Geology And Ore Deposits Of The Sultan Basin, Snohomish .
State of WashingtonMON C. WALLGREN, GovernorDepartment of Conservation and DevelopmentART G ARTON, DirectorDIVISION OF MINES AND GEOLOGYSHELDON L . GLOVER, SupervisorBulletin No. 36Geology and Ore Deposits of theSultan Basin,Snohomish County, WashingtonByWARD CARITHERS and A. K. GUARDO LYMPIAS TATE PRINTING PLANT1945Fo1· sale b y Department of Conservation and Development,Olympia, W ashingwn.Price 50 ce n ts .
CONTENTSPageForeword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .I ntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Location and accessibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Field work and acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . .Scope of the report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Source of map data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Selected bibUography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Physiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Drainage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Climate and vegetation . . . . . . .Glaciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Geologic formations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bedded rocks . . . . . . . . . . .Old metamorphic series. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Conglomerate-argillite series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quaternary deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Igneous rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Peridotite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Quartz d iorite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Dikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ore deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lode deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Origin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mineralogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Pa.ragenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stages of m ineral ization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Magmatic segregations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Replacement deposits . . . . . . . . .Placer deposits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mines and prospects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .History and production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .WilUamson Creek area . . . . . . . . . . . . ."45" mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Milwaukee prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . .Silver Horseshoe prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Little Chief prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alpha and Beta placer claim s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ala-Dickson prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .North For k of the Sulta n River area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sultan Ki ng prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Florence Rae mine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Doris prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sultan Basin Mining Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S unr ise prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48-55 (garnet) prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . .Kelly Creek prospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Mountain Cedar prospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .John Newhouse prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363636363939464749505051515560626870717173
Table of Contents3PageElk Creek area . . . . . . .Marvel prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Jones prospect . . . . .Blue Stone prospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .South Fork of the Sultan River al'ea . . . . . . . . .St. Theresa prospect . . . . . . .Golden Eagle prospect . . . . .Kromona prospect . . . . . . .O utlying properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Border Queen prospect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lockwood pyrite deposit . . .7474747474747575787879Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
ILLUSTRATIONSPagePLATE 1. Geologic map and sections of the Sultan Basin , SnohomishCounty, Wash . . . . . . . . In pocket2. A, Lower part of the Sultan Basin from Olney Pass;B, East rim of the Sultan Basin at Headlee Pass . . . 193. A, South s ide of B ig Four Mountain from Copper Lake;B , Sheep Gap Mountain from the Sultan King prospect;C, Upper part of the South F ork of the Sultan River Valley . 18.Index m ap of Washington showing location of theSultan Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sketch of surface in the upper Williamson Creek area,showin g claim s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plan and section of part of " 45" mine workings . . . . . . .Idealized sketch of the Silver Horseshoe No. 1 vei n . . .Sketch of workings at the Little Chief prospect. .Map of the Sultan King prospect, sh owing patented claimsand worki ngs . . . . . . .Assay plan of drift in No. 1 tun nel, Sultan King prospect .Geologic sketch of Red Mountain area, showingmining claims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Plan of Florence Rae mine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Geologic map and sections of t he Florence Rae mine area. . . .Sketch of workings at the Doris prospect. .Plan and secti on of old Iowa mjne, Sultan Basin Mining Co.Sketch of s urface and workings on the Calumet claim,Sultan Basin Mining Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sketch and sections of the Su ru-ise prospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sketch of surface and workings at the Mountain Cedarprospect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Map of the principal workings at the K romona prospect . . .Map of the workings at the Border Queen prosp ect . . .Map of the Lockwood pyrite deposit . . .73940484951535657576163666872767980
FOREWORDThe Sultan Basin area of Snohomish County has held the interestof prospectors and miners for more than 70 years, yet, strangel yenough, very little authentic information has been available to thepublic on the general geology or on the characteristics of the mineraloccurrences. Although only about 30 miles airline from tidewater,the area has always been very difficult of access. A county roadnow reaches the lower part of the basin, and formerly two privatelybuilt roads served properties within the basin, but transportationis still a major problem in any development program. If production were assured, it is probable that roads would be built; but lacking roads the development work that is the prerequisite to production is greatly handicapped if not prevented. This deadlock has yetto be solved.The first mining claim in the basin to be recorded was staked in1874; since then hundreds of claims have been filed. Many mineral showings have been extensively prospected; a few have hadconsiderable development work done on them; and four propertieshave records of production. Under the circumstances, it is understandable that rumors should multiply and that vague or contradictory reports should obscure factual data on geology and oredeposits. The field investigations upon which this report is basedwere made in an effort to resolve the many confusing statementsand provide basic information on mineral occurrences. A study ofthe geology of the area was, of course, a necessary prelimjnary. It ishoped that the data presented will prove useful in geologic correlations between t his and adjacent areas and aid in future prospectingand development. The area has very definite production possibilities and warrants the attention of mining interests.SHELDON L. GLOVER, SupervisorDivision of Mines and Geology
GEOLOGY AND ORE DEPOSITS OF THE SULTANBASIN, SNOHOMISH COUNTY, WASHINGTONBYw ARDCARITHERS ANDA. K. GUARDINTRODUCTIONLOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITYThe Sultan Basin, as referred to in this report, is the part ofcentral Snohomish County that lies in the upper drainage area ofthe Sultan River (fig. 1). Early maps suggest that the name 'SultanBasin' has been applied to only a confined section of this area whereseveral tributaries join to form the main trunk of the river; butminers, prospectors, and others have generally referred to the SultanBasin as being the entire upper drainage basin, and in this morepopular sense the name is used herein. This area is on the westernflank of the Cascade Range within the Puget Sound drainage basin.Geographically, it is approximately between latitudes 47 55' and48 03' and longitudes 121 28' and 121 42'. It is an area of about72 square miles, comprising the northeastern part of the Sultanmining district. Surrounding the basin on the north, east, and.rg -WALL A· · - ·· WALLA . , I123 '119'FrcuRt: I-Index map o! Washington showing location of the Sultan Basi n .
8Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sultan Basinsouth are the Silverton, Monte Cristo, Silver Creek, and Index mining districts. Sultan, the nearest settlement, is a town of about1,000 population situated 12 miles southwest of the basin on themain line of the Great Northern Railway and on the Stevens Passhighway, U. S. lOA, 25 miles east of Puget Sound. From Sultan ,a good road, macadamized for the first 21h miles, leads into the basinthrough Olney Pass. The road then follows up the North Fork oft he Sultan River, and in 1943 was passable nearly to the head ofthis stream. During the winter of 1943-44, however, a flood washedout portions of the last 4 mil s of the road. An uncompletedbranch road extends from Olney Pass up the South Fork of theSultan River for about 21/z miles. Trails lead from the roads toother sections of the basin. There are no permanent residents inthe basin, but several cabins are occasionally occupied during thesummer months.FIELD WORK AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMost of the field work for this report was done in the summerof 1943, from July 19 to September 23; two additional weeks in 1944were spent in and around the basin to gain additional information.Generous cooperation was given by the people who are interestedin the mining properties of the basin, and particular thanks are dueMr. and Mrs. Harry Rudebeck, Messrs. Forrest E. Wing, Noah Berridge, C. F. Smith, Nate Jones, and George Startup for theircourtesies. Bob Curtiss, acting as guide during three weeks of 1943,was of assistance to the writers in familiarizing them with trailsand locations of several properties of the area. The authors areindebted to Sheldon L. Glover and W. A. G. Bennett, Supervisorand Geologist respectively, of the Division of Mines and Geology,for their generous counsel and aid in the preparation of the report.SCOPE OF THE REPORTThe study of the Sultan Basin was devoted primarily to themineral deposits, and so the present report deals chiefly with themines and prospects of the area. The general geology was considered for its relation to the ore deposits, but the details of thecomplex stratigraphy and the correlation of some Sultan Basinformations with those in other areas are phases of the geologywhich will require further investigation.SOURCE OF MAP DAT AThe areal geology of the Sultan Basin was mapped by the writersand is shown on plate 1. The base and topography of this mapwas adapted from the Sultan, Stilaguamish (Stillaguamish), Skykomish , and Glacier Peak quadrangles of the U. S. Geological Survey. These join at a common point in the basin. The positions ofclaims and other data shown were taken from a variety of sources,
Int roduction9including U. S. Forest Service maps, Chas. F. Metsker's SnohomishCounty Atlas, maps furnished by claim owners, and field observations. In several instances, data from these sources were contradictory, and it was necessary to adjust the map according to conditions observed in the field. In cases of contradictory positions oflegal boundaries, compromises were made. The maps of mostunderground workings, shown in the various figures, were basedon surveys made by the writers with Brunton compass, pacing,and taping.SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHYThere are few published reports that deal specifically with thegeology and mines of the Sultan Basin. Some geologic reports havebeen published that cover part of the area adjacent to, or near, thebasin, and following is a selected list of publications that give datapertinent to the area studied:SPURR, J. E., The ore deposits of Monte Cristo, Washington: U . S. Geol. Suxvey 22d Ann. Rept., pt. 2, pp. 777-888, 1901. A paper presenting a detailedgeologic description of the area and mines in the district east of the SultanBasin. Spun concluded that the Monte Cristo ore deposits were depositedin fractures within the country rock from descending surface waters.THYNG, W. S., Stilaguamish district; Monte Cristo district; Silver Creek district; Index district; in Landes, Henry, and others, The metalliferous resources of Washington except iron: Washington Geo!. Survey Ann. Rept.for 1901, pt. 2, pp. 63-82, 1902. Brief reports of the mines, a nd generalstatements regarding the geology of the ai:ea s urrounding the Sultan Basin.A few paragraphs describe the "45" mine a nd the Little Chief prospect.WEAVER, C. E., Geology and ore deposits of the Index mining district: Washington Geo!. SuTvey Bull. 7, 1912. A report on the geology and mines ofthe area south of the Sultan Basin. The ore bodies are described as beingchiefly enclosed in granodiorite, the predominant rock in the district.This igneous body, which is regarded as Mesozoic in age, intrudes theGunn Peak metamorphic series of probable Carboniferous age, and boththese rocks are overlain by Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary formations.PATTY, E . N., The metal mines of Washington: Washington Geol. SurveyBull. 23, pp. 279- 289, 1921. A brief statement of the geology in the Indexa nd Sultan districts, and descriptions of the Kromona, "45", Mystery(Mountain Cedar), and Sultan (Sultan King) properties.BROUGHTON, W. A., Inventory of mineral prope1·ties in Snohomish County,Washington: Washington Div. Geology Rept. Inv. 6, pp. 46-50, 1942.A brief statement of t he geology, and a catalogue of the mines and prospectsin the Sultan district.PHYSIOGRAPHYTOPOGRAPHYThe Sultan Basin is on the western edge of the northern Cascade Range and exhibits the bold, rugged topographical features ofthis region. Altitudes range from 1,200 feet on the Sultan River in
Geology and Ore Deposits of the Sultan Basin10the lower part of the basin to more than 5,000 feet on many of thepeaks and ridges. Del Campo Peak, on the eastern rim of the basin,is 6,550 feet in altitude, the highest point in the district. Many ofthe peaks of the basin are spectacular pinnacles connected by sharp,narrow ridges which descend abruptly to the valley floors. In someplaces the mountains are cut by narrow gorges through which snowfed streams cascade.DRAINAGEThe drainage of the upper Sultan River is roughly semicircularin area. It is separated from the Stilaguamish, Sauk, and Skykomish drainages by steep, sawtooth ridges on the north, east, andsouth, and from the Pilchuck River drainage by a low ridge on thewest. Four principal streams-Elk Creek, Williamson Creek. andthe North and South Forks-converge to form the main trunk ofthe Sultan River in the lower part of the basin . Here, the valleyfloor is relatively broad in contrast to the narrow valleys of the fourtributaries. At the lower end of this valley, the river leaves thebasin and plunges abruptly into a constricted can yon through whichit flows to its confluence with the Skykomish River at Sultan, 16miles down stream. A few miles below the basin, part of the riveris diverted for the municipal water supply of the City of Everett ;laws governing sanitary conditions in regard to water pollution aretherefore strictly enforced within thfa drainage area.CLIMATE AND VEGETATIONThe climate of the Sultan Basin is typical of that prevailing inthe western Cascades. Owing to the extreme difference in altitudes, the region presents a wide variation in weather conditions.The average temperature in the valleys is moderate, both summerand winter, and is only slig htly below that recorded on PugetSound. On the hig her peaks and ridges the temperature is, ofcourse, lower. No climatological records are ava ilable for thebasin, but the following table shows mean te mperatures for Silverton, Monte Cristo, and Startup. Temperatures of the lower partof the basin may be expected to be about the same as those givenfor Silverton.M ean temp eratu re b y months and m ean ammal tempercitiireS l t 1o n D .1 n u . Fo-t.1:u, :. .1- prlll l 11 y 11 Ir.\ ug. St·1l1.()Pl.No,· . . . ( It ):1:1 .0 ). I).11 .045. 1 l.O52.0111,2l iO,:!:; 1. r,17 .2: !,. f) .4)lontc C,·IElO (·I)a.1 .fl::i.u!"{(,, (;40.945.952.Rm.of,:l , O:-.::.,;,I). ":li-,13;;.G4:; 4Stnrtup . . . ( 7):l'i.242 .-16.0;.2.1;,a,61.0li.i.'.!:'1!).'.!;,J.I) .7:111.siii.Sllvr rton(D'"' .4.11),7Figures in parentheses indic
INTRODUCTION LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY The Sultan Basin, as referred to in this report, is the part of . on surveys made by the writers with Brunton compass, pacing, and taping. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY There are few published reports that deal specifically with the
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