ENGINEERING PHYSICS I & II - Tndte.gov.in
ENGINEERING PHYSICS I & IIDIPLOMA COURSE IN ENGINEERINGFIRST AND SECOND SEMESTERA Publication underGovernment of TamilnaduDistribution of Free Textbook Programme(NOT FOR SALE)Untouchability is a sinUntouchability is a crimeUntouchability is a inhumanDIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATIONGOVERNMENT OF TAMILNADU
Government of TamilnaduFirst Edition – 2015THIRU. PRAVEEN KUMAR I.A.SPrincipal Secretary / Commissioner of Technical EducationDirectorate of Technical EducationGuindy, Chennai- 600025Dr. K.SUNDARAMOORTHY, M.E., Phd.,Additional Director of Technical Education (Polytechnics)Directorate of Technical EducationGuindy, Chennai- 600025Co-ordinatorEr. R.SORNAKUMAR M.E.,PrincipalDr. Dharmambal GovernmentPolytechnic College for WomenTharamani, Chennai—113ConvenerTHIRU. K.SELVARAJAN M.Sc.,HOD (UG) / PhysicsInstitute of Chemical TechnologyTharamani, Chennai—113ReviewerDr.K.SIVAKUMAR, M.Sc., Phd.,Professor of Physics and Dean, Regional officeAnna University, Madurai—7.AuthorsDr.K.RAJESEKAR, M.Sc., Phd.,Lecturer (UG)/ PhysicsGovernment Polytechnic CollegeNagercoilTHIRU S.NAGARAJAN, M.Sc.,HOD(UG)/ PhysicsGovernment Polytechnic College,Purasaiwakkam, Chennai –12TMT.G.INDIRA, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,Lecturer/PhysicsDr. Dharmambal GovernmentPolytechnic College for WomenTharamani, Chennai—113THIRU.G.MOHANA SUNDARAM, M.Sc.,M.Phil.,M.Ed.,HOD(UG)/PhysicsCentral Polytechnic CollegeTaramani, Chennai-113.THIRU.N.SARAVANAN, M.Sc.,M.Phil,M.Ed.,HOD(UG)/PhysicsMeenakshi Krishnan Polytechnic CollegePammal, Chennai—75This book has been prepared by the Directorate of Technical EducationThis book has been printed on 60 G.S.M PaperThrough the Tamil Nadu Text book and Educational Services Corporationii
FOREWORDWith the concept of Global Village after liberalisation and globalisation, ourcountry India has become one of the most sought after destinations by manyMulti National Companies for investment. The rapid growth in various fields ofEngineering andTechnology like Information technology, Automobileengineering, Infrastructure development, etc., demands much needed HumanResources.The growth of various Industries demand qualified Technicians at differentcategories. The Diploma level education of Engineering and Technology offeredby the various Polytechnic Colleges cater these Technician needs of theIndustries.Every Polytechnic college is offering diploma programmes in many fields ofEngineering like Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Electronics, InformationTechnology and special fields like Aeronautics, Chemical, Printing , Leather andtextile technology etc.,For all branches of study, the first year curriculum is common. The syllabusprovides the necessary bridge between the school education and engineeringeducation which the students pursue from their second year of study. Forsuccessful completion of engineering diploma with flying colours, a thoroughknowledge of basics is very much essential.The Content of this Engineering Physics I and Engineering Physics II providenecessary basic ideas and concepts in a bright manner. Real life applicationsandpractical examples are included in this text wherever required. Theexperiments to be performed by the student in I and II semester EngineeringPhysics practical are also included in this text for the benefit of students.The students should give due importance in understanding the various basicconcepts with which only they can shine in their career, rather than reading themby heart.AUTHORSiii
30013 ENGINEERING PHYSICS – IDETAILED SYLLABUSUNIT I: S I UNITS AND STATICS1.1 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS:4HrsUnit-Definition-Fundamental Quantities-Definition-Seven fundamental quantities;their SI units and symbol for the units- Supplementary quantities-plane angle andsolid angle; their SI units and symbol for the units Derived physical quantities.Dimensional formula for length, mass and time-derivation of dimensional formula forarea, volume, density, velocity, momentum, acceleration, force, impulse, work orenergy and power. Uses of Dimensional formula. Conventions followed in SI –UnitsMultiples & sub-multiples and prefixes of units.1.2 STATICS:9 HrsScalar and vector quantities–Definitions and examples–Concurrent forces andcoplanar forces–Definition-Resolution of a vector into two perpendicular components-Resultant and equilibrant–Definitions-Parallelogram law of forces - statement Expressions for magnitude and direction of the resultant of two forces acting at apoint with an acute angle between them-Lami’s theorem-Statement and explanationExperimental verification of parallelogram law of forces and Lami’s theorem. Simpleproblems based on expressions for magnitude and direction of resultant.Moment of a force-Clockwise and anti-clockwise moments-Principle of momentsCouple–Torque acting due to a Couple–Experimental determination of mass of thegiven body using principle of moments.UNIT II: PROPERTIES OF MATTER2.1 ELASTICITY:4 HrsElastic and plastic bodies–Definition-stress, strain-Definitions–Hooke’s law –statement-three types of strain–Elastic and plastic limit–Young’s modulus, Bulkmodulus, Rigidity modulus and Poisson’s ratio–Definitions-Uniform and non-uniformbending of beams-Experimental determination of the Young’s modulus of thematerial of a beam by uniform bending method. Simple problems based on stress,strain and Young’s modulus.2.2 VISCOSITY:5HrsViscosity–Definition-Coefficient of viscosity-Definition, SIunit and dimensional formula-Stream line flow, turbulent flow-Explanation-Critical velocity–Definition-Reynoldsnumber-Experimental comparison of coefficient of viscosity of two low viscous liquids–Terminal velocity–Definition-Experimental determination of coefficient of viscosityof a highly viscous liquid by Stokes method–Practical applications of viscosity.2.3 SURFACE TENSION:4HrsSurface tension & angle of contact-Definitions-Expression for surface tension of aliquid by capillary rise method-Experimental determination of surface tension ofwater by capillary rise method–Practical applications of capillarity. Simple problemsbased on expression for surface tension.UNIT III: DYNAMICS–I3.1.STRAIGHTLINE MOTION:2 HrsIntroduction-Newton’s Laws of motion-Fundamental Equations of motion for objects horizontal motion-falling freely-thrown vertically upwards.iv
3.2 PROJECTILE MOTION:4Hrs.Projectile motion, angle of projection, trajectory, maximum height, time of flight, andhorizontal range–Definitions-Expressions for maximum height, time of flight andhorizontal range–Condition for getting the maximum range of the projectile-Derivationof the equation to show that the trajectory of the projectile is a parabola. Simpleproblems based on expressions for maximum height, time of flight and horizontal range.3.3 CIRCULAR MOTION:7Hrs.Circular motion, angular velocity, period and frequency of revolutions–Definitions–Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity–Relation between angularvelocity, period and frequency–Normal acceleration, centripetal force and centrifugalforce–Definitions–Expressions for normal acceleration and centripetal force. Banking ofcurved paths–Angle of banking–Definition–Expression for the angle of banking of acurved path. { tanθ v2/ (r g) }Simple problems based on the expressions for centripetalforce and angle of banking.Simple harmonic motion, amplitude, frequency and period Definitions.UNIT IV: DYNAMICS–II4.1 ROTATIONAL MOTION OF RIGID BODIES:6HrsRigid body–Definition-Moment of inertia of a particle about an axis, moment of inertiaof a rigid body about an axis–expressions–Radius of gyration–Definition– Expression forthe kinetic energy of a rotating rigid body about an axis–Angular momentum–Definition–Expression for the angular momentum of a rotating rigid body about an axis–Law ofconservation of angular momentum–Examples.4.2 GRAVITATION:3HrsNewton’s laws of gravitation–Acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth–Expression for variation of acceleration due to gravity with altitude4.3 SATELLITES:4HrsSatellites–Natural and artificial–Escape velocity and orbital velocity–Definitions–Expression for escape velocity–Expression for orbital velocity –Uses of artificial satellites.Simple problems based on the expressions for escape velocity and orbital velocity.UNIT V: SOUND AND MAGNETISM5.1 SOUND:8HrsWave motion–Introduction and definition–Audiable range-Infrasonic-UltrasonicsProgressive waves, longitudinal and transverse waves–Examples- Amplitude,wave length, period and frequency of a wave–Definitions-Relation between wavelength, frequency and velocity of a wave-Stationary or standing waves. Vibrations-Free& forced vibrations and resonance–definitions and examples–Laws of transversevibrations of a stretched string–Sonometer–Experimental determination of frequency ofa tuning fork.Acoustics of buildings–Echo-Reverberation, reverberation time, Sabine’sformula for reverberation time (no derivation) –Coefficient of absorption of soundenergy–Noise pollution.Simple problems based on expression for frequency of vibration.5.2 MAGNETISM:5HrsPole strength –Definitions–Magnetic moment, intensity of magnetisation, magnetisingfield intensity, magnetic induction, permeability, hysteresis, saturation, retentivity andcoercivity – Definitions - Method of drawing hysteresis loop of a specimen using asolenoid–Uses of Hysteresis loop simple problem based on intensity of magnetization.v
30024 ENGINEERING PHYSICS – IIDETAILED SYLLABUSUNIT I: HEAT1.1 TRANSFER OF HEAT4HrsConcept of Heat and Temperature - Centigrade, Fahrenheit and Kelvin scales oftemperature measurement- Conduction,convection and radiation - Definitions andexplanations-Coefficient of thermal conductivity-Definition and SI unit- good and poorconductors- Examples-Properties of thermal radiation.1.2 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES5HrsPostulates –Mean square velocity and Root Mean Square(RMS)velocity of molecules Definitions and expressions –Expression for the pressure of a gas on the basis ofpostulates of kinetic theory of gases - Relation between pressure and kinetic energy,pressure and absolute temperature of the gas–Simple problems based on theexpression for the pressure of a gas.1.3 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY4HrsSpecific heat capacity of a substance (solids and liquids) –Definition – Specific heatcapacity of a gas at constant volume – Specific heat capacity of a gas at constantpressure– Ratio of specific heat capacities – Explanation for Cp is greater than Cv –Derivation of Mayer’s relation – calculation of Universal gas constant R from the gasequation PV RT. Simple problems based on Mayer’s relation.UNIT II: THERMODYNAMICS, LIQUEFACTION OF GASES - AND NON CONVENTIONALENERGY2.1 THERMODYNAMICS5HrsFirst law of thermodynamics – Statement—Isothermal and Adiabatic changes Explanation – Equations for isothermal and adiabatic changes (No derivation) Simpleproblems based on equations P1V1 P2V2 and P1V1γ P2V2γ Second law ofthermodynamics – Clausius statement and Kelvin’s statement – Working of Carnot’sreversible engine with indicator diagram and its efficiency.2.2 LIQUEFACTION OF GASES5HrsCritical temperature, critical pressure and critical volume – Definitions – Principle usedin cascade process – Cascade process of liquefaction of oxygen – Disadvantages ofcascade process - Joule Thomson effect – Temperature of inversion – Liquefaction of airby Linde’s process2.3 NON – CONVENTIONAL ENERGY3HrsIntroduction – Non-renewable and Renewable (Alternate) energy sources – Examples –Solar energy, wind energy, – Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy.LIGHT AND REMOTE SENSING3.1 OPTICS5HrsRefraction – Laws of refraction – Refractive index of a medium – Definition –Spectrometer –Derivation of refractive index of glass prism using minimum deviation Experimental determination of refractive index using spectrometer - Fiber optics –Introduction –Phenomenon of total internal reflection –problems using the refractiveindex .vi
3.2 LASER4HrsLASER – Characteristics of LASER – principle of LASER – Spontaneous emission –Stimulated emission – population inversion – Ruby laser-Construction and working- Usesof LASER.3.3 REMOTE SENSING4HrsRemote sensing – Introduction – Active and passive remote sensing – Explanation andexamples – Components of remote sensing – Data acquisition, data analysis and reference data – RADAR – principle and working with block diagram.UNIT IV: ELECRICITY4.1 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS4HrsOhm’s law – Laws of resistances – Resistivity, Conductivity,Super conductivity andMeissner effect- Definitions – Kirchhoff’s current and voltage laws – Condition forbalancing the Wheatstone’s bridge .Simple problems based on expression for resistivity.4.2 EFFECTS OF CURRENT4HrsJoule’s law of heating – Experimental determination of specific heat capacity of a liquidusing Joule’s calorimeter –Faraday’s laws on electrolysis – Electro chemical equivalent(e.c.e) of an element – Definition – Experimental determination of e.c.e. of copperCapacitance of a capacitor – Definition – ‘ farad ’– Definition– expressions for effectivecapacitance when capacitors are connected in series and in parallel –Simple problemsbased on expressions for e.c.e., effective capacitance for series and parallel connectionsof capacitors.4.3 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS5HrsExpression for the force acting on a current carrying straight conductor placed in auniform magnetic field – Fleming’s Left Hand rule – Expression for the torque experienced by a rectangular current carrying coil placed inside a uniform magnetic field –Working of a moving coil galvanometer andits merits – Conversion of galvanometer intoan Ammeter and Voltmeter. Simple problems based on conversion of galvanometer intoammeter and voltmeter.UNIT V: ELECTRONICS5.1 SEMI CONDUCTORS4HrsSemi conductors – Energy bands in solids – Energy band diagram of good conductors,insulators and semi conductors– Concept of Fermi level - Intrinsic semiconductors Concept of holes - Doping – Extrinsic semiconductors – P type and N type semiconductors.5.2 DIODES AND TRANSISTORS5HrsP-N junction diode – Forward bias and reverse bias –Rectification action of diode –Working of full wave rectifier using P N junction diodes -PNP and NPN transistors – Threedifferent configurations –Advantages of common emitter configuration – Working of NPNtransistor as an amplifier in common emitter configuration.5.3 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS4HrsDigital electronics – Introduction – Logic levels – Basic logic gates: OR, AND , NOT gates –Universal logic gates:NAND and NOR gates – Symbolic representation, Boolean expression and Truth table for all above logic gates – Integrated circuits– Levels of integration –SSI, MSI, LSI and VLSI-Advantages of ICs.vii
NOTESviii
ENGINEERING PHYSICS—IFIRST SEMESTERUNITCONTENTSPAGE NO.UNIT I: SI UNITS AND STATICS1.1UNITS AND MEASUREMENT11.2STATICS6UNIT II: PROPERTIES OF MATTER2.1ELASTICITY142.2VISCOSITY182.3SURFACE TENSION23UNIT III: DYNAMICS—I3.1STRAIGHT LINE MOTION323.2PROJECTILE MOTION333.3CIRCULAR MOTION38UNIT IV: DYNAMICS—II4.1ROTATIONAL MOTION OF RIGID BODIES494.2GRAVITATION544.3SATELLITES56UNIT V: SOUND AND MAGNETISM5.1SOUND605.2MAGNETISM67FIRST SEMESTER PRACTICAL-I1MICROMETER (SCREW GAUGE)752VERNIER CALIPERS783CONCURRENT FORCES814COMPARISON OF VISCOSITIES OF LIQUIDS BY CAPILLARY FLOWMETHOD845COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY OF HIGH VISCOUS LIQUID—STOKES’METHOD866SURFACE TENSION897SONAMETER928DEFLECTION MEGNETOMETER (TAN A—POSITION) COMPARISONOF MAGNETIC MOMENTS95ix
ENGINEERING PHYSICS—IISECOND SEMESTERCONTENTSUNITPAGE NO.UNIT I: HEAT1.1TRANSFER OF HEAT11.2KINETIC THEORY OF GASES41.3SPECIFIC HEAT OF CAPACITY8UNIT II: THERMODYNAMICS, LIQUEFACTION OF GASES & NON ON OF GASES182.3NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY20UNIT III: LIGHT AND REMOTE SENSING3.1OPTICS253.2LASER333.3REMOTE SENSING36UNIT IV: ELECTRICITY4.1ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS424.2EFFECTS OF CURRENT474.3MEASURING INSTRUMENTS57UNIT V: ELECTRONICS5.1SEMICONDUCTORS655.2DIODES AND TRANSISTORS695.3DIGITAL ELECTRONICS74SECOND SEMESTER PRACTICAL1REFRACTIVE INDEX832SOAR CEL853SPECTROMETER874OHM’S LAW905JOULE’S CALORIMETER936COPPER VOLTAMETER967CHARACTERISTICS OF P-N JUNCTION DIODE988LOGIC GATES100x
SI Units and Statics 1UNIT1SI UNITS AND STATICS1.1 UNITS AND MEASUREMENTIntroduction:The word physics comes from the Greek word meaning “nature”. Today physics is treated as themost fundamental branch of science and finds numerous applications of life. Physics deals with matterin relation to energy and the accurate measurement of the same. Thus physics is inherently a science ofmeasurement. The fundamentals of physics form the basis for the study and the development ofengineering and technology.Measurement consists of the comparison of an unknown quantity with a known fixed quantity. Thequantity used as the standard of measurement is called ‘unit’. For example, a vegetable vendor weighsthe vegetables in terms of units like kilogram.Fundamental physical quantitiesFundamental quantities are the quantities which cannot be expressed in terms of any other physicalquantity.(eg) length, mass and time.Derived quantitiesQuantities that can be expressed in terms of fundamental quantities are called derived quantities.(eg) area, volume, density.UnitUnit of a physical quantity is defined as the accepted standard used for comparison of given physicalquantity.The unit in which the fundamental quantities are measured are called fundamental unit and the unitsused to measure derived quantities are called derived units.SI UnitsSI unit is the abbreviation for System International de units and is the modern form of metricsystem finally agreed upon at the eleventh International conference of weights and measures, 1960. Thissystem of units is now being adopted throughout the world and will remain the primary system of unitsof measurement. SI system possesses features that make it logically superior to any other system.There are seven fundamental units (base units) and two supplementary units.SI system of unitsPhysical quantityFundamental quantities1.Length2.Mass3.Time4.Electric currentUnitmetrekilogramsecondampereSymbolmkgsA
2 Engineering Physics-I5.Temperature6.Luminous Intensity7.Amount of substanceSupplementary quantities1. Plane angle2. Solid rived quantities and their unitsSl.No12345678910Physical quantityArea of the squareVolume of the eWork (or) EnergyPowerFormulaside sideside side sideMass / volumeDisplacement / timevelocity/ timemass velocitymass accelerationforce timeforce displacementWork / timeUnitmetre or square metremetre3 or cubic metrekilogram metre–3metre second–1metre second–2Kilogram metre second–1newtonnewton secondnewton metre or joulejoule second–1 or ensionsThe fundamental physical quantities namely length, mass and time are symbolically represented bythe capital letters L, M and T respectively.Dimensional formula is the formula in which the given physical quantity is expressed in terms of thefundamental quantities raised to suitable powers.Dimensional formula for derived physical quantities.1. Area of the square side sideApplying dimensionsArea of the square L L L2Dimensional formula for Area [ L2 ]2. Volume of the cube side side sideApplying dimensionsVolume of the cube L L L L3Dimensional formula for Volume [L3]3. Density is the mass per unit Volume.massDensity volumeApplying dimensionsMDensity 3 ML–3LDimensional formula for Density [ML–3]
SI Units and Statics 4. Velocity is the rate of change of displacementdisplacementVelocity timeApplying dimensions,LVelocity LT –1TDimensional formula for Velocity [LT–1]5. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocityvelocityAcceleration timedisplacement1 timetimeApplying dimensionsLL 2 LT –2T T TDimensional formula for Acceleration [LT–2]6. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity.Momentum mass velocitydisplacement
education which the students pursue from their second year of study. For successful completion of engineering diploma with flying colours, a thorough . and practical examples are included in this text wherever required. The experiments to be performed by the student in I and II semester Engineering Physics practical are also included .
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A First Course in Complex Analysis was written for a one-semester undergradu-ate course developed at Binghamton University (SUNY) and San Francisco State University, and has been adopted at several other institutions. For many of our students, Complex Analysis is their first rigorous analysis (if not mathematics) class they take, and this book reflects this very much. We tried to rely on as .
