The CubeSat Command And Control (MC3) Ground Station
The Mobile CubeSat Command and Control(MC3) Ground Station NetworkGiovanni Minelli, Lara Magallanes, Noah WeitzDavid Rigmaiden, Ron Phelps, James Horning, James NewmanSpace Systems Academic GroupNaval Postgraduate School20 May 2020
MC3 MissionNaval Postgraduate SchoolCommunity‐based US government ground infrastructure for SmallSatsDillonisthebest2
Naval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestMC3 StationsHSFL – Hawaii Spaceflight LabUAF – University of Alaska FairbanksNPS – Naval Postgraduate SchoolSDL – Space Dynamics LaboratoryUNM – University of New MexicoAFIT – Air Force Institute of TechnologyUSCGA – US Coast Guard AcademySMDC – Army Space & Missile DefenseCommandMLB – Malabar Transmitter AnnexTAMU – Texas A&M UniversityUSNA – US Naval Academy
Supported MissionsNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestUpcoming Missions: CNCE Blk 1 (2020) CNCE Blk 2 (2020) CIRCE (2021) SMDC (Multiple) Square Dance(multiple) STPSat‐4 (2020) MOLA & OTTER (2022)Current/Past Missions: Colony II Program (2012‐2015) PROPCUBE x 3 (2015/2017) Polar Scout x 2 (2018) RSAT (2018) DHFR x 2 (2017/2018) NPSAT1 (2019) FalconSat‐7 (2019) And more 4
MC3 SummaryNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestBandFrequenciesDesignatorUHF uplink449.75 – 450.25 MHz12K5F1D43K0F1DUHF downlink902 ‐ 928 MHz115KG1DS‐Band uplink2025 ‐ 2110 MHz2M00G2D2M45G1DS‐band downlink2200 ‐ 2290 MHz1M60G1D2M00G2D2M45G1DX‐band uplink7190‐7250 MHzTBDX‐band downlink8025 – 8400 MHzTBD5
SATRN SoftwareNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestBent‐pipe communications from remote operations centerSatellite Agile Transmit Receive Network (SATRN)6
AWS IntegrationNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestAmazon Web Services (AWS) Remote bent‐pipe operations Conforms to DoD cybersecurityrequirements Various levels of mission security Industry and universities supported Scalable to many mission operationscenters and remote ground tent/uploads/2019/06/Cloud‐Strategy.pdf Interfaces to other ground networks7
AWS IntegrationNaval Postgraduate SchoolRGT 1DiMissionAllonMissionBis .t .heMissionNbestAWSSATRNServerRGT 2VPNVPNSATRNClient ASATRNHardwareManagerSATRNGroundSiteSATRNClient B.SATRNHardwareManagerSATRNGroundSiteSATRNClient N.RGT NSATRNGroundSiteSATRNHardwareManagerSevillaparra, J., “Integration of Mobile CubeSat Mobile Command and Control (MC3) with Amazon Web Services”,M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, June 20208
Research Topics
Laboratory FacilitiesNaval Postgraduate School Satellite Operations CenterDillonisthebest Consoles for operating satellites andmanaging MC3 Hands‐on exposure to flight operations Radio Testing Laboratory Prototyping ground station equipmentfor use on network Testing with real satellites Small Satellite Laboratory Vibration, TVAC, 3D Printing, Circuitdesign Clean room, flight hardware handling Interdisciplinary staff10
Radio LaboratoryNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebest11
Radios Under Study (RUS)Naval Postgraduate SchoolDiRUS‐1:RUS‐3:lNationalKratos SpectralNetlInstrumentsLite Digitizer &oUSRP‐2922qRadio SDRnistheRUS‐2:RUS‐4:b ResearchEttusAMERGINT satTRACe B205mini‐iUSRPSignal Converter &sbaseband modemtWood, S., “Trade Study of Commercial Software‐Defined Radio Technologies for Small‐Satellite Ground StationNetwork Command and Control Applications”, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, June 202012
Objectives of StudyNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebest Characterize performance/parameters of the four RUS Evaluate their suitability for utilization in small satellite groundstations like MC3 Compare performance of high‐end commercial systems against thebaseline USRP systems Experiments conducted to evaluate radio parameters to include: Receiver Noise FigureReceiver Image RejectionReceiver SensitivitySystem BER PerformanceGUI Functionality13
Noise FigureNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillo ni sthebestNoise Figure ResultsIndependently verified the noisefigure values for RUS‐1:3Unable to conduct experiment onRUS‐4 due to lack of access tobaseband sample sSBX-40 RFDaughterboardBaseline USRPStandard75.55RUS-2Ettus ResearchB205mini(AD9364 Chip)Common RFSystem-on-Chip(Soc)86.32KratosSpectralNet LiteDigitizer(AD9364 lSystem8*RUS-3RUS-4AMERGINTsatTRAC SignalConverter (superheterodyne)MeasuredNoise Figure(dB)
Direct Conversion IQ ImbalanceNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestRUS‐1 (USRP‐2922)RUS‐2 (B205mini‐i)RUS‐3 (Kratos)Average IQImbalanceObserved‐39.8 dBc‐61.5 dBcIQ imbalanceunmeasurableLargest IQImbalanceObserved‐37 dBc‐21.5 dBcIQ imbalanceunmeasurableSmallest IQImbalanceObserved‐40.9 dBc‐93.5 dBcIQ imbalanceunmeasurable The IQ imbalance contributions experienced by the three directconversion receiver architectures evaluated through experimentation RUS‐1 exhibited consistent performance ( ‐40 dBc) RUS‐2 performed better but with large unexplained variance RUS‐3 seemingly mitigates IQ imbalance contribution completely!
Receiver SensitivityNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebest Super‐heterodyne receiver architecture insideAMERGINT satTRAC system (RUS‐4) proved tobe most sensitive Baseline USRP SDR RUS‐1 (SBX) performedadmirably during experimentation Similar results across all four RUS Minimum power required to produce target BERranged from ‐89 dBm (RUS‐3) to ‐96 dBm (RUS‐4) Baseline USRP systems performancecomparable and sometimes better than high‐end commercial systemsTarget BER10-5RUS-1 Pr (dBm)-94.5RUS-2 Pr (dBm)-90.5RUS-3 Pr (dBm)-89RUS-4 Pr (dBm)-96
Naval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebest No appreciable difference in BERperformance between four RUS Measurement in low‐SNRregimes challenging due tofunctionality SDR algorithms Software seemingly fails beforehardware/theoretical limits withall four RUSBER PerformanceBER Performance
Naval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestGUI Functionality RUS‐1 and RUS‐2 operated with GNU Radiosoftware utilized by small‐satellite community(top) RUS‐3 operated with two separate proprietaryapplications (middle) RUS‐4 operated with proprietary softwareapplications (bottom) GNU Radio platform extremely flexible butlargely unsupported Proprietary platforms offer more plug‐and‐playsolutions but not without bugs, quirks, andrigidity requiring contractor support ( )
Naval Postgraduate SchoolX-Band High Altitude Balloon Representative HAB flightDillonisthebest 100k ft burst altitude 5 m/s assent 5 m/s descent X‐Band Transmitter Antenna HPBW: 74 degAntenna gain: 6 dBiBandwidth 5 MHz8250 – 8400 MHz Radio cost 2,500 Raspberry PiUSRP B205miniGNURadio solutionRF upconversion components3D printed structure19
ISC2NNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestMember: International Small Satellite Commandand Control Network (ISC2N)20
MOLA & OTTERNaval Postgraduate SchoolTHz Imaging‐‐Penetrates common materials‐‐DilX‐Band Test Radiol‐‐Built by NPS students‐‐oniNZL Beacon Payload2s x 6U CubeSats‐‐FlatSatNet‐‐thebeSeeking STEM Experiment(s)stEnglish, H., “Concept of Operations, Software Development, and Flight Integration Testing for a THz Imaging CameraPayload”, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, June 202021
X-Band Radio DevelopmentNaval Postgraduate SchoolTT&CCONOPDillonTBD‐ CMDisTBD ‐ ACKthebTerahertzImagingeCamera bandCommandsEthernet ‐ CMDEthernet ‐ ACKX‐band SDRpayloadAD Corvus‐6 BusX‐microup/downDigital Modulation, FEC and storing forward on‐boardstorage (SD Card) will be done on ZedBoardS‐band upX‐band downNPS RADOME22NPS X‐band antenna aspart of MC3 Network22
Naval Postgraduate SchoolLicensingDillonisthebestForbes, A., “Sharing S‐Band Communications to Conduct Small Satellite TT&C”, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate23School, Monterey, CA, March 2018
LicensingNaval Postgraduate SchoolNASA/DoD/DoC (NDD) Coordination ProcessDillonisthebest1. Verify new Small Satellites fall withinappropriate spectrum certification2. Perform frequency selection and RFI analysis3. Initiate and complete coordination NASA, NOAA, ENG4. Initiate RFA process referencing completedcoordination 24Applies only to LEOMission duration 5 yearsSpecific frequencies for satellites must still be selectedEarth stations given band assignments to supportmultiple missionsReduced processing time ( 1 yr per program)Offers protection, streamlines process, efficient use ofspectrum
Optimization ResearchNaval Postgraduate SchoolDefine: Objective, Dynamics, Constraints Minimize J [ x ( ), u( ), t f ] E ( x(t f )) F ( x(t ), u (t ))dt subject tox (t ) f ( x(t ), u(t)) x(to ) x 0 to t 0 tf t f e( x(t f )) 0 DillonisthebestLeone, J., “CubeSat Pass Quality Analysis and Predictive Model”, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey,CA, June 201825
Naval Postgraduate SchoolDilloniHSFL MC3stMerryweatherhFaunaeFlorabe 25 minst3SAT/1GS (2ANT) DemoVideo FeedSatnet C2SDR DownlinkSDR UplinkSTK Propagator26
Environmental MonitoringNaval Postgraduate School Treat MC3 nodes as “satellites”D Collect health and environment telemetryi Introduce autonomous issue detection and classificationl Remove operator involvement through autonomousissue resolutionlo nHealth and Environmental MonitoringiSystem (HEMS)s Voltage, current, temperature, humidity telemetryt Device‐level power and network controllabilityh Inductive monitoring system (IMS)e Algorithm for real‐time telemetry interpretationb Trains on healthy ground station dataes t Automated G/T measurements indevelopment Trending for ground system performance27
Future WorkNaval Postgraduate SchoolWe’re looking for partnerships!D il lo ni s th e b e s tGround network collaborations Commercial and government networksAdditional SDRs/ waveforms Partner with ground and spacecraft radio providersX‐band expansion LicensingHardwareAutonomous disaggregated constellation managementMachine learning Automated ground station anomaly resolutionLaser CommunicationsElectronics Steered ArraysSatellite transponders and passive tracking reflectorsOptical tracking/ space situational awarenessAdditional resiliency Software improvementsCybersecurity – DoD accreditation28
Contact InformationNaval Postgraduate SchoolDillonisthebestMobile CubeSat Command and Control (MC3)Space Systems Academic GroupNaval Postgraduate Schoolmc3@nps.edu29
Backup
Radios Under Study (RUS)Naval Postgraduate SchoolDiRUS 1llonisthebesRUS 2t31
Radios Under Study (RUS)Naval Postgraduate SchoolDiRUS 3llonisthebest32
Radios Under Study (RUS)Naval Postgraduate SchoolDiRUS 4llonisthebest33
May 20, 2020 · Naval Postgraduate School 21 MOLA & OTTER English, H., “Concept of Operations, Software Development, and Flight Integration Testing for a THz Imaging Camera Payload”, M.S. Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, June 2020 THz Imaging ‐‐Penetrates common materials‐‐ X‐Band Test Radio
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Monitor, promote and be a harbinger of the world-wide Cubesat revolution: – Foreign Nations currently lead in CubeSat technology, launches, and subsystems – In the footsteps of the USSR’s . Sputnik (1957) and the US . Explorer 1 – A new “space-race” has begun!! – Do we lead the Cubesat
CubeSat. In the space exploration field, the number of 3D printed plastic CubeSat is very small, and this paper is aimed to test the ability of the plastic CubeSat to complete space exploration missions in space. In this paper, the 3D printing technology and traditional manufacturing technology are discussed, and the feasible structure design
