U R ETEMPLECAUSEWAYCMORTUARYDMAINTEMPLE29 top rightPYRAMIDESMALL CULTPYRAMIDFPROTECTIVEWALLThis photograph, taken from thesouthwestern comer of the pyramid,shows the pyramid of King Pepy I atThis drawing, based on the modelSahara.oj the royal funerary complex ofKing Sahure (Fifthconserved in the EgyptianDynasty)Museum29 bottom rightIn this inscription, painted in black onin Cairo, shows the structuresone of the inner stones from the pyramidcharacteristic to a pyramidalof Pepy I, the name of Inti, the pyramid'scomplex.architect can be read.
J\.dmtio z ll ofin is tratfo e J yrci m idactivities, so that it was not surprising to find nauticalanother aper-ttam from the time of Menkaure has beenthroughout the Pyramid Age. During the Oldterms used as names for priests' phyles. In fact, thecompletely misunderstood for almost a century,- theKingdom, according to the Abusir papyri mentionedanalysis of all phyle names shows that they did nottranslation The Drunkards of Menkaure' is not logicalabove, there were five phyles designated by adjectivaloriginate from nautical terms but from severaland could be replaced by The Laborers of Menkaure/The system of phyles was not exactly the samenames, such as 'great,' 'green,' and 'small.' Each phylecharacteristic signs. These signs, or emblems, couldwhich sounds much more appropriate for a group ofwas divided into two divisions, bearing names like 'thehave designated certain groups of people that mightpeople constructing a pyramid. The numerous personsliving/ 'the strong,' 'the noble,' 'the favored,' 'the one inhave existed long before the first military orthat were organized in aper-teams had to be guided andfront,' 'the first,' or 'the rising one.' The members of acommercial ships ever sailed on the Nile. In this case,controlled by other persons, permanently employeddivision were engaged in a ten-month cycle of rotatingthe organization of ship crews could have beenby the pharaoh: most probably the members of aservice, i.e. they were working one month in a temple,influenced by the organization of priests' phyles ratherphyle. Because the name of the aper-ttam has beenthe next month in another temple, then after tenthan vice versa.written before the name of a phyle, as is seen on somestones from the mortuary temple of Menkaure, it didmonths they were serving again in the first temple.There is a generally accepted idea that theThis rotation did not concern the persons that wereadministration of a pyramid was led by big crews ornot mean that this team was leading the work, withemployed permanently (lector and purification priests,teams, incorporating the five phyles and their divisionsthe members of the priests' phyle under its control.scribes, guards, artisans, potters, handymen, and others(we have evidence of two divisions per phyle from theThe names of these «J er-teams included an importantin similar positions).Abusir papyri, but four from the mortuary temple ofword—the royal cartouche—which had to be writtenMenkaure and even more from the pyramid of Pepy I).at the beginning of the inscription, like the god's namewas somewhat different: according to the papyri foundThis idea should be reviewed, because large teams ofRe (the Sun), illustrated by a circle in the cartouche ofat the pyramid town of Kahun (al-Lahun in the Fayum),several hundred persons, designated by the hieroglyphMenkaure, which was the most important element ofthere were four phyles named 'first/ 'second/ 'third/0 aper, were recruited when needed, especially whenthe name. Even though pronounced last (Men-kau-and 'fourth' (later was added a 'fifth' phyle). Each phylethe pyramid was begun. Furthermore, it seems thatRe), it was written at the beginning of the cartoucheprovided a one-month service, rotating with the otherthey were not permanently in existence as the phyles(this is the well-known Egyptian rule of the so-calledphyles in numerical order. This system was apparentlywere. The names of the aper-ttams, known from thehonorific anteposition).in use for many centuries, until the Ptolemaic Period.inscriptions of pyramid builders, included very oftenDuring the Middle Kingdom, the system of phylesTherefore, it is now preferable to think that it wasone of the pharaohs' names. From the inside of thethe phyles, composed of several divisions, who werethe phyles during the Old Kingdom are similar to fourGreat Pyramid at Giza, we have evidence of some aper-administrating the work of the big teams, like the aper-nautical terms that correspond to the right and the leftteam names like The Two-Lands (Egypt) Purifiers ofteams, but also the es-teams and maybe others. Thesesides of a ship (starboard and larboard), as well as toHorus Medjedu (Khufu)' (team name A), The Purifiersteams with numerous members were doing the heavyits front and rear parts (bow and stern). Theof Horus Medjedu' (team name B), The Friends ofand demanding tasks like quarrying, hauling, andconclusion was drawn too quickly: in a country likeKhufu' (team name C) and The Followers of thelifting stones, while smaller groups of persons, theancient Egypt, where the river Nile was the politicalPowerful White Crown of Khufu' (team name D).divisions of the phyles, were doing the very preciseand the economic axis, it was natural that the fluvialSome elements of these names, like 'friends/ forand specialized tasks. The professionalism of theseactivities had been organized early on and that thisexample, could perpetuate through different reigns, assmaller groups made possible the miracle of thenautical organization was later adapted to the otherillustrated by The Friends of Menkaure.' The name ofPyramid Age of ancient Egypt.It was noticed long ago that some variant names ofOld Kingdom phyle namesfrom theAbusir Papyriwrpronounced"ut"ti30 leftThe Step Pyramid of Djoser at Sadflaraseen from its southeastern corner.variant namesfrom other documentspronounced"imi-uret"jmy-wr.l - starboardjmy-wr.tpronounced"to"pronounced"to-ur"t i -wr idj. b o 3 0 and 3 1 bottomNauticaltermsCharacteristicsignswr great, bigf J shrouded, hiddentv3Ì green, fresh« ¿ 5 . 1 sterniiih small, littleBuilders' inscriptions painted on some ofthe stones from the pyramid of Khufu andfrom the mortuary temple of Menkaure(Fourth .Chapter 2I3 0pronounced"neferet"»/r perfect, beautiful
3 topThe hieroglyph za (a looped cordserving as hobble for cattle) designatesthe word "phyle."leading this administration, it is clearly a pity not toOne of the papyri from the Abusir archives showstry to enrich the corpus of these documents.that a phyle's division consisted of ten priests, whoseArchaeologists have to start thinking aboutnames were clearly written on the papyrus. Thesepriests, called hemiu-netjer ('Servants of God') andhundred times higher than the number of personssystematically cleaning the lowest parts of some ofkbentiu-she (literally translated Those in Front of theserving the cult of a dead king. Consequently, thethe pyramids in Saqqara, Dahshur, Abusir, and Giza.Basin'), were assigned to daily and nightly ritualsinformation available from the Abusir papyri must beSome prime subjects would be the pyramid ofinside the mortuary temple or on its roof, as well asquite far from the real scope of the administration ofDjedkare (Fifth Dynasty) at South Saqqara, one of thearound the pyramid and on its surrounding wall (thesea pyramid under construction.best-preserved pyramids in Egypt,- the pyramid of Tetirituals could have taken place even during theIn order to come nearer to the Egyptian reality, we(Sixth Dynasty) at Saqqara,- the pyramids of the twoconstruction of the pyramid complex). They werehave the inscriptions left by the pyramid builders: ahalf-brothers Merenre and Pepy II (Sixth Dynasty) atpreparing and presenting the ritual meals for the king,direct source on the administration of a pyramid. ButSouth Saqqara,- the pyramid of Menkaure (Fourthperforming libation and fumigation rituals (withthere is a serious problem in using this source since theDynasty) at Giza,- the two big pyramids of Sneferuincense, for example), unveiling, cleaning, dressing,great majority of the stones with these inscriptions are(Fourth Dynasty) at Dahshur,- the Red Pyramid andand adorning statues, guarding the monumentsstill under sand and debris,- the lower stone courses ofthe Bent Pyramid, which is the best preservedovernight, and so on. The accomplishment of eachthe four sides of the commonly-known pyramids arepyramid in Egypt, as well as the monument of Sneferuassignment was strictly controlled by noting thegenerally not cleaned. The reason for this is mostat Meidum where the clearing of its northwesternpresence or the absence of the priests (a black verticalprobably lack of financial means to finish the job ofangle (work done in 1984-86), has producedstroke when the priest has fulfilled the task, a redclearing, but reluctance to do this work could also be ahundreds of inscriptions. Even the step pyramid ofstroke when he was absent).factor. Otherwise, it is hard to explain that out of moreDjoser at Saqqara, one of the most famous and mostthan a hundred pyramids, and after more than 150visited monuments in Egypt, has the lower part of itspapyri gave account of the work of approximatelyyears of modern excavations in Egypt, only thewestern side still under sand.200-250 persons serving the mortuary cult of a deadpyramids of Khufu and Khafre at Giza, the pyramid ofking. During the whole reign of a king, thePepy I at South Saqqara, and to a ce
pyramids under which to bury their pharaohs. This is the so-called Pyramid Age' of Egypt when more than a hundred pyramids were built. In the beginning, the Egyptians constructed step pyramids, then, from the Fourth Dynasty on, they built true pyramids, the biggest of which is the Great Pyramid at Giza. Building a pyramid was the major event during
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Qtr Title Owner Student Name Date Out 101 Cat Care Horton 101 Cat Care Horton 10 Days Martin Luther King Jr. Horton 10 Days Benjamin Franklin Horton 10 Days Abraham Lincoln Horton 10 Days Anne Frank Horton 12 Finally Horton 13 Treasures Horton 13 Treasures Horton 13 Treasures Horton 13 Treasures Horton 13 Treasures Horton A Christmas Carol Horton A Girl Named Disaster HortonT
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