Volsunga Saga - Vsnrweb-publications .uk
V Qlsunga SagaNELSON
ICELANDICGENERAL EDITORSSigurdur Nordal andVOLS'-'SA*SAOFVOLSUNGS
The Sagaof the Volsungsand TranslatedNotes and \oD,endlceswithR.FinchSenior Lecturer in GermanTheNELSON
THOMAS NELSON AND SONS LTD10W lre.ho'LlSeTHOMAS NELSON AND SONSLTDP. O. Box g881 .J 0.nal1n ::sbl.lrg-First Published 1965R. G. Finch 1965Printed in Great Britain byThomas Nelson (Printers) Ltd, London and .t;d.JlnburJi!::b
i7sagaXXXIXandxlTextTextTranslationABC TheandGlossary ofbetweenTermsversoIrectoIverso and rectosaga818291Index95v
ACKNOWLEDMEN SI should like tothanks to Dr P . Salmon, Dr D .Professor W.for their assistance with someRr lptuc;ll and other details, and to Professor H. E. Hinderks for his helpconstant encouragement. lowe adebt ofto Professor G. Turville-Petre for all hisand toP. G.Foote whose valuable suggestions haveto improve this book.to my own account.Remaining deficiencies must, of course, be setand indirect, atFinally I wish to thank my wife for all her help,every stage of the work.R. G.F.
INTRODUCTIONIandTheAlthough a KnIOWleCU?e of Iceland's mediaeval saga literature is nowbecoming moreit is stillfromcome into itsown, and Njall,Hrafnkellof Beowulf,Roland or theWhereas the latteras names, tothe commonstock of theeducatedthe former,as yet, do not.main characterssaga, however, are anotableto theand thestatement in ch. 23,that hisname 'is current in allnorth ofthe Greekand so it will be for asas the world endures',of truth. There can be butwho have not heard ofcontains aSigurd (orhis deeds ofhis love for Brynhild (orBriinnhilde)hisat the hands thosetrustedforRichard Wagner drewon theof the Icelandic Poeticfor the basic material of DeTdesand onwhich, althoughandinmatters of detail, isa prose retelling of the relevantlays.Wagner'scannot, however, be equated with the ancientScandinavianthat it seems to tell: it is by no means a moderndramatisation ofor of the Eddaic lays, and Wagner, in' myth' became an innovator on aattempting to recreategrand scale whoseproduced annew C myth' inwith hisand musical purpose.approach to thematerial was eclectic andForthe shattering ofWotan's spear bywith a sword of his ownis pureinvention, as is thethat Siegfried is the child of an incestuousunion between brother andalthough according to V glsunga saga,his half-brother, Sinfjotli, was indeed born of such a union. Sigurd'smother in Edda and Saga was named Hjordis, not Sigelinde who appearsas his mother in the MHG epic das NibelungenZ':ed. Odin (i.e. Wotan)is not, in the Icelandic version, solely responsible for despoiling thedwarf of his gold: moreover, the dwarf's name was Andvari, notAlberich, whom Wagner took over from the Nibelungenlied, where heplays a different role. In fact, the ' Rheingold ' springs largely from#'J.t"r.n .r'I#'),'I"'t"&/I.vii
INTRODUCTIONVlll.,.llI lI""nland the idea of the inevitable conflictSVlnDlO!U;ea by theand true love is hisas so manyout of the. " . . - of hisof events inage,a'PDJrOJlarrLat4elvis combined with art,with "". v .,."". . . . . . . , the historical effect is ever strivensuccess.sagaforalthoughfictional, asconvincing in its realismshown by Professor Sigurour Nordal, it was long believed to rest oncry from such ato thegenuine historical tradition. It is atypicalwhere the wondrous and fantastictothe upper hand, where the human is replaced by the well-nigh superinto mere heroics andhuman, where the heroic spiritliterary qualities count for little.is unfortunately noteX( ml)t from such strictures. Sigurdthe one full descriptiongiven of him (ch. 23), is pictured asthan life, nor is it enoughfor him merely to kill the man who has dealt him a mortal wound:past, Iceland's own"A,.".I.I.'U.I.I. jlJ;:;,.I.derives from the title of C. C. Rafn's collection, Fornaldarl'J ordr1.anda.
INTRODUCTIONIXhe throws his sword which slices his murderer clean through at thewaist (ch.are, inadventure and letting ofblood forown sakes.are also some structural we;akl1les eSte.g.two children are twiceBrynhild is twice betrothedtoand her residence seems tobetween a ' shield castle', aby a wall offlame.Norse hall, and a castleThesemay not all be due to the failure of the compiler ofthe saga to remove some of the inconsistencies in his sources-a lessskilled interpolatorbe partlyIt must,behas on the whole littlefor the poetryadmitted that theof his poeticThat he should, where necessary, use wordsand phrases moretostyle thanoften purely poeticvocabulary of his sourcesandhe shouldoccasionally, e.g. in hisst. 6-12(the beginning of ch.in a fewtrite sentences, isof all, is difficult not to beby this taleYet inwhich has as much to do with character and fate as has with the clashof arms.youthfulthat defies the curse on thetreasureinto the realisation that he isenmeshed inthe toilsfate. Brynhild, whose code of honour cannot but demandthe death of the man she loves andwhomhashervoluntarily ends her life in the flames of his funeralmeetsdeath with aon his lips, and his brothertrueSuchhowever .,.p:reSlenteO,heroic stature incannot fail to make its impact, even on the sophisticatedtwentieth century.' ".,.".1,.,-3saga and its anl.,lo/lrueSScandinavian(i)saga (VS). The oldest MS dates from c. 1400. Theitself was compiled not later than c.probably in. . """",1" though possibly in Norway (see section 6).(ii) The Poetic Edda (PE). The oldest MS (Codex Regius) datesfrom c.The date of the original compilation is uncertain: notafter c.and possibly as early as the second half of the twelfth(a).1 1.'Altnord. Lit. II, 479, G.Of)1 954, 241.LdlJlUUJU:lU,Studier i Codex
xINTRODUCTIONcentury.lof the lays preserved in theRegiusto theVolsung material and of these twelve,with some of the connectingtheofwhich alsoa proseprose, were utilisedredaction of a lostprobably eightleaves).SnoTTi Sturluson(iii) The Prose Eddadates from thefourteenth . . . L' .,. . . .completedareThea brief version of the material.Bern (PSS).oldest MSfrom the(iv)end of theIt was compiled in Norway probablyis one of the heroicwoven·hQ r"I.rl.t:ltheOstro-Gothic ruler.Preservedit dates from the ." .- I.o ot·habllreVla'ted account of the earlierof theSigurd's death and Brynhild's journey toaresome accretions.These are six late mediaeval Icelandic . . . . ."'."" .(vi)romances, corresponding toch.the oldest MS dating fromc. 1550. They were probably written shortly14008 and maybe based on a rather different and older version of V S than thatextant.9(vii)bThe earliest MSS date from thesixteenth century. The ballad traditionin Norway probablyc. 1300; the Faroese ballads are at least a century later. The reJev lntextant balladsSvein (there is also a Swedish(the Norwegianversion); Danish: Sivard'I'Y\"'1lfo'.et.l"'tnl
INTRODUCTIONXlfragments),Thea markedlyis not extant. 2translated from LatinDanish inversion of the material. The n'l"tlrTtn 1rln:TA'I"nAn (b) German(i) Das(NL).earliest MSS datethethirteenth century; the poem itself was written not later than theprobably beforeThe MSS conyears of thatatext append theIt tells of theofDutchNL (MS ' T ').(ii)deWritten by Albrecht von ::)CJlarltenlleI·2c. 1280,romance isin the late fifteenth-centuryredaction by Ulrich Fiietrer in hisder Abenteuer. 5islinked with Arthurian romance and becomes a knight of the RoundMundirosa andTable. Mter many adventures he marries thethey liveever(iii) Thezum Heldenbuch. The Heldenbuch was firstprinted inIts text is close to that of a slightly older StrasbourgMS which contains a(Anhang)to thegives a confusedof mainly thelatter half of thealso contains elements of an ancientNibelung tradition. 6(iv) Das Lied vom Hii.rnen Seyfrid (BS). This is only extant inprinted texts dating from the sixteenth century and was probablywritten in the fifteenth century, though it contains some older traditionalwith the hero's youthful exploits. 7material. It deals(v) Der Hiirnena drama by Hans Sachs written in ISS7and based partly onpartly on the MHG tier Rosengarten, andpartly, perhaps, on some third, unknown, source. 8 It ends with thehero's death and a promise of vengeance. " .1s,.vSeeI, 70 f.3mit den Lesarten siimtlicherfound in W. Grimm,C. King, Manchestered. E. Goetze 1880
xuINTRODUCTIONA chap-book first printed intra,l!'nlel1ltal V tf nth-( en'tllr'v NorseSigmund'sis alsoinhis son Gunnar (OE Guahere) areand the latter and Hogni (OE Hagena)a late fourteenthmentions Sigurd as besthe appears in thirteenthof the Dietrich.,., 9 andTheHugo von 11 and der Marner 12 maketo Nibelungthetradition.a mediaevalpoemor Ottonian era,to the same cycle as the OEand also treats ofknown to Nibelung tradition.Even an occasionalsuch asthirteenthcentury Latin Chronicaof Simonuse ofNibelung material. Names of some of theKriemhilt, Nipulunc, Sigfrid,(Sinfjotli) and Welisunc(Volsung)asnames in German deeds and chartersas early aseighth and ninth centuries.1sA knowledge of thehas often stimulated artistic and I","' . I. ""lI.J:O.n . . .,.Rostock 1 910, 98Die Gedichte 'Dom
xiiiINTRODUCTIONimagination. Scenes from the Volsung cycle have been found carvedin wood or stone in Sweden, Norway and England and nnlQQ11hhrIsle of Man.1Saga 2 seems toBrynhild-Gudrunwhile the late IceLat least a motif withat HE!luelan!d.affinities withandare several nllrle1:ee:ntll-c:en'tut-:vtreatments ofthe theme 5 . . .' . . "'''''''11''''' Max Mell wrote a drama, Der LVt4rJelJrlnl:.'e'AI4Thebasicthe0. 'variations and their Slpntf,lca:nceVS falls into five sections:(a)1-12.Sigi, outlawed forkingdom.is slain but is avenlle:duntil he eats ansent byand of Signy.wins a sword 1Jlun{!e dhall, for alone can draw itunloved husband, falls in the battle; his sons are ca'Dltur'ed.forest and left to adeath. A she. wolfevery night,brother afteruntilalone .1 l.l14UJ .Hethe wolf, escapes and lives on in thedead.two sons are tooto be of help to l mtlndhis kinsmen, andherself eagervengeance,to sleep unrec:osnl1st: d with herand bears him a son, Sinfjotli, who is thus doublyof Volsung and with Sigmund aavenger. After prt: linlm:arv .A""lUll . including aashall.veI12ean( e complete,tofurther ad, entul·es.with his half-brotherSinfjotli isby his ste'pmlottler.Sigmund falls in battle, his swordOdin's spear.A.a. "",.&. ""'''"''.&.(b) ChaptersSigmund's secondHjordis,court after her husband's death. .:. .at.ll .Hjalprek'sRegin, a smith,I,Mell, DerNt,l1elunl!eNot, PtI,1943; Pt II, 1951
xivINTRODUCTION2\.1:ardllatlS of his father's or()oertvin a ' shield castle'. This isamarr13ljze. thoughSigurdnext visits Heimir,also there and(c)tohiski and hisGrimhild, have three sons, Gunnar, Hogni andGuttonn, and a daughter, Gudrun, who knows Brynhild, described here asAtli's sister. BrynhildGudrun's dream as foretelling two ". . . . . . ".,""'. . . . .and their consequences.arrives athall and becomes a greatasset. HeBrynhildof a potion administered by Grimhild, andmarriesbecoming blood-brother to Gunnar and Hogni. Gunnardetermines to win Brynhild, but cannot pass the flame barrier surrounding herhall. Sigurd exchanges shapes with Gunnar and succeeds in his stead.Brynhild accepts the supposed Gunnar, and for three nights they share thesame bed with drawn sword between them. Sigurd takes from her Andvaranaut,the ring he had earlierher in his own person, substituting another.Brynhild laterher daughter by Sigurd, into Heimir's care, andmarries Gunnar. Whentogether, Brynhild claimsoverGudrun by wading farther intoriver. Quarrelling, they argue the meritsof theirhusbands, and Gudrun shows Brynhild Andvaranaut, thusdeception. Brynhild feels herself betrayed and perjured, for she
xvINTRODUCTIONhad sworn to marry him who braved the flames. To Gunnar she implies thatwhen Sigurd slept with her in Gunnar's SeIlrlbl:anc:e, heGunnar'strust, and shehis murder. Gunnar consultsSigurd'smisconduct,that his death would enhanceand power.Hogni stressesvalue to them and advisesthe killing, butGuttorm isto the deed; he transfixesa sword as he restsin bed with Gudrun.slays hiscomforts Gudrun who stillhas her brothers, and dies. Brynhild laughs onGudrun's mo,anlDjl.She now deniesmisconduct, stabsmounts Sigurd'sfuneral pyre, and so(d) Chapters 33-40.vengeance.The deathGunnar andandc.Gudrun reluctantly marries Atli who,for her brothers' gold,treacherously invites them to a feast. Despitedreams and Gudrun'swarningset out. On arrival at Atli's hall,are attacked and captured.Gunnarto reveal where theis hidden until he sees his brother'sbloody heart. Hogni's heart is cut out. Gunnar exults that now he aloneknows the secret which he will never disclose. He diesin a snake pit.Gudrun, toher brothers,her children byhim agrisly meal ofhearts and blood.helped by Hogni's son, "-JI'-&""' LlU.'"stabs Atii and fires his hall.(e) Chapters 41-44.SvanhildGudrun tries to drown herself but the waves carry her to the land of KingJonakr whom she marries. Their sons are Hamdir, Sorli and Erp. Svanhild,Gudrun'sbyis promised to Jormunrek, but he has hertrampled tobeneath horses' hoofs for misconduct with his son. Hamdirand Sorli set out to avenge Svanhild. They kill Erp through a misunderstand.ing. After hacking off Jormunrek's hands and feet they put up a stout resistancefor they are charmediron. On Odin's advice they are stoned to death.VS is linked to . I::' 'oiI saga Loobr&ka, through the person of Brynhild'sdaughter by Sigurd,whom Ragnar marries (for herhistory seeAppendix B).It is clear from this summary that a break occurs between sections(c) and (d): Gjuki's sons slay Sigurd, eir sister Gudrun's husband,this central event being preceded by an account of his ancestors andyouthful exploits (a, b, c Part I); Gjuki's sons are slain by Atlifor their gold and avenged by Gudrun, now Atli's wife, whose unsuccessful attempt at suicide leads the story afurther (d and ePart II). Two separate stories concerning the same family are, in fact.
XVIINTRODUCTIONGudrun. It is in the COlrlCe:ptllonin NL Kriemhilt 1 avenges,not heronbuton her!2Which theme is the older? Moreis that of V Sties mean moreand clan solidarity enjoins aCClUl.esc::eIllcein theof oneand thedestructionTheloveherhusband a. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .", kinsmen or no, seems more 'modern')unity ofI and II,the later inconclusion. Howtoinservice""i. . . . .".,."". bears the namethat twoDo,. con1"" ch lrac:te]rsit is stillto see how', happenedsecret plan which Dietrich von Bern, alone ofIt is only if ', is seen as am( ss'en rer orlglflalJly sentKriemhilt to warn her brothersthatmakes full sense.it is only in this samecontext that Kriemhilt's6 onherarriving with 'fullmany a new shield and' can be explained.isin the NL is an innovation and alittle doubt thatGudrun's.this imply that an Austrian poet in writing NL adapted at)c;an !lnaVllan tradition?Heusler, ascholar in the heroichewas an expansionGermanic field, did not think SO.7and fusion of two earlier poems that had evolved in clearly definedtnl".,.,.,::::lrt.'U"1InN.V .JOrr.".,I ." . rr.rI .ana.1ogues which contain Partremark on vengeance,lVf,jbell'lngenllJelt,xxxiv
xviiINTRODUCTIONof NL was the finalItby an unwritten Briinhiltof the latecenturyII), which hadan unwritten Frankish Briinhiltof the fifth toI). The secondof NL wasIV of the second poem.was the final form of a writtenAustrianc. Iwith the destruction of theIII). This in its turnof the Burgundians inand this hadlayEtzel was the.LI.I.'-'L.1.1.J.u .I.L LayII) and theIII), were thesources ofofgave rise to theand Atli, and thus form theof Parts I and II of VS.also held that awave of German influence on ::;c lndlln lvlalntradition made itself felt in the thirteenth r.f'lu.U·theory of dC' vel()DrneIlt r(; DlaCeaLa chIJnaIJln 2 who had lJel]LeVf abecame orthodoxmade.histheories were. DoubtinghesUi!'e:e:ste:d 4 that thenot to the fifthbut to theto ninthweretIa,roured with earlier historicalMore extremedismisses the idea ofQ Q'I"\"·tn.thework(soon revisedothers)awho drew on sometraditional material including aofyouthfulwhichfoundTheEddaicof Sigurd's and AtIi's deathhe thinks, fromNLvia corrupt (oral) versions in which Etzel's character wasblackened. 8.La.I.JL.llt.I.::lI.l.1.J.l"'.nQI . h.c.n QI·u·I."U·;,"'.
xviiiI:N'TRODUCTIOND. von Kralik I believedtheory too simple a to fit thefacts. For Hensler's Briinhilthe postulated three concurrent lays,8 (Siegfried wins Briinhilt for Gunther and is murdereda Brunhiltin consequence), a Grimhild4: (Siegfried is murdered for histreasure), and a humoristic parody theGrimhild's Wedding. 5The first two, originally unconnected with the Burgundians, continuedalongside new versions with the Burgundian milieu.' Amid a welterof subjective argument one importantemerges: that oforiginally parallel lays fused together, and Hermann Schneider, long,in most essentials, a follower of Heusler, came tosimilar views. "1Kurt Wais has produced theof recentHe, too, believes in a complex developmentand his arguments are more objective than Kralik's. ABriinhiltheargues, differing markedly frominto the extantGerman andversions of Sigurd-Sifrit's death. Theof the Burgundians, he suspects, was complete in itself, Kriemhilt'sNor did theKriemhiltvengeance on Attila being addeddeal with Attila's death, but with subsequentLay, Gothic intheKriemhilther sonquarrelshere seems ultimatelyagainst the sons another wife. Histo rest on a (perhaps too) firm belief invalue of Kezai's chronicle(see above) and on the antiquity of an Eddaic lay,usually judged to be of late origin. 9 This earliest Kriemhilt Lay becamelinked and intimately fused with Gunther-AttHaKriemhiltavenging her brothers.lo Kriemhilt was later equated with Sifrit'swidow, originally a different person, andSifrit's aVf ng er.Three important corollaries emerge from his ar urne]nts1 D.vonerster Teil, 1941,second half of thefrom more than oneII, 1941, 224 f. helOp. cit. 14a Ope cit. 36 ff. Op. cit. 120 if.lOp. cit. 74 if. Ope cit. 66, 6807 See H. Schneider, Die aftttscjflenidea was not entirely alien to .-'."'. . . t8 KurtWais, FriJhewestel'lTOjDasNibelungenliedes, I, 1953, CODltaulSKrimhildlied J . e.g. de Boor,n. S5; deAltnord. Lit. II, 147 f.; F. J6nsson,Lltt. I, 29910 That such a fusion could bring about the result required by the authorseems rather doubtfuL
INTRODUCTIONXIXextensive interaction of earthe need to reassert thele2:enldary tradition In(letJlenaelltform 1; and third,the tar·.re(lCh,lne IntlluelLlce of olsung-Nibelung material on Romanceand Celtic literature. 2Some scholarsfault with Heusler's Austrian'f'"V"II n its content 4: and . . ,. . . ,. . ., - InCluaing G. J:Sa( Se(:Ke . rI. " , . . . . . . . . .L . '-''"- ." .
xxINTRODUCTIONnow in Attila'stoviz.mediaeval interest in theto set such a markedof the twelfth F'tA.,. " . ,.was at least re DC)nS,lOJle'I"'V'lr "rf"l 'n". eleme:nt, the desire for vengeance. ;a.a.a."". ,.a. ,a. . " ,hAln'l"',,,.,,n,,.inandtheNorth without Germanruns counterJjaeS CH:e inferredevidence that links existed . . . 01r'.,.::1Anilieahobetween theBaltic andcoast. 8 The Germanmaterial hasSifrit'sdomains are inf"P1r-t"-:l1nl'tT1'\0.1,.,.''('r«'') . ,. rofJi'l'"\QtT\1,OQ1!nn
xxiINTRODUCTIONofprl,nc essleswooed by GermanThatGermanicthat some of thewere famed in. . . . . . . ". . . . . . . ., and that"I '"I?" ·I M.andshould be unknown toheroic tradition before the late twelfth century is scarceJLv ClreOlblje.t1eUSller-s belief in a lengthyis surelythenumber and content of theand the nature of their development cannot bethe source material extant. Itis alsothatandtraditions were notto poetic form, thatreceived the .tSur2l1ndllarlGothic themes withoutand to answer the nr"'rJ"lnor:.l "0t:. 1Ir'!'''''that the Austrian poet, though notatradition, was using material that may have come under Scandinavian.' l o.h . l . lo.J. """ .''''-So much is certain: the German version of thead:at 1ted from an older tradition to which the secondvariation the .,.n,I:' .marriesisto Brynhildin itliULdrun··KJrtelrnhllt, whereas in NL this is not the case,that mi t indicate a GermanoeJllbc ra'tel'V., albeitpresumablySifrit'slove forbeby an earlier liaison. S It is doubtfulwhether such a liaison would have had that effect-it is not unheardof in mediaeval literature for a knight to leave one lady for anotherwithoutparticular censure 4 -and it is also doubtful whetherthein question provide the required evidence. Admittedly,knows of Briinhilt (st.and of the resplendent apparel wornat her court (st. 344), and he acts as helmsman on Gunther's voyage tothen,Icelandhe knows the proper routes (st.O.,P. . t"l 'II"\'I"\but se;,Wolfram's Parm.val and those of Parzival's
INTRODUCTIONheroes were often credited with such kniOWleC[gewith routes inGerman has awhen they arriveknowledge ofwithearlier . . . . . Jt::. (st.a retainer had . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . . . .str in :ers resembled lTT1T ·-1 11Tto the mostman . . . . . .she or the retainer had seenhim:too, ' knew' Sifrit onseen him3 (st.).Guntherout for(st. 939) canbeSifrit's ':n. rather than for an(st. 416) that she does not so fearthat she will submit tohim if he comes as aand her welcome (st. 419) is ""'.clIo. . ""'. . ,uncordial.shedi ently from his companions(st. 511), and if thisa continued lack ofsuch lack isnotdue toplan she mayre1Jn1orcements hehad brought. 4Briinhilt's tears at thebanquet (st. 618)to disappointment at notSifrit. 5 Even if this is SO,6 herfor Sifrit need notGunther'sBriinhilt'sown words (st. 820) imply thathad seenGunther norSifrit previously, and her(st. 620), viz. that she is ,p'1 ·t1because Kriemhilt, now herinStfrit isbelow her station (in Iceland Stfrit hadthat Gunther washis lord) is entirelyin acontext.External evidence is not compelling. The account in HS of Stfrit's.H1"'llnt'\ll1" .01: ,"1"\ . .g.l:"c;. .I.I.J.t'll''I""lr"\tr.asmunelQ1 77ultel n tatlon.,ET1nnon a par with the idea that Isolde loved Tristanpotion.
xxiiiINTRODUCTIONrescul.n2 a maiden from ais almostnot the Germanof Brynhild 1 and is notof theversion ofInwhichexistence ofmotif inpurports to be based on German sources,does meet Brynhildbefore Grimhild2she is notandno betrothal takes; a laterreference to a betrothalmay be due to contaminationtradition. 3Moreover, the wholebetween Sigurd andBrynhild's menbeversion of the GuntherSifritBriinhilt's hand aetten ISnot onprowess.name of acon, Lectulus Brunnehilde ".,1 . ,.,. ofin the Taunus attested sinceis not ne ceSS3J llvconnected with the Volsung-Nibelungand may reflectof thewife ofI, the IVlf ro'",nO"l lnwho ruledtoevidence is inconclusive andthetraditionnever haveSigurd's betrothal to GunnarGunther's futureas native to Scandinavia as Kriemhilt'svengeance on her brothers toIt need not,follow that theofa maidenan enchantedispurelysinceit couldoflink with Gunnar-Gunther'sThe name of theOdin may not, inhave beenl:'aJrn'Z tmtU andshe is"'Iii '" . 1'. nor is theof vowsand thea distinction between an (unnamed)andtHe:ep]ln2 Maiden'without aNorseand withoutto Briinhilt, could thus alsobelongedto the German Sifrit's youthfuland the 'Beauty'. ,.,.1'1 .'-I"-'. IlA. '1' .cnan2c: ato a pre-
INTRODUCTIONis known from Grimm 1 though there is nolink IJ'-'. YY'l. '-'IIandAproblemBrynhild remains: herItis not an atonementthe murder of the man she lovedsince the dutyover most other CO]lS1lC1eI at]lOns.In VS it islove for . . .C' ::a.n"':l -::.11" 11e) united inIt can also be seen as aBrynhild claims herbroken oath toan1tlcllpates the doom 1YU'l'111"'1t'" rtthattradition:H·.111"· 1. .she isAndscholars?didto earlierlie (which is not recor leaconduct 8 when he slept1927, 81 ff.
xxvINTRODUCTIONis .is central and rests onIm.al!':ln ltl're material was.-ass,OC1.ate:d with thePT1"nT l-p r1ll ''I'TTn .:lu,iIn993 ;claim to Gunther's dominions at their first
xxviINTRODUCTIONhe isbrother, in PSSwhosewas anand in NL anddistant kinsman. What was his originalalUlter'ate with his brothers' and thisrelatllDn .hl1P, which . . AI .1,n'l"\l:::-h1,.,.n l't-r\r()tnf l"nela1t1o:nSlllp may ben1 hAhalfmllrQ,erc::r; inV Sand SnE 3where Hogni is a fullis Guttorm who is thebutin SnE Guttorm is a stepbrother, probably an echo ofstatus. Wasain thetradition? 4:heas a kinsman of some sort, to deny him allkinship seems unwarranted;texts show cleartraces of his NLas Gunnar'sman andcounsellor,an unusualabrother orand it seemssafest to assumethemade a closerlink and thatNL is nearest thetradition.Thein the murder ofin NL differsin VS. In NLsides with Briinhilt,ondeath, murdersin the forest-thebrotherin Sifrit's favour-and uttershe washavingBrynhildenvious and afraid of Sifrit. In VS and PEpowerand the murder; it is Brynhild who reveals she(in oneGunnar isfor his wealth) andA shift of balancebrother who murders Sigurd in hisIntheofrolecaused a transfer of Hogni'sto Gunnar.at herBut NL also knows Briinhilt asprestige and status during thescene,or not combinedwith themotive,led her to consider SigurdSifrit'sas politicallyGunnar'showever,be old. In Waltharius helike a robber baron,firsth . :.c. "'",'1""'C:Oxiv.For the contraryis murdered in the forest.see e.g.
xxviiINTRODUCTIONopposing him,! though laterdecisive action. This isvery like thefound inwasGunnar's (reluctant)and Brot st. 5, 7,and l1Glm('JtS1,natst. 5, 6of murderers or perjurors in the plural, HamiJismdl st. 6aC1'l1::lIIV "' '''',;. to Hogni as murderer. 2 The ,h a't""loo aassassin whominsti tor and Kriemhilt's main an1tagOIlJLst, .'.,rreagerness,and envy. These sentiments were in e:aIJlllltransferred to Brynhild, who may,have eXllresse:QTheof thebrother as mU.rQt: rerlcelanOlC . . . . . . ,.aeSilllIleo to enable Gunnar andas was probably Sigurd'sof the deed. Inthe body is laid at Kriemhilt'sin PSS it thrown on to thebed where she isand a transfer of the actual murder from theforest to Gudrun'sseems probable. )Sigurd-Sifrit's youthful adventures are only loosely connected withthe theme of his murder.prominently in theScandinavian sources and inmentions themtells how Stfrit was askedtheSchilbunc, to divide theirbetween'Oa rm4ent the sword Balmunc. Stfrit failed to cornpletebrothers grewseized Balmunc,twelvetheirseventhen the brothers th( mf:;el\reSJn·t7· ::.the dwarf Alberich and became master of Nibelungenland,the treasure and aof invisibil . Later he slew abathedin its blood and becameinvulnerable. Reference ismadeto a goldoftreasure, that bestows unlimited power.In VS, PE andthe treasure is the dragon's and there is noindependent treasure adventure. Who originally owned the treasure ?None of the German sources associate it with the dragon (BS expresslyI'Vt"',f1"ln.rJ1'. ' l . I r - 't""loA·.onC'l'. A.yc.&."' . '.'t""loI'\"I'l:l·&;J.""l:lIot'1to dissuade Gunnar,1 In V S Part II he plays a not dlSiSJ11'lLlJalr rOle firstbut then finally helping him.I A similar reference occurs in Ghv. st. 4(see F. Jonsson, Litt. I, 316, n. I). The Hm. retlere][}Cethe contemporary Gennan tradition, thoughis linked to it.a See p. xxv, n. 4 Probably a development of the earlier theme found in NL where Hagenbarely escapes with his life.I Unless it be argued that the NLis the result of the fusion of twoindependent early accounts of theHeusler, NSL, 128). The prose: Sigurd was slain while ridingsection following Brat mentionsto the Assembly (ping)-this prc)bably never existed, see Schneider I, 181.
INTRODUCTIONinTO TPr- (lln toWe'aUI()n. in short,ill withthe dwarf-smith wouldto hisdoom.But a difficulty remains: the sword. In NL the smith is&IoO, &Io1'1and Sifrit's sword isof theIn R Lfe''1.pt:4fTt/;mis found at the scene ofpresumablynotthedragon's death, since there is no mention of any treasure from which itcould come, and in thesecond dragon episode, the situation issimilar. The finding of a weapon at the crucial moment is an ancientO'l1'1i"ll. '1.introduction to Rm.,
xxixheroic motif 1 and it is r lrrlfl'lvthat it should be a late addition.Thus theseems to have existedof thesmith who maylateron to thematerialasof thevariant of theheroandnot in everythe sword.The effect of theblood differs in the two main traditions :in Scandinaviacomes to understand bird larurulaQ'e,Sifrit becomesinvulnerable. Thesecombined inthis in common, that in both the blood is in a sense Dr()Dtlvl :lctlCis saved from aandHShowtouched themoltentothis 4 as a motifand it isco rna1te withburnttradition. But theselinks are tenuous and there is no real evidence to show what effect the1"\"'''Ih''l.,.\oIlTT had. 5Towhether theadventure waslater transferred toand whether::;l m'unld;s resistance tois theSifrit's invulnerability 7little. Nor is theretowhether the treasure was1"\"'''1'1''1'1'',,,,,111.,,. accursed or whether thewand is related to Andvari'sThe cloak that rendersinvisible when heGuntherthe oldertheofto ,vin BriinhiltThe other adventures attributed to "INTRODUCTION"'''' ;1 '1 . 1'''1.0.V\.,J'''''II.III.1,'.a fiendish monster,athe
xxxINTRODUCTIONhis(VS), are probablyand as we have seen, Sigurd'sbe aninnovation.divine descentthe appearance of Odin in hisrather toextraneous. Hethe SigmundrelationshipSifrit and Sigmund, though known totradition, need not beforis an independent hero 8 and is. known as sucheven outsidetradition, witness(11.847 fflO)' andthe nameequivalent to Sinfjotli, hisaOt)ealrS in OHG documents. 4 Moreover, the linksSigmundare weak: Sigurd is born posthumously, and the brokenblade inherited from Sigmund is clearly a substitute for an earlierto his ownis only intradition thatweapon l :mlJLna survives his sonhas a
The Saga of the Volsungs and Translated with Notes and \oD,endlces R. Finch Senior Lecturer in German The NELSON. THOMAS NELSON AND SONS LTD 10 W lre.ho'LlSe THOMAS NELSON AND SONS P.O. Box g881.J 0.nal1n ::sbl.lrg-First Published 1965 R. G. Finch 1965 LTD Printed in Great Britain by Thomas Nelson (Printers) Ltd, London and.t;d.JlnburJi!::b .
VOLSUNGA SAGA. AND NARN 69. is the interest in clothing that the reader might imagine the author to be a cloth merchant’s wife. The hardihood, individual strength, and fearlessness of the . Volsunga Saga. are replaced with courtliness, vast armies, and treacher
Hrólfs saga kraka and the Legend of Lejre tom shippey Enter the Dragon. Legendary Saga Courage and the Birth of the Hero ármann 33jakobsson Þóra and Áslaug in Ragnars saga loðbrókar. Women, Dragons and Destiny carolyne larrington Hyggin ok forsjál. Wisdom and Women's Counsel in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar jóhanna katrín friðriksdóttir
SAGA GIS is an extensive GIS geo-processor software with over 600 functions. SAGA GIS cannot be installed from RStudio (it is not a package for R). Instead, you need to install SAGA GIS using the installation instructions from the software homepage. After you have installed SAGA GIS, you can send processes from R to SAGA GIS by using the saga .
6.2 USB lead and com cable (RS-232), connection from the cutting plotter to the computer. 6.2-1 Installing the USB lead - USB2.0 The connection is suitable for MAC, Windows2000/2007 and Windows XP. Windows 95, Windows 98 and Windows ME are not supported. The machine is best run by vinyl cutting software such as DragonCut, Flexi,
saga-book vol. xxiv viking society for northern research university college london 1994-97. saga-book of the viking society vol. xxiv 1994-1997 contents page 1 19 33 59 61 63 83 105 203 221 240 255 283 293 311 329 351 355 articles and notes in praise of ÁstrÍÐr ÓlÁfsdÓttir. judith jesch .
4 SAGA.CO.UK/MAGAZINE The Saga guide to over-60s perks The Saga guide to over-60s perks SAGA.CO.UK/MAGAZINE 5 How: Buy membership by phone, by post or at a staffed Cadw site where you can get a further 10 o
Page i Abstract Sigurd Fafnirs-bane is a modern retelling of only a small piece of the Volsunga Saga in the form of a motion comic.The saga can be traced back to 8th century Scandinavia, the beginning of the Viking age. Sigurd Fafnirs-bane was conceived and developed as a Worcester Polytechnic
evaluation of English Pronunciation and Phonetics for Communication (second edition) and English Phonology (second . textbook is English Phonology written and edited by Wang Wenzhen, which was first published by Shanghai Foreign Language Educational Press in 1999. It was modified and republished in 2008 and also came with a CD. 4 Polyglossia Volume 25, October 2013 2.4 Procedure and Data .
