The New Group Of The Beaker People During . - Framework

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Bronze AgeThe new group ofpeople during theBronze AgeThe BeakerpeopleThe year theBeaker peoplearrived in Ireland2500 BCHousing duringthe Bronze AgeWooden frames,wattle and daubwalls, thatched roofsCist graveStone linedrectangular tombs,covered withcapstone

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Bronze AgePit gravesOval pits, coveredby a low mound andsurrounded by aditchWedgeTombsMound of loosestones, similar toStone Age court cairnBronze AgemonumentsFree standingstone circles, ringfortsFulacht fiaUsed for cooking;troughs in groundfilled with water andheated by hot stones

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Bronze AgeMaterials usedfor tools duringthe Bronze AgeCopper and gold;stronger andsofter toolsHow copper wassourced duringthe Bronze AgeOre-bearing rock wasmined for. It was thenheated until it crackedand revealed the copperwithinHow gold wassourced duringthe Bronze AgeFlakes of gold werepanned for in riverswhich were then melteddown to nuggetsHow bronze wassourced duringthe Bronze AgeTin was imported fromCornwall and mixedwith copper to formbronze

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Bronze AgeType of designsused during theBronze AgeGeometricEarly Bronze Agemetal workingtechniquesSheeting, cutting,incision,repousséMiddle BronzeAge metal workingtechniquesTwistinggoldLate Bronze Agemetal workingtechniquesCasting,soldering, goldfoil, riveting

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Bronze AgeClonesFibulaLunulaGleninsheenGorgetFunction ofClones FibulaDressfastener

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Bronze AgeFunction ofLunulaNeck ornamentworn duringceremonial orreligious occasionsFunction ofGleninsheenGorgetNeck ornamentworn duringceremonial orreligious occasionsDecoration onLunulaSymmetrical andgeometric: hatchedtriangles and squares,incised zig-zagsDecoration onClones FibulaIrregular concentriccircles and zig-zagpatterns on terminals

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Bronze AgeDecoration onGleninsheenGorgetSmooth ridges and ropepattern on the body,concentric circles andcones on the discsTime of EarlyBronze Age2000-1500BCTime of MiddleBronze Age1500-1200BCTime of LateBronze Age1200-500 BC

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Burial and Monastic SitesThe firstinhabitants inIrelandNomadichuntergatherersThe time theStone Ageoccurred700-2000BCThe 3 types ofmegalithic tombPortal dolmen,Court Cairn,Passage MoundNewgrange

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Burial and Monastic SitesKnowthThe yearKnowth wasbuilt4000 BCThe yearNewgrange wasbuilt3200 BCThe significance ofthe east and westpassages at KnowthThey are alignedto the spring andautumn equinoxes

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Burial and Monastic SitesThe significance ofthe roof box atNewgrangeIt is aligned to thewinter solsticeStone AgeconstructiontechniquesLog rolling, woodenscaffolding, earthenrampsStone AgeconstructionmaterialsStone (quartzand granite), sodand earthNumber ofkerbstones atKnowth127

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Burial and Monastic SitesNumber ofkerbstones atNewgrangeNewgrangeentrance stoneKerbstone 52,NewgrangeThe Sundialstone, Knowth97

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Burial and Monastic SitesStone Age stoneworkingtechniquesStone dressing,Incision, Chipcarving, smoothingPossible reason theStone Age moundscould have been usedfor burialThe remains ofindividuals havebeen foundPossible reason theStone Age mounds couldhave been used forbelief in the afterlifeIndividuals have beenfound with gravegoods at Knowth andNewgrangePossible reasons theStone Age moundscould have been usedfor sun worshipThe passage atNewgrange is aligned withthe winter solstice and thepassages at Knowth alignwith the spring andautumn equinoxes

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Burial and Monastic SitesThe motifs on theNewgrangeentrance stoneSpirals, arcs,lozengesThe motifs on theSundial stoneSpirals, circles,radialsThe possible meaningof the motifs on thesundial stoneSun worshipLocation ofNewgrange andKnowthBoyneValley

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgeNew group ofpeople in Irelandduring the Iron AgeThe CeltsHow we knowabout the CeltsMyths and legendswhich were laterwritten down byChristian monksThe two groups ofCeltic invaders toIrelandHalstatt and LaTèneThe two stagesof La TènedesignInsular andUltimate LaTène

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgeLa TènemotifsS-scrolls, leaf andvine forms, trumpetends, spirals, palmateforms, triskelesThe TuroeStoneThe approximateyear The TuroeStone was built50 BCDecoration ofThe TuroeStoneLow relief with casualsymmetry. A brick designseparates the detailed topfrom the plain bottom. Motifssuch as triskeles, spirals andtrumpet ends are used.

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgePossible functionof The TuroeStone‘Cloch an Tuair’ means RedPastor, which suggests humanor animal sacrifice. Its shapesuggests fertility rituals. It mayalso have been used to mark aboundary.Techniques usedto decorate TheTuroe StoneIron chisels were usedto cut out thebackground leavingthe design in low reliefForm of TheTuroe StoneDomed cylindricalboulder made fromwhite granite, 3 ft tall,4 tonnes in weightThe BroighterCollar

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgeThe 7 items inThe BroighterHoardCollar, Model boat,Bowl, Two chains,Two braceletsThe county theBroighter Hoardwas foundCo. DerryForm of TheBroighter Collar2 hollow gold tubesbent into a circularshape joined by amortice and tenonlockPossible functionof The BroighterCollarNeck ornamentworn on occasion byhigh status people

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgeTechniques usedto decorate TheBroighter CollarChasing, or hammering thebackground, to create adesign in relief. Gold washeated to mold it. Terminalswere riveted into place.Decoration ofThe BroighterCollarElaborate curvilineardesigns such as s-scrolls,spiral bosses and foliagepatterns. Roughlysymmetrical.TheLoughnashadeTrumpetForm of TheLoughnashadeTrumpet2 hollow bronze tubes,127cm long in total, flatcircular plate at the topof diameter 20cm

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgePossible function ofThe LoughnashadeTrumpetUsed to create noise,perhaps before goinginto battle to unnerveopponentsMaterial used to makeThe LoughnashadeTrumpetBronzeDecoration on thecircular plate of TheLoughnashadeTrumpetSymmetrical, 4-partpattern. Motifs such asthe Roman Pelta arevisible.Techniques used todecorate TheLoughnashadeTrumpetChasing/repoussé, orhammering thebackground, left thedesign in relief

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgeThe PetrieCrownForm of ThePetrie CrownBand with twobronze discs and acone rising from onediscPossible functionof The PetrieCrownHeaddress, tombornament, holes suggestit could have been sewnonto clothesMaterials usedfor The PetrieCrownBronze and redenamel

LC Art – Pre-Christian – Iron AgeDecoration onThe PetrieCrownLow relief: motifs such astrumpet curves, palmates,lotuses, triskeles andstylized bird heads arevisibleThe La Tène periodwhen The Turoe Stoneand The BroighterHoard were madeInsular LaTèneThe La Tène periodwhen The LoughnashadeTrumpet and The PetrieCrown were madeUltimate LaTèneMain purpose of Ironand Bronze duringthe Iron AgeIron- Tools andweaponsBronze- Decorativework

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueArchitectureThe century theRomanesque stylebegan inThe 11thcenturyThe continent theRomanesque stylebegan inEuropeSocietal reasons why theRomanesque stylepeaked in the 12thcenturyPeace had come to Europe.New farming methods led topopulation growth and thegrowth of cities. A middle classemerged. Education increased.The Catholic Church held adominant position.The feudalsystemThe way society wasstructured during theMiddle Ages; Kings,Nobles, Knights,Peasants

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueArchitecturePosition of TheChurch during the11th centuryVery powerful andinfluential politicallyand spirituallyPurpose ofMonasteriesPlaces of prayer,locations for the storageof sacred relics, centresof learningPurpose ofBenedictinemonasteriesEducation,music and artPurpose ofCistercianmonasteriesManual labourand selfsufficiency

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueArchitecturePilgrimageA journey to asacred place as partof a ReligiouspracticePopular pilgrimagedestinations duringthe 11th centuryRome andJerusalemThe initial attractionto Santiago DeCompostelaCrusades drove the MuslimArab Moors out of Spain,and the relic of St Jameswas rediscovered atSantiago De CompostelaThe new, mostpopular, pilgrimageroute during the 12thcenturySantiago DeCompostela

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueArchitectureRelicAn item, usually associatedwith Jesus, which wasoriginally kept in monasteries.Christians prayed to themwith the belief that they hadcurative powers.Sainte-Foy deConquesarchitecture styleRomanesqueSainte-Foy deConques floorplanCruciform shape, largeaisled nave, thick transepts,5 radiating chapelsextending from ambulatorySainte-Foy deConquesdesignLarge, blocky andgeometric in appearance,round arches, barrelvaulted roof, smallwindows

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueTympanum atSainte-Foy deConquesTympanum at the Westernfaçade depicts the LastJudgment; Christ is in themiddle, on his left are grotesquefigures from hell, on his right areMary and St PeterSainte-Foy deConquesSaint-Lazare ofAutun architecturestyleRomanesqueSaint-Lazare ofAutun floor planLoose cruciformshape

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueSaint-Lazare ofAutun designThick columns, piersand walls, smallwindows, roundarchesThe thing SaintLazare of Autun ismost famous forThe tympanumThe tympanum atSaint-Lazare ofAutunLocated at the west façade,depicts The Last Judgment; Christis in the centre, with the ‘saved’ onhis right, ‘damned’ on the left andhellish figures underneath him.Foliage designs are in the innerarchivolt and zodiac signs are onthe outer archivolt.The figures on thetympanum at SaintLazare of AutunUnrealistic, elongatedfigures. More importantfigures are larger. Ugly,grotesque creaturesare depicted.

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueSaint-Lazareof AutunSaint-Lazare ofAutun tympanumSaint-Lazare ofAutun tympanumsculptorGislebertus; Thetympanum says‘Gislebertus hoc fecit’,‘Gislebertus did this’Chatres cathedralarchitecture styleGothic

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueDifference betweenNorth and South Spireat Chartres cathedralSouth spire was built in the earlyGothic phase, the North spirewas built in the late/flamboyantGothic phase as a replacementfor the original which was struckby lightningChartrescathedral floorplanDefinite cruciformshape, very widenaveChartrescathedral designSlender columns andwalls, rib vaulting, 3 rosewindows over west door, 3lancet windows over RoyalPortalThe Royal Portalat Chartrescathedral3 portals and 3 tympanums: Leftdepicts the Old Testamentprophets, Right depicts VirginMary and the birth of Christ,Centre depicts the secondcoming of Christ surrounded bythe 4 evangelists

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueChartrescathedralThe Royal Portal,ChartrescathedralThe 4 evangelists andwhat they are representedby on The Royal Portal atChartres cathedralSmiling AngelGabriel statue,RheimsMatthew, Angel.Mark, Lion. Luke,Ox. John, Eagle.

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueThe Well ofMoses, ClausSluterShape ofRomanesquearchesRoundShape of GothicarchesPointedRomanesque wallsand columns andpiersThick

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueGothic walls,columns andpiersSlenderRomanesquewindowsSimple and small,resulting in darkchurches andcathedralsGothicwindowsLarge andornamented, resultingin bright churches andcathedralsRomanesquevaultingBarrel and groinvaulting

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueGothicvaultingRib vaultingRomanesquebuttressesButtressesbuilt into wallsGothicbuttressesFlyingbuttressesHeight of Gothicchurches/cathedralsReached greaterheights. Usuallyconsisted of an arcade,triforium and clerestory

LC Art – Europe – Gothic & RomanesqueExterior ofRomanesquechurches/ cathedralsPlain exteriors,often had atympanumExterior of squesculpturesUnrealistic,elongated, usuallyon tympanumsGothicsculpturesRealistic, natural posesand gestures, often inthe form of jamb figuresor standing statues