LCS·6200 SERIES WINCtBTER DISK CONTROLLER
LCS·6200 SERIESWINCtBTER DISK CONTROLLERUSER'S MANUAL
CONTENTSChapter 1.1.11.21.3INTRODUCTIONGeneral Description1.1.1LCS-62101.1.2 Other DerivativesMinimum System RequirementsOptional Software RequirementsChapter 2.2.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.82.9 112334HARDWARE INSTALLATIONPreliminary SetupOpening the System UnitInitial Setup of LCS-6200 Series BoardConnection of LCS-6200 Series in System UnitSetup of Hard Disk Drive.Set Up Floppy Disk Drives2.6.1For LCS-62102.6.2For LCS-6220Installation of Hard Disk Unit2.7.1Internal Installation2.7.2External InstallationClosing the System UnitReconnection of Cables to External DevicesChapter 3.INITIAL POWER UPChapter 4.FORMATTING THE WINCHESTER DISKChapter 5.LOCKING BEFORE MOVINGAppendix 1.2.3.Trademarks:44477778891111 1112 Switch settings for different Drive TypesDiagnostics About LCS-6200 SeriesAbout Concurrent CP/M-86 1.2.3.4.5.IBM PC/XT, PC-DOS: IBM Corp.CCP/M-86: Digital Research, Inc.MS-DOS: Microsoft Corp.ST-506, ST-412: Seagate Technology.COMPAQ: Compaq Computer Corp. 1316172021
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTIONTheLCS-6200SeriesWinchester disk controller isanIBMPC/XTcompatible Winchester Controllerboarddesignedtointerface up to two 5 1/4 inch Hard Disk drives,two 5 1/4inch Floppy Disk drives and also provides for Streaming Tapebackup.Hard Disk interface is via the Seagate ST-506/ST-412interface.Floppy Disk interface is vi the IBM PCstandardfloppy interface and Streaming Tape Backup is via theQIC-02or SA-450 interface.1.1.1 LCS-6210:A Winchester disk controller forcomputers.IBM PC/XTFEATURES:**Compatible with IBM PC/XT host bus.Controlsup to 2 hard disk drives via the industrystandard ST-506/ST-412 disk interface.*On-boarderrorchecking and correctionguarantee maximum data d disk BIOS ROM with automatic booting.*Automatic retries during disk access.*Split mode which allows onesplit into two logical drives.*High level command set supported.**Up to 15 different drive types can be chosen.writecurrent(ECC)andtowritephysical drive to beDrivesthatimplement the "Servo Wedge"imbeddedservo scheme at index can alsobe handled.
o.,.,Q),.,. ouQ).co.Q). .0Q).U. OSQ)Q)Q) .OS U,., p. .,.e gM-)170 x 1000.8A1I1)LCS-6220514" x 2-1.0A50mA317 x 1221I1Standard512 BytesYesIJLCS-6228-QIC·021.0ACOMPAQ111352 x 122ILCS-6238QIC.()2514" x 21.4AAdvanced DiagnosticsPC·DOS 2.0,2.1, 3.0, 3.1, CCP/M·86, CP/M-86IJIBM Advanced Diagnostics V2.05-IBM PC/XT1. Form Factor: 514" or 3'h"x2 2. I/F: ST·506/ST -412 3. Data Rate: 5M Bits/Sec.4. Cylinders: 1,024 Max.5. Heads: 8 Max.LCS·6210LCS-6200 SERIESWinchester Disk Controller SpecificationHOST I/FFIXED DISKFLOPPY DISKSTREAMING TAPEECC (11 Bits)SECTOR LENGTHSPLIT MODE 5VCOMPATIBILITY:DIAGNOSTICSPOWER 12VSIZE (LmmxWmm) Specifications are subject to change without prior notice.)'"
1.2 MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTSThe following is the minimum set of hardware and software foroperation of the system:A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.IBM 5150 Personal Computer (or compatibles).One 5 1/4" floppy disk drive with IBM PC standard floppyinterface.An available system expansion slot in the computer.One of LCS-6200 series controller.Industry standardST-506/ST-412 Winchester disk drive.Support drive types:(1) Capacities: 5MB, 10MB, 15MB, 20MB, 22MB, 32MB, 37MB &. 42MB.(2) Cylinders: 306, 440, 612, 640, 695, 733, 855, 977.(3) Heads: 2, 4, 5, 6, 8.(4) Driveswithdifferentparameterscan also e contact the manufacturer for more details.Appropriate cables to connect hard/floppy disk drives orstreaming tape drive, if any.(1) 20-pin flat cable (1 piece per hard disk drive).!2) 34-pin cable ordaisy chain cable for the hard diskdrives.(3) 34-pin cable or daisy chain cable for the floppy diskdrives.(4) 34-pin cable for the streaming tape drive.IBM PC DOSV2.0,V2.1,V3.0or V3.1and appropriatedocumentation.Power Requirement:The LCS-6200 seriescontroller andyouradd-in dr ves must not draw more thanthesparecurrent capacity of the power supply in your PC/XT.TheLCS-6200seriesdrawsapproximately0.8 - 1.2 Ampat 5 volts and 4Q - 50 rnA at 12 volts.Check HardwareReference Manuali for other equipment on your systemtodetermine total current draw for the system,and comparewith the capacity of your power supply.1.3 OPTIONAL SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTSLCS-6200 series controller can also be adapted to beunder CP/M-86 or Concurrent CP/M-86 Operating Systems.3used
CHAPTER 2HARDWARE INSTALLATION2.1 PRELIMINARY SETUPA.B.C.D.E.Remove diskettes from all drives.Power down any external system components.Power down IBM PC.Unplug all system components from wall sockets.Disconnect all cables from the back of the IBM PC SystemUni t.2.2 OPENING THE SYSTEM UNITA.B.Remove the two cover mounting screws found at the rear ofthe System Unit at the left andright bottom corners.Retain the screws.Slide the top cover forward until it stops, and then tiltthe front up and remove.Set the top cover aside.2.3 INITIAL SETUP OF LCS-6200 SERIES BOARDA.B.C.Plug the 34-pin (Jl) cable in the 34-pin connector on theLCS-6200 series.If you are conn cting two harddiskdrives,use a daisy-chain cable which has connectors fortwo drives.The red stripe on the cable should be towardthe bottom of the connector,corresponding to pin #1onthe controller(See Figure 1,Figure2).Thecableextends in the direction of the end of the board.Plug the 20-pin(J2 or J3) cable into either one ofthe20-oin connectors on the LCS-6200 series,alsoorientedwith the red stripe on the Dottom.If you are connectingtwo drives, plug in both 2 -pin cables.Plug the 34-pin (J4) cable in the 34-pin connector on theLCS-6220.If you are connecting two floppy disk drives,use adaisy-chain cable which hasconnectors fortwodrives. The red stripe of the cable should be directed topin #1 on the controller.4
RED STRIPE-- Disk ---JP1Pin 1 "" " "J3oRED STRIPE --Pin 1(To Hard Disk Drive)Figure 1. Location of Jumpers and Connectors on LCS-6220Remarks:(1)( 2)The drive LogicalUnit Number isdetermined bytheswitch setting on the disk drive,not by the choice ofcable connector.Jumper setting checking:Check .drive(s)you willattach.Regarding jumper setting pleaserefer to Appendix 1.JP2 - -Pin 1J3oRED STRIPE -- inJP 1 .23 1rn(To Hard Disk Drive)Figure 2. Location of Jumpers and Connectors on LCS-6210DRemarks:Jumper setting checking:a. Address Selection:JP1: (1,2) Closed to select address E8000JP1: (2,3) Closed to select address C8000b. Check JP2: JP2mustbe setaccordingtothecharacteristics of the drive(s) you willattach.Regarding jumper setting pleaserefer to Appendix 1.5
i---SAVEEXPANSION SLOTCOVERSSCREWS -LREAR PANELOF PCFigure 3. Expansion Slots in System UnitSYSTEM UNITBACKooBOARDODDPINCARD GUIDEFigure 4. Installation of Card Guide for Expansion Slot6
2.4 CONNECTION OF LCS-6200 SERIES IN SYSTEM UNITA. ,B.C.D.E.Look inside the System Unit.In the left rear are 5 or 8expansion slots(See Figure 3).Some may alreadybefilled.Choose one of the empty slots.But pleaseberemindedcablingis easiest from the slotstowardtheright.Removethe correspondingsystem expansionslot coverscrew, and pullout the cover.Save both items.Popthe plastic card guide into the predrilled holesinthefrontof the system unit which correspondtothatexpansion slot.(See Figure 4).SlidetheLCS-6200 series vertically into the expansionslot, using the card guide.Replace the screw in the expansion slot cover attached totheLCS-6200series thus securing theboardintotheSystem Unit.2.5 SETUP OF HARD DISK DRIVEA.B.C.Selecttheappropriate drive number on the harddiskdrive(s).This usually takes the form of a jumperthatconnects two pins on the drive's PCB board.Consult themanufacturer'smanualfor the hard disk drive forthelocation ofthe Jumper.For thestandard case ofasingle hard disk drive,set up the drive as drive select1 (DSl).If you have a second drive set it up asdriveselect 2 (DS2).If mounting brackets or otherphysical modifications arerequiredfor the hard disk drive,install them atthistime.Your drive was - probably shipped with a "tie-down" pin orclip on the positioning mechanism to prevent movement ofthe heads during shipping.Please remove the"tie-down"carefully at this time.But most of the hard disk driveswill automatically reJtore upon power on.2.6 SET UP FLOPPY DISK DRIVESIn a hard disk drive installed environment most of theyouneed one or two floppy disk drives so that you canprograms/datafrom the floppy disk to the hard disk orversa.timecopyvice2,6.1 For LCS-6210Youcaninstall the floppy disk drives accordingtothe "Guide to Operations" which came with your IBM PC.7
2.6.2 For LCS-6220LCS-6220allowsyoutoinstalluptotwofloppy disk drives in the PC system.Please set therelateddipswitches according to2 floppydiskdrives environment (See Figure 5).JlPID2IBMPC/XTFDD27 pins of the cable are reversed.1FDDIDl & D2 --) 5 1/4" Hard Disk DrivesJl --) Drive Control ConnectorJ2 & J3 --) Read/Write ConnectorJ4 --) Floppy Disk Connec' rPI --) IBM XT Edgecard ConnectorFDDI & FDD2 --) 5 1/4" Floppy Disk DrivesFigure 5.Connection of Cables for 2-Hard Disk& 2-Floppy Disk Drives System2.7 INSTALLATION OF HARD DISK UNITThere are 2 kinds of installation1. Internal installation2. Extern l Installation8 fthe hard disk unit:
2.7.1 Internal InstallationThis section contains instructions for placing aharddiskdrive within the IBM PC System Unit cabinet,inthe place normally held by the right-hand floppydiskdrive.Follow these instructions only if:-A.thesize of the hard disk drive is appropriate tofit in.The PC System Board is configured for either a onefloppy or two floppies system.Compatibility withthe IBM PC powersupply hasbeen calculated.Routecables around the other expansion cards,then around the back of the left-handfloppy diskdrive, and into the area behind the hard disk (SeeFigure 6).Carefully bend the cables as necessaryto allow access to the rear of the hard disk drive.@@@@II@oLCS-6210DFloppy Disk CableHard Disk CableFloppy Disk DriveFigure 6. Routing of Cables for Internal MountingB.Ontheinside of t e black metalpanel whichcovers the front 'of the empty area,there are twometalclips which hold it in place.The clipsslide off easily if rotated to a vertical position.Rotate and remove the clips.Remove the panel.9
C.D.E.F.G.Carefully insert the rear .of the hard disk drivethroughthe hole where the anel was.Slide itin most of the way.Inthe right rear of the System Unit is a metalbox with a fan hole in the top.This is the IBMPC power supply.On the left side of the box is abundle of wires.Find the set of four wires (red,black,black,yellow) which is not in use (Thereis a similar set connected to the floppydiskettedrive).Thisis the power cable for the drive.Tp power connector is keyed so as to only allowthe orrect mating with the connector on the drive.Plug the IBM PC power cable into the connector onyour hard disk drive.If the plug does not go ineasil,. try turning it over.Connect the two cables (one 34-pin and one 20-pin)from the"JLCS-6200seriescontroller to the harddisk drive.Be very careful of their orientation!The red stripe must correspond to pin number oneon each connector.Carefully slide the hard disk drive the rest ofthe way into the System Unit.Fasten the drive in place with the two side screws(See Figure 7.)SLIDE INTHESE SCREWS HOLDDISK DRIVE IN Pl.··CEFigure 7. Fastening Internally·Mounted Drive in Place10
2.7.2 External InstallationThissection gives instruction for external installa tion assuming the use of ribbon cables.A.B.C.D.Bendthe flat cables to exit from the top oftheexpansion slot area.the expansionRun each cable horizontally overso that the cables come out of the back ofcards,the System Unit above the expansion slot coverarea.J . ,"Connect the20-pin and 34-pin c oles fromtheLCS-6200seriesBoard to the hard disk drive.Be very careful of their orientation!The redstripe must correspond to pin nu ber one on eachconnector. If you are installing two hard diskdrives,each gets its own 2 -pin cable (it doesnot matter which one),and the 34-pin cable isconnected to both drives (See Figure 5).Connect power cables to the hard disk drive froman external power supply if necessary.Consulttheinstruction manual for your particular diskdrive for additional information.2.8 CLOSING THE SYSTEM UNITA.B.C.Put the top cover of the System Unit back on its tracks.Slidethe cover toward the rear of the unit until it isback in place.TAKE CARE THAT IT DOES NOT CATCH ON THERIBBON CABLES.Replacethf two coverscrews which you removed in step2.2A.2.9 RECONNECTION OF CABLE""A."J EXTERNAL DEVICESReconnect all cables which you removed in step2.1.Refer to IBM's Guide to Operations Section 2, "Setup", ifyou have trouble recabling the system.11
CHAPTER 3INITIAL POWER-UPA. Place a copy of your normal PC-DOS 2.0 in disk drive A.B. Power up the system inthe normal sequence.If you haveanexternal pow .,upply for the hard disk, be sure it is on too.C. Does the systemcome up with a message indicating the correctnumberofharddisks(such as"1HardDiskInstalled"),followed the DOS 2.0 prompt?YES: proceed with Chapter 4, Formatting the DiskNO : check:- appropriate D t hes (wall switch, CRT) on- recabling of syste correct- appropriate diskette installed in disk ted,donotD. If you select the "split mode" (please refer to Appendix 1 forjumpersetting)then you can get ava11able 2 logicaldriveswith equal capacity for 1 physical drive if the number ofR/Wheadsis even.If the number of R/W heads is odd,then thefirstlogical drive will have one more dis surfacecapacityassigned to it.The greeting message will be as follows:* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **** -- SPLIT DISK** 2 HARD DISKS INSTALLED****** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *E. If further troubleshooting isrequired, remove power from thesystem.Openthe cabinet.Check cable orientation.Checkswitch and jumper settings on LCS-6200 series.If thisdoesnotallow the system to operate,remove the LCS-6200seriesfromthe expansionslot and see if the systemisbacktonormal.This will isolate the problem to the LCS-6200 seriesor the hard disk dr've.WARNING!Always remove power from any piece of equipment incomputer system before modifying it.12your
CHAPTER 4FORMATTING THE WINCHESTER DISKBefore formatting the Winchester disk, please prepare a new systemdiskette PC-DOS 2.0 on the machine you just setup.Thisnewsystem diskette will be used in the following steps.'JA. Boot your system:B. Pre-formatting:Insert your new system diskettePC-DOS 2.0andbootdirectly fromthefloppydiskdrive.Key in 'DEBUG'follows:an .!I,press CR and proceed as * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ***A DEBUG* CR *-G C800:5 CR **Which drive to be formatted (Drive 0/1) ? 0 CR **CAUTION:**Data on cylinders 0 to xxx of the specified drive*will be destroyed.*Are you sure (Y/N)Y CR **Pre-formatting **PRE-FORMAT COMPLETE*** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * nes you1. Thetype.2. CR means you must press the 'ENTER' key.'XXX'is the number of cylinders of your3. Thedisk drive, i. e. , 306, 612, etc.mustthe LED on thp. HardDiskUponthelast CR being pressed,drive will light on.hardNow the hard disk drive is being pre-formatted. Pre-formattingtakes about 1-4 minutes,depending on what Hard Disk capacityy uhave.After the pre-formatting is completen the LED willbeoff and the prompt ' - ' will appear again.Press 'Q'andyou exit to PC-DOS system.13
You can divide your Hard Disk storage intoupto4 partitionsandrunupto4different operatingsystems on yourIBMPC/XT.Please key in 'FDISK' andpress(CR) and the screen will appear:C. Storage Partition:* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **** CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING:**** 1- CREATE DOS PARTITION** 2. CHANGE ACTIVE PARTITION** 3. DELETE DOS PARTITION*PARTITIONDATADISPLAY4.****(CR)* KEY IN**** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *(CR)TYPEThe screen will display:* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * **** CREATE DOS PARTITION** DO YOU WISH TO USE THE** ENTIRE FIXED DISK FOR DOS**(Y/N)?Y(CR)**** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *If you want to use the entire Hard Disk storage for DOS only,thenjusttype'Y' and press (CR).If you alsowanttoconfigureforother operating system please select'N' andproceed accordingtothe IBM DOS MANUALV2.00Chapter 4.Preparing Your Fixed Disk.After 'Y' is selected,the screen will become:* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ******** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ***INSERT DOS DISKETTE IN DRIVE A:PRESS ANY KEY WHEN READYPress any key and 'FDISK' will be finished.14
D. Formatting:When 'FDISK'following:TYPE: FORMAT C:/Shas beencompleted,performthe CR The screen will be:* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *** PRESS ANY KEY TO CONTINUE:***** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *Press CR and the Hard Disk will start to be formatted.takes about 5 minutes.ItRemarks:' 1. It happened that PC-DOS 2.0 and 2.1 has a bug initsFORMATprogram.The program is supposed to flag any media defects onthehard disk.However,it can only correctly map out anydefects on the disk up to a maximum capacity of 16MB per driveWhen youwant to use larger capacity drives (over 16MB)youmay take caution when using PC-DOS 2.0 or 2.1.Defects in theareapast16MB may cause errors in execution ofthe FORMATprogram.2. TheLCS-6200 series allows one physical drive to be splittedinto two logical drives.This will make one drive look likeboth C:and D: drives to PC DOS. Since each will be half thetotalcapacity,a single drive with up to 32MB can beusedsafely with this feature,using the PC-DOS 2.0 or 2.1 FORMATprogram.15
CHAPTER 5LOCKING BEFORE MOVINGThe Winchester disk drive is a very complicate and delicatemechanism andit may probably be damaged by violent shock orvibration during transportation. So be sure to lock the read/writeheadsof your hard disk drive to prevent any hurts on eithertheheads or the disk plates before shipment.There is always i proper landing zone that is recommended bythehard disk manufacturer for locating the R/W heads before moving.Thislocation is sometimes different but usually at the innermostcylinder.(Refer to user's manual of hard disk drive)Always us the standard DOS utility "DEBUG" to move the R/W headsinto the shipping zone before shipping.TypeDEBUG CR)Your screen will show:* * * * * * ** * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ***-G C800:4BO* CR)* --------- * Which drive to be locked (0/1) ? CR)o** Enter the desired cylinder to be locked (in decimal) XXX CR)** Drive locked in the specified cylinder.** * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * * ** * * * * * ** * *Turn off the power supply of the drive and the R/W heads arelocked.The drive is ready for shipping.Note:1. XXX The de&iIed cylinders to be locked.-2. The hard disk drive will be automatically unlockedpower on.16*********nowupon
APPENDIX 1JUMPER SETTINGS FOR DIFFERENT DRIVE TYPESLCS-6200seriescontrolsup to2fixeddiskdrives.Thefollowing table guides you to set jumpers according to what typesof fixed disk drive you want toinstall with the LCS-6200 seriesdisk controller.Note: OP --- OPEN (OFF)CL --- CLOSED (ON, JUMPER INSTALLED)Jumper 1, 2, 3, 4 identify the Drive, 110Jumper 5, 6, 7identify the Drive III*****************TABLE III***************Jumper Settings for Drive 110TYPECAPACITYHEADCYLSTEP usOPCLCLCL1640MB682017.6usCLCLCLCL17
Jumper Settings for Drive Iil---------------------------TYPE2STEP RATES67Drive 1 not connectedOPOPOPThe parameters of Driveis the same as drive PCL620MB4612200.0usCLOPCL7Reserved for non-standardDrive (Contact seller forfurther information)OPCLCL8Spli t mode(Drive 110 is splittedin to 2 logical drives)CLCLCL*************** TABLE 112 ********, ------CMICOG KICOCM-S412CG-912HD-8S0M S03-2CMICM-3206MICROSCIENCE HH-612'-- 18
3l CM-66401232MB573317.6usSEA -251'- '-- '- 19MINISCRIBE 8-R1MICROSCIENCE HH-712ABASF6188-R3CMICM-3426EPSONHD-860MINISCRIBE E HH-725
APP;::NDIX 2DIAGNOSTICS ABOUT LCS-6200 SERIESFrom th& PC!XT supplier you can get an Advanced Diagnostic Program2.08 diskette.This program can be used to test the functionalityand compatibility of each board of the IBM PC!XT.It also can beused to test the reliability of the complete system by running theprogram multiple times and keep the error log for later study.LCS-6200seriesis surely able to pass the IBM PC!XT AdvancedDiagnosticProgram 2.08.This proves itsfunctionality andcompatibility.can also be used with IBM PC!XTBesides, LCS-6200 ,LCS-6200 series can also passthe CompaqMegaboard etc.Advanced Diagnostic program.20
ABOUT CONCURRENT CP/M-86LCS-6200 series can be used under the Concurrent CP/M-86 as wellas under PC-DOS.The related procedure is in 'FDISK'.The PC-DOStakesone of the partitions and CCP/M takesanother partition.The hard disk utility in CCP/M-86 is'HDMAINT'.The detailsplease refer to the User's Manual regarding the Concurrnet CP/M-86Operating System.21
UM-6200 -00JULY 15, 1987
connects two pins on the drive's PCB board. Consult the manufacturer's manual for the hard disk drive for the location of the Jumper. For the standard case of a single hard disk drive, set up the drive as drive select 1 (DSl). If you have a second drive set it up as drive select 2 (DS2).
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Agilent 6200 Series TOF and 6500 Series Q-TOF LC/MS System Concepts Guide 11 Help for applications You can use one or more of the 6200 Series TOF or 6500 Series Q-TOF LC/MS systems in the following application areas (for example): † Combinatorial chemistry target compound analysis † Natural products screening
After having accomplished these steps you will have the bootable Disk Copy disc or USB drive ready. From this disk you can start Disk Copy on any PC with a bootable CD/DVD or USB drive as described in Booting from the bootable CD/DVDs or USB Drive. Boot from the bootable disk Insert the bootable Disk Copy bootable disk into the corresponding drive.
hard disk drive Next drive C Designation for first partition or for a single partition on hard disk drive D Designation for second partition on hard disk one hard disk divided into two partitions p. 7. 13 Fig. 7-17 Hard Disks What is a removable hard disk? Disk drive in which a plastic or metal case surrounds the hard disk so you can remove .
The SMC software package is an important component of the Launch Control System (LCS). The LCS is the whole bundle of software that is used in the Firing Room when launching a rocket into space. LCS is made of different software products one of them is SMC. SMC gathers the system Health and Status (H&S) from all of the different components in .
9 3.5-inch hard disks: Place the hard disk into the disk tray, making sure that the mounting holes on the sides of the hard disk and disk tray are lined up. Secure the drive with four screws. 2.5-inch hard disks and SSD hard disks: Place the hard disk into the area of the disk tray outlined in red (see picture below).
Hadoop Origins Processing big data: parallelization Split the data into many smaller chunks stored on separate disks. Read in parallel from each disk. Dataset (2 TB) É. Disk 1 Disk 2 Disk 99 Disk 100 Chunk 1 (20000 MB) Chunk 2 (20000 MB) Chunk 99 (20000 MB) Chunk 100 (20000 MB) É. Transfer rate: 500 MB/s Each disk may contain chunks from di .
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