Nutritional Cox Nutritional Biochemistry Cox

viiiContentsPart III: Vitamins and Minerals6.Pharmacokinetics of a Single Oral Dose of Vitamin D3 (70,000 IU)in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women . 119Daniel E. Roth, Abdullah Al Mahmud, Rubhana Raqib, Robert E. Black, andAbdullah H. Baqui7.Causal Relationship between Obesity and Vitamin D Status:Bi-Directional Mendelian Randomization Analysisof Multiple Cohorts . 145Karani S. Vimaleswaran, Diane J. Berry, Chen Lu, Emmi Tikkanen, Stefan Pilz,Linda T. Hiraki, Jason D. Cooper, Zari Dastani, Rui Li, Denise K. Houston,Andrew R. Wood, Karl Michaëlsson, Liesbeth Vandenput, Lina Zgaga,Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong, Mark I. McCarthy, Josée Dupuis, Marika Kaakinen,Marcus E. Kleber, Karen Jameson, Nigel Arden, Olli Raitakari, Jorma Viikari,Kurt K. Lohman, Luigi Ferrucci, Håkan Melhus, Erik Ingelsson, Liisa Byberg,Lars Lind, Mattias Lorentzon, Veikko Salomaa, Harry Campbell, Malcolm Dunlop,Braxton D. Mitchell, Karl-Heinz Herzig, Anneli Pouta, Anna-Liisa Hartikainen,the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) consortium,Elizabeth A. Streeten, Evropi Theodoratou, Antti Jula, Nicholas J. Wareham,Claes Ohlsson, Timothy M. Frayling, Stephen B. Kritchevsky, Timothy D. Spector,J. Brent Richards, Terho Lehtimäki, Willem H. Ouwehand, Peter Kraft, Cyrus Cooper,Winfried März, Chris Power, Ruth J. F. Loos, Thomas J. Wang, Marjo-Riitta Järvelin,John C. Whittaker, Aroon D. Hingorani, and Elina Hyppönen8.The Relationship between Folic Acid and Risk of AutismSpectrum Disorders . 171Yasmin NeggersPart IV: Macronutrient Composition, Energetics, and Energy Balance9.Consumption of Fructose-Sweetened Beverages for 10 WeeksReduces Net Fat Oxidation and Energy Expenditure inOverweight/Obese Men and Women . 189C. L. Cox, K. L. Stanhope, J. M. Schwarz, J. L. Graham, B. Hatcher, S. C. Griffen,A. A. Bremer, L. Berglund, J. P. McGahan, P. J. Havel, and N. L. Keim10. Effects of High Carbohydrate or High Protein Energy-RestrictedDiets Combined with Resistance-Exercise on Weight Loss andMarkers of Health in Women with Serum Triglyceride LevelsAbove or Below Median Values . 207Jonathan M. Oliver, Julie Y. Kresta, Mike Byrd, Claire Canon, Michelle Mardock,Sunday Simbo, Peter Jung, Brittanie Lockard, Deepesh Khanna, Majid Koozehchian,Chris Rasmussen, Chad Kerksick, and Richard Kreider

ContentsixPart V: Cell Function and Metabolism11. The Inhibition of the Mammalian DNA Methyltransferase 3a(Dnmt3a) by Dietary Black Tea and Coffee Polyphenols. 213Arumugam Rajavelu, Zumrad Tulyasheva, Rakesh Jaiswal, Albert Jeltsch, andNikolai Kuhnert12. Treatment of Human Muscle Cells with Popular DietarySupplements Increase Mitochondrial Functionand Metabolic Rate. 233Roger A. Vaughan, Randi Garcia-Smith, Miguel A. Barberena, Marco Bisoffi,Kristina Trujillo, and Carole A. ConnAuthor Notes. 253Index . 263

Acknowledgment and How to CiteThe editor and publisher thank each of the authors who contributed tothis book. The chapters in this book were previously published in variousplaces in various formats. To cite the work contained in this book and toview the individual permissions, please refer to the citation at the beginning of each chapter. Each chapter was read individually and carefullyselected by the editor; the result is a book that provides a nuanced look atcurrent nutrition research. The chapters included are broken into five sections, which describe the following topics: Chapter 1 offers an introductory overview, stressing that gene-nutrient interactions in growth and development and in disease prevention are fundamental to health. It makes the point that nutritional security should be giventhe same priority as food security. Chapter 2 discusses the potential role of nutritional genomics in the currentsurge of chronic disease in the Middle East and North Africa which hasmanifested due to the abrupt transition from a traditional to an industrialized diet in these regions. This situation provides an ideal opportunity toapply our current knowledge of nutritional genomics in an effort to helpunderstand and ameliorate an emerging and imminent nutritional disparity. A follow-up to their previous pivotal findings in older, overweight subjects (Stanhope et al, May 2009, JCI), in Chapter 3 the Havel groupprovides additional important evidence regarding the role of sugar consumption in the current epidemic of obesity and chronic disease in younghealthy individuals. With the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome becoming common in an everincreasing overweight, aged population, the need for effective interventionsis imminent. Dietary restriction and exercise can be effective interventionsfor those who are motivated; Chapter 4 provides important new information regarding protein requirements in these individuals and how changes inprotein intake can affect the efficacy of this type of intervention. Chapter 5 is an interesting study comparing the efficacy of oral nutritionalsupplements with that of nutrition education in patients with Alzheimer’sdisease. As the diagnosis of dementia becomes more common, it is important to assess the most practical way to deal with the nutritional challengesof this growing population group.

xiiAcknowledgment and How to Cite Vitamin D deficiency has become more prevalent worldwide and it is wellaccepted that there is a need for supplementation in susceptible groups;however there is still much debate as to what the appropriate dosage shouldbe. Chapter 6 provides important information regarding the pharmacokinetics of oral vitamin D supplements, and also compares outcomes in bothpregnant and non-pregnant women. Chapter 7 is an interesting study of the role of vitamin D deficiency inthe pathophysiology of childhood obesity and provides evidence that nutritional status, not just body weight, may influence levels of inflammatorymediators and insulin sensitivity in this unfortunately growing populationgroup. The success of folic acid fortification in reducing the incidence of neuraltube defects is considered one of the success stories of modern nutritionscience. Chapter 8 presents an elegant study which provides evidence thatincreased folic acid intake may also reduce the prevalence of other neurodegenerative disorders such as autism. Chapter 9, authored by the editor of this volume, is important because itshows that, when consumed at 25% of energy requirements, fructose canactually cause the liver to synthesize so much fat after a meal that fat synthesis actually surpasses net whole-body fat oxidation, leading to a temporary state of negative net fat oxidation in body. These data provide additional insights into the mechanisms by which increased sugar consumptionleads to the development of obesity. High-protein diets are currently a popular fad perhaps in part because ofthe evidence that this type of diet may lead to reductions in circulating triglyceride levels. In Chapter 10, Oliver and colleagues attempt to determinewhether exercise in combination with a high-protein diet has differentialeffects on triglyceride levels in women with either normal or elevated fasting triglyceride levels. Tea is one of the most commonly consumed beverages globally and therehave been many studies examining the potential health benefits of varioustypes of teas. In Chapter 11, Rajavelu and colleagues provide data suggesting a potential biochemical mechanism by which compounds found inblack tea and coffee may modulate the methylation of DNA. Supplement use is at an all-time high in the United States and finding peerreviewed data validating the efficacy of many of these products can be verydifficult. Chapter 12 examines the efficacy of several commercially available supplement products and measures their ability to modulate the mitochondrial content of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells.

List of ContributorsAbdullah Al MahmudInternational Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, BangladeshNigel ArdenMRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom andNIHR Musculoskeletal BRU, Botnar Research Centre, Oxford, United KingdomAbdullah H. BaquiDepartment of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA and International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh(icddr,b), Dhaka, BangladeshMiguel A. BarberenaDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USAL. BerglundDepartment of Internal Medicine, UCD School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USADiane J. BerryCentre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics and MRC Centre of Epidemiology for ChildHealth, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United KingdomPaulo H. F. BertolucciDepartment Neurology and Neurosurgery, Behaviour Neurology Section, Universidade Federal deSão Paulo/UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, BrazilMarco BisoffiDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USARobert E. BlackDepartment of International Health, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USAPeter G. BourneGreen Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK

xivList of ContributorsCésar Q. BrantDepartment Neurology and Neurosurgery, Behaviour Neurology Section, Universidade Federal deSão Paulo/UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, BrazilAndrew A. BremerDepartment of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis and Department of Pediatrics, School ofMedicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37204Liisa BybergDepartment of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenMike ByrdExercise and Sports Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USAHarry CampbellCentre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United KingdomClaire CanonExercise and Sports Nutrition Laboratory, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, USARobert ChapierClermont University, Blaise Pascal University, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise inPhysiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, FranceGuoxia ChenDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, DavisCarole A. ConnDepartment of IFCE: Nutrition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USACyrus CooperMRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United KingdomJason D. CooperJuvenile Diabetes Research Foundation/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge,Cambridge, United KingdomDaniel CourteixClermont University, Blaise Pascal University, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise inPhysiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France and School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 4115 Fitzroy MDC VIC 3165, Australia

List of ContributorsxvC. L. CoxDepartment of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USARosimeire V. da SilvaDepartment Neurology and Neurosurgery, Behaviour Neurology Section, Universidade Federal deSão Paulo/UNIFESP-EPM, São Paulo, BrazilZari DastaniDepartment of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Lady Davis Institute, JewishGeneral Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, CanadaEric DoréClermont University, Blaise Pascal University, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise inPhysiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, FranceMalcolm DunlopColon Cancer Genetics Group and Academic Coloproctology, Institute of Genetics and MolecularMedicine, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom and MRC Human Genetics Unit Western General Hospital Edinburgh, United KingdomJosée DupuisDepartment of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts,United States of America and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study,Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of AmericaFrédéric DutheilClermont University, Blaise Pascal University, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise inPhysiological and Pathological conditions (AME2P, EA3533), BP 10448, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France, Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, University Hospital (CHU) G. Montpied,F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France, and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, F-63000,Clermont-Ferrand, FranceAbdul-Karim M. El-Hage-SleimanDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11072020, LebanonOle FaergemanDepartment of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Aarhus Sygehus University Hospital Tage HansensGade 2, 8000 Aarhus C, DenmarkAkl C. FahedDepartment of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA

xviList of ContributorsTheresa I. FarhatDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, Beirut 11072020, LebanonLuigi FerrucciClinical Research Branch, Harbor Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of AmericaTak Hou FongDepartment of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, DavisTimothy M. FraylingGenetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United KingdomRandi Garcia-SmithDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USAJ. L. GrahamDepartment of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA and Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USAS. C. GriffenDepartment of Internal Medicine, UCD School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USAAnna-Liisa HartikainenDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Public Health and General Practice, University ofOulu, Oulu, FinlandB. HatcherDepartment of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USAPeter J. HavelDepartment of Molecular Biosciences and School of Veterinary Medicine, and Department of Nutrition, University of California, DavisKarl-Heinz HerzigInstitute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Institute ofBiomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland and Department of Psychiatry, Kuopio UniversityHospital, Kuopio, FinlandAroon D. HingoraniGenetic Epidemiology Group, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Division of Population Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom and Division of Medicine, Centrefor Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, London, United

nutritional genomics clinical nutrition and biochemistry vitamins and minerals macronutrients and energy cell function and metabolism Collected in this research compendium are recent studies within each of these topic