Stage Island And The Ottages At The Luffs
United States Fish & Wildlife ServiceWinter/Spring, 2017Stage Island and the Cottages at the Bluffsby volunteers Alix McArdle and Kate MurrayBefore Stage Island was accessible from the RefugeRoad, it was reached by water as early as 1664, andfor centuries prior by indigenous peoples. Swift rivercurrents bring big fish in and out of Plum IslandSound, and in several tranquil coves clams and lobsters are abundant. By the mid-1700s, there werehouses on the island, among them the well-knownWillow Cottage, built in 1781. Additionally, therewere farming enterprises, and a hotel which existeduntil 1932. Refuge maintenance man Tom Stubbstook the remnants of the Stage Island Salt Works(built in 1830) and transformed them into the StageIsland Pool: twenty-eight ditches and evaporationtanks dug out of the marsh and fed by the BluffsCreek. When the Salt Works failed, the land was purchased by the Dole family, in whose possession itmostly remained until 1936, when it was purchasedby Mass Audubon.The Knowles, Foster, and Mehaffey families werethe island’s last private owners. Amber KnowlesHovey, Bob Foster and cousin Jane Boyer, and BillMehaffey shared their childhood memories of theisland with us for this article. The Bluffs were easilyreached by a family boat departing from the RowleyLanding. Later, when the rough one-lane RefugeRoad extended south to Bar Head (Sandy Point) andback up along a present-day path, a Jeep could navigate the deep sand, but only at low tide. Life at thecottages were extended family affairs, with occupancy amicably negotiated for private vacations orgroup outings. In recent years, reunions broughtdescendants from all over the country, at timesnumbering close to eighty. Six generations of AmberHovey’s family recall time at the Anchorage.(Continued on page 2)In This Issue.Stage Island and the Cottages at the Bluffs .1Another Great Merrimack River Eagle Festival .3A Festive, Fabulous Conservation Film Festival .4Our Best Year Yet for the Refuge Photo Contest .5The Art of Photo Contest Judging .5Friends of Parker River Update .7Across from Parking Lot 6, Stage Island covers 155 acres.The man-made dike, built in 1953, leads to a drumlin withpanoramic views. The field was once planted with millet andwheat to attract migratory birds, while the pool created bythe dike was designed for ducks requiring fresh water.The Wrack LineThe Remarkable Red Maple .8Crossbills: Those Birds with the Crazy-looking Beaks .9I Want to Volunteer; What Can I Do? .10Using Technology to Track the Shifting Sands .12Page 1
Stage Island and the Cottages at the Bluffs(Continued from page 1)The cottages were heated by fireplaces (and later,some coal burners), refrigeration was by ice blocksbrought over from the mainland, and bottled gaswas used for cooking. Kerosene lamps providedlight, and all cottages contained indoor hand pumpsto access water from dug wells. And there were, ofcourse, outhouses, some private, some shared (seeaerial photograph). The adults were in charge ofliming the outhouses and disposing of the waste,and also of cleaning the sooty chimneys of the kerosene lamps, as these posed a distinct fire hazard. Aschildren, none of the folks interviewed remembereda fire, but, in October 1946, the large Mehaffey cottage burned to the ground. The cause was officiallylisted as arson. Back in the 1950s, cottages were fewand far between and break-ins were not uncommon.The children’s chores included gathering rain waterfrom the collectors, pounding laundry with a plunger in an outdoor basin, and harvesting supper. Theyclammed, fished off the pier for flounder with simple drop lines, “rowed all over the place,” and pickedwild strawberries, cranberries, and beach plums(none recall blueberries). If their families wantedlobsters for dinner, a bushel basket and a 5 billwere left at the end of their pier and at the close ofday, the children hauled it back home fully loadedEarly passage to The Bluffs was by row boat. Even as larger,motorized boats became available, row boats continued asthe preferred mode of transportation to the island. Payingstrict attention to the current and wind direction were critical for safe passage! On Friday evenings, family fatherswould park cars on the mainland and flash their headlightsas beacons to summon the family “water taxis.”The Wrack LineA 1968 photograph showing cottages built 1885 – 1895 byNathaniel Dole. Far right: The Anchorage, owned by AmberKnowles Hovey’s ancestors. Center: Two cottages owned byBob Foster’s family. Note the his and hers outhouses behindthe main buildings! Bill Mehaffey’s family transported theirreplacement camp, once a World War II officer’s quarters, byboat down the Rowley River. The pier was built by theseRowley families.by one of their lobstermen uncles. No one tended agarden as the soil was mostly clay and the constantwind would have necessitated frequent watering,not a preferred use for the fresh water. A shorelinepit, dug by the children, provided hours of creativefun and more than a few clay ashtrays. “We didn’t gobarefoot on the Bluffs” as it was covered with brambles, thistles, and broken shells. The Knowles familykept a box of old sneakers — “muckers” and yours ifthey fit you— to wear in the water to protect feetfrom sharp shells.There were no hunters among these families, but allremember deer as plentiful. Muskrats and martenwere frequently seen, some quite unafraid of people.There were many more woodcock, gulls, and swallows, especially bank swallows that colonized hugeswaths of Grape Island, but there were no osprey orcormorants. Big flounder and striped bass could becaught from their pier, and clamming was an easyand rewarding way to spend an hour at low tide. Inspite of the free rein the children enjoyed, none recall a drowning, significant injuries, getting lost, oreven bad sunburns. It was storms, usually thosewith lightning, that provided the most frighteningmemories with visions of strikes rebounding off the(Continued on page 15)Page 2
Another Great Merrimack River Eagle Festival!by Matt Poole, Visitor Services ManagerThe Merrimack River Eagle Festival has grown inpopularity each year since it was conceived nearly adecade ago. This year’s event, held on a chilly, sunsoaked Saturday in mid-February, was the busiestfestival ever. As in past years, there were a varietyof activities for the public to attend, including a liveeagle viewing along the Merrimack River, a raptorshow in Newburyport’s historic city hall auditorium,and lots of family activities at both the Parker RiverNational Wildlife Refuge and the MassachusettsAudubon Center at Joppa Flats. Since its inception,the Eagle Fest has been a joint venture organized bythe refuge and Mass Audubon.This year, refuge visitors were treated to two liveraptor demonstrations. Owls from Mass Audubon’sDrumlin Farm held court in the refuge classroom.Raptor rehabilitator Jane Kelly impressed a packedhouse in the auditorium with another collection oflive birds of prey. Lots of fun, hands-on kid activities, facilitated by an enthusiastic group of refugevolunteers, rounded out the offerings. As always, theowl pellet dissection table was a big hit. The Friendsof Parker River NWR table also attracted lots of attention. Jean Adams, coordinator for the visitor center activities, speculated that it might have been thebusiest Eagle Fest ever.Due to the relatively mild winter and lack of ice onthe river, there was concern that eagle viewing opportunities would be few. Though not a banner yearfor eagles number-wise, eagles were discovered atnumerous locations throughout the day. Wildlifeviewing was aided by two volunteer-staffed stationson Plum Island: one at the north end, where peoplewere able to view seals and sea ducks; the other, atthe refuge’s North Pool Overlook.My role this year was helping to introduce, alongwith Mass Audubon’s David Moon, the raptor showsheld at Town Hall. This year’s program was provided by the Connecticut organization Horizon WingsRaptor Rehabilitation and Education. The audience was able to see, up close, a screech owl, a redtailed hawk, and a juvenile male American bald eagle. I had to chuckle when the presenter referred tothe eagle as relatively small. From my position inthe balcony, the bird looked anything but small!The Wrack LinePhoto: Matt Poole/FWSJuvenile male American bald eagle that was featured in theraptor program at the Newburyport City HallMy final duty at Eagle Fest was to join the traditional VIP Tour at day’s end. Representatives from therefuge and Mass Audubon at Joppa boardedminivans, along with a group of event sponsors, andtogether we headed out for some eagle viewingalong the Merrimack River. I was shocked when ourtour navigator announced that our first stop wouldbe the “Kent Street owl.” Sure enough, there was aneastern screech owl sitting in a large tree cavity atthe edge of Kent Street. Wicked cool, that! What agreat festival. I can’t wait for next year!A little trivia: Benjamin Franklin suggested that thewild turkey serve as America’s national symbol. Canyou imagine that!Photo: FWSViewing Sea Ducks and Seals from the BeachPage 3
A Festive, Fabulous Conservation Film Festival!by Matt Poole, Visitor Services ManagerThis year’s third annual Conservation Film Festival atParker River NWR was a huge success! A total of eleven full-length films, spanning a wide range of conservation-related topics, were shown Friday evening,March 3, through Sunday afternoon, March 5.The weekend kicked-off Friday night with The MillionDollar Duck. This entertaining documentary told thestory of the only U.S. Government-run art competition, the Federal Duck Stamp Contest. The film profiled a variety of passionate wildlife artists intent onwinning the ultimate in wildlife art competition. Hereat Parker NWR, the Duck Stamp has particular significance, since 98% of the refuge’s acreage was purchased with revenue generated by Duck Stamp sales.In the film, the Duck Stamp program — a huge U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service conservation success story— was presented in an interesting, often humorous,and otherwise compelling way.Each year at Parker NWR, we try to showcase filmsthat focus on local conservation issues and/or success stories. This year we struck gold in discoveringMarion Stoddart: The Work of 1000. This 30-minutedocumentary told the story of a Massachusetts woman who, beginning in the 1960s, catalyzed a successful grassroots effort to reclaim the heavily pollutedNashua River (a tributary to the Merrimack). TheNashua was once included in a National Geographicmagazine article that profiled the nation’s most defiled rivers. Stoddart’s tale is the story of inspired andvictorious citizen activism.Based on our informal exit polling, one of this year’smost popular films was Sonic Sea. This documentaryfocused on the impact of ocean noise pollution onwhales and other marine life. Though the harmfuleffects of ocean noise pollution are terribly disturbing, and the incredible video footage tugs at the emotions, the film ultimately struck a more hopeful toneby making an elegantly simple point: Unlike otherforms of pollution that can be difficult to mitigate,when it comes to noise pollution, all we need do isstop making the noise!The popularity of the festival’s video shorts was anunexpected and pleasant surprise. This was greatnews, for there are a many good conservation-relatedThe Wrack Linefilms that fall outside of the standard, full-length feature film category. A lot more topical terrain can becovered by including the shorts. Furthermore, theshorter films help to mix things up and keep the audience engaged. This year’s short films focused on themonarch butterfly, the technical marvel of creating apanoramic photograph of the world’s largest tree (agiant sequoia), and the story of a retired Texan whoreclaimed a parcel of defiled landscape by, almostliterally, getting water from stone. Based on participant feedback, there is no doubt that we will includemore film shorts next year!After three years of conservation film “festival-ing,” Ican honestly say that we have created a real winnerof an event. The timing on the calendar works well;people are itching to get out of their homes by midwinter (i.e., cabin fever). More importantly, and whendone well, conservation films can rise to the highestlevel of environmental interpretation by touchinghearts and motivating people to action.Page 4
Our Best Year Yet for the Refuge Photo Contest!by Matt Poole, Visitor Services ManagerAn important part of the refuge’s busy photographyprogram is the annual nature and wildlife photography contest. This, our fifth year, proved to be ourbiggest contest yet. To increase the number, as wellas the diversity of photo submissions, we created twomajor categories this year: images taken on Plum Island, and those taken elsewhere in New England. Weexpected the latter category to open up a wellspringof additional entries, and we were right! In all, a combined 212 photos were submitted this year in theadult and youth class.Photo: Ken JordanAs in years past, all contest entries were displayedin the refuge’s visitor center classroom for over aweek. Quite a few visitors viewed the exhibit, andmost offered very positive feedback on image caliber. An oft-repeated refrain went like this: “Thosejudges are going to have a real challenge selectingthe winners!”This year’s judging panel was comprised of PhotoSociety board members Nancy Landry, DianeBowles, Anne Post Poole, Norman Tabor and, yourstruly, Ranger Poole. We reviewed the prints in eachcategory and recorded our responses on a simplescoring sheet. We then compared our results andcame to an agreement on the finalists.We announced contest winners on March 5 before alarge audience in the visitor center auditorium.Once again, Hunt’s Photo provided gift cards for thetop finishers. This year’s “Best of Show” award wentto Ken Jordan for his photograph of four juvenilegray squirrels. And, because the entries in thisyear’s youth category were so impressive, the judges made the decision to declare an additional “Bestof Show for Youth” award. Alyssa Christoph wonthat award for her image of a cascading stream.Gray squirrels: 2017 refuge photo contest “Best of Show.”The Art of Photo Contest Judgingby Matt Poole, Visitor Services ManagerEvery year I hear the same comments from refugevisitors who come to view our photo contest entries.Many express the same sentiment; i.e., that selectinga winner must be a difficult task. And it is, but I oftenwonder if there is any thought given to the judgingprocess itself. Do we judges simply react and selectour favorites? Or do we apply some purely analyticaland objective filter to pick a winner?Photo: Alyssa ChristophCascade: 2017 refuge photo “Best of Show” in youth class.See more contest photos on page 7.The Wrack LineRefuge photo contest judges actually adhere to thesame judging criteria used in most photo competitions. First, there are the technical considerations. Isthe image well exposed or too dark/light? Is the image sharply focused or blurry? After that, we look atcompositional considerations or the artistic merits of(Continuedononpagepage6)6)(ContinuedPage 5
New Faces at the Refuge!Sharon Ware is the new Deputy Project Leader atParker River National Wildlife Refuge, and JimNaylor is the new maintenance worker.Before joining the staff at Parker River, Sharon provided oversight of many key projects at the LongIsland NWR Complex, including establishment of aseasonal RV volunteer program, reconstruction ofan observation platform damaged during HurricaneSandy, and development of a comprehensive VisitorServices Plan.Sharon grew up west of Boston in Southboroughand studied Environmental Science and WildlifeManagement at Framingham State University. Aftergraduating with a Bachelor of Science degree, shewent on to become a trainee at Great MeadowsNWR in Sudbury, Massachusetts, and has held various refuge management positions at coastal Refugesthroughout New England since 1991. She has quite abit of experience with nesting seabirds and saltmarsh restoration, which will be very useful here,but looks forward to new challenges, as well.In her spare time, Sharon enjoys fishing, competingin agility with her dog, and exploring local museumsand nature centers with her young nieces and nephews. Sharon’s family is all in Massachusetts so thismove gives her a wonderful opportunity to be closerto home and her family.Jim Naylor, born and raised in Arlington, has an older sister named Marianne. Jim served in the U.S. Navy from 1988-1992 aboard the USS Peleliu as asearch and rescue boat coxswain. He was deployedto the Persian Gulf for Operation Desert Storm andagain, later, for Operation Desert Shield.Jim brings plenty of related experience to his newposition at Parker River. Since leaving the Navy, hehas worked in the construction field, includingcrane operation, roofing, carpentry, painting andplumbing.Jim has two kids — Abigail (age 7) and Christopher(age 15). In his time off, he’s an avid golfer and healso enjoys riding his Harley Davidson.New refuge staff members Sharon Ware and Jim Naylor.Photos: Matt Poole/FWSThe Art of Photo Contest Judging(Continued from page 5)the photograph. Is the photo’s primary subjectplaced effectively within the frame? Is depth of field(i.e., the sharpness from foreground to background)used effectively in the shot? Is the image dynamic?Does it tell a story? If it’s a wildlife image, does thephoto illustrate some behavior or convey a relationship to the animal’s habitat, or is it a simple, staticanimal portrait? Did the photographer take an original or creative approach to photograph a commonsubject? Does the photo follow the classic rules ofcomposition ? Finally, and this is likely the leasttangible metric, does the image have impact?This year’s best of show image, taken by Ken Jordan,captures four juvenile gray squirrels nestled into anopening in a tree. Because I expected questions as towhy we selected an image of such a common backyard animal, I made a point of providing a criticalanalysis of the merits of the image during our recentPhoto Society meeting. First, the image is nearlyperfect on the technical side. It’s tack sharp, and theexposure is spot on. The image shows typical animalbehavior, and it provides habitat context. From astrictly technical standpoint, odd numbers alwayswork well compositionally, particularly the numberthree. The three squirrels, nestled together and staring directly at the camera, thus works very well.From the three siblings, the viewer’s eye movesalong that bushy tail of the fourth squirrel, and thenback to the three. That’s why this image is such awinner. It’s not enough simply to say, “Oh, they areso cute!”So there you have it — Photo Judging 101!The Wrack LinePage 6
More Winning Images from This Year’s Photo Contest!Contest photo credits, clockwise from top:Plum Island Nature, Susan Gilmartin, adult classPlum Island: Lillian Preston, youth classPlum Island Wildlife: Leigh Scott, adult classNew England Nature: Stephen Wiswell, adult classPhoto: Matt Poole/FWSTop-finishing contest photos will be displayed in thevisitor center reading room for the rest of the year.Photo: Matt Poole/FWSClick to view an onlineslideshow of all the entries inthis year’s photo contest!Fisheye view of all photo contest entries. Some 212 prints weresubmitted this year in the adult and youth class.The Wrack LinePage 7
Friends of Parker River Updateby Victor TineThe birds, mammals and fish of the Parker RiverNational Wildlife Refuge have made a bunch of newfriends. And they aren’t just Facebook friends, although they’ll be on Facebook, too.After several years of relative dormancy, the Friendsof the Parker River National Wildlife Refuge began arevival on January 21 by electing new officers and anew board of directors. Ted Olsson of West Newbury was voted the new president. He’ll serve alongside vice presidents Kathryn Carnovale of Byfieldand Gary Lavimoniere of Hampton, N.H., treasurerJohn Smolinsky of Georgetown, and secretary LindaSchwartz of Arlington.So far this year, the Friends have provided fundingvia membership dues and donations for a computertablet for use at the visitor center information desk,and for a complete, new rack with 24 nest boxgourds for purple martins.The refuge turns 75 this year, and the Friends planto celebrate on the annual observance of Earth Day,Saturday, April 22. The refuge and the Friends willco-sponsor a presentation by award winning naturalist and author Dr. Bernd Heinrich. The followingSaturday, April 29, will feature an appearance bywell-known nature photographer Peter Green. Bothevents are free and open to the public. The Friendsare also formulating plans for other events in thecoming months that will highlight the history andecology of the refuge.Photo: Matt Poole/FWSApril on Plum IslandOver the tidal river,along border of Great Marsh,raspy rattle of redwing blackbirdsnewly arrived from southto establish territories in reeds.An ascent up tall dunesof this extensive barrier islandthat secures the coastfrom full assault launchedby fierce Atlantic storms.Beach is nearly desertedon a balmy spring day;empty strand a protectionfor piping plovers who strutalong edge of surf to searchfor morsels left by tide.Set up chair to relaxbeside boundary of refuge;a chain of clouds likepuffs from passing trainhover above the coast.Gulls gather to squabbleover scraps deposited on sand.A steady procession of vesselsenter and exit distant harbor.Waves murmur mysteriesheard in distant realms.Nothing perturbs the peaceof an April afternoonand one’s thoughts are lostin the reverie of sea, sky and shore.Lainie SenechalAmesbury Poet LaureatePresident Ted Olsson and board member Emmalee BowersTarry at the Friends information-and-recruitment table onFebruary 18, raffling off plush, stuffed eagles at this year’sEagle Festival.The Wrack LinePage 8
The Remarkable Red Mapleby David Tibbetts, Biological TechnicianOur eyes are naturally drawn to the flashy scarlet,orange, and golden-yellow of leaves from the treesthat stand out amongst all others heralding the endof our growing season. Some of the most vibrant ofthese colors come from one particular tree, our native red maple. In autumn, travelers from aroundthe world come to catch a glimpse of the carnivaldisplay put on by our deciduous trees. And from theartist’s palette, the liveliest of colors are splashedacross the landscape and applied generously to thered maples. In summer, this tree can blend in with ahundred shades of green leaves, or in winter, thebare-interlocking twigs and branches weave together the forest community. But the red maple is much,much more than what meets the eye.All trees provide services within an ecosystem. Thered maple, however, is a foundation species stabilizing the plant community, supporting ecosystemfunctions, and increasing biodiversity. Several plantstudies of red maple swamps in New England foundthere were as many as 50 species of trees, 90 species of shrubs and vines, and more than 300 speciesof herbaceous plants including some rare yellowand showy lady’s slippers.In spring, red maples are one of the first trees toflower providing much needed nectar for early pollinating insects. They are also wind pollinated makingthem well adapted to deal with extreme spring conditions, improving the chances for viable seeds eachyear. They are one of the first trees to disperseseeds, just a few weeks after flowering. The wingedseeds are spread by wind; they whirl and spin withsome landing and germinating in sunny sites thatgive developing seedlings a head start in the growing season. The leaves are grazed by hundreds ofinsect species which, in turn, provide major foodsources for nesting birds. Red maples can be foundin almost every habitat in New England and cangrow in full sun or total shade, on dry-rocky outcrops, in sand dunes (including on Plum Island), andin mucky wet soils deep in a forest swamp.Red maples provide many direct benefits to humansas well. Growing abundantly in wetlands, along riverand stream banks, it can retain large volumes ofstorm water runoff that help protect against flooding and, in turn, recharge groundwater aquifers. TheReport for Forest Resources, issued by the US ForestService, cites more board feet of red maple are harvested each year in the US than any other singlehardwood species. As our climate changes, sugarmaples have been in decline, and more red maplesare being tapped for maple syrup. Taste testers havefound indistinguishable differences between redand sugar maple syrup. Used as a shade tree andornamental for landscaping, there are nearly 40 cultivars propagated for different shapes, forms, textures, and fall foliage colors. Truly a remarkable treefor all seasons!All Photos: David Tibbetts/FWSThe Wrack LinePage 9
Crossbills: Those Birds with the Crazy-looking Beaks!By Linda Schwartz, Volunteer Master NaturalistCrossbills, members of the finch family, are an irruptive species in our area. When pinecone crops in theboreal forests in Canada are poor, these birds headsouth to the U.S. for food. Crossbills were last seenhere at Parker River back in 2012. This year, we’vespotted them hanging out in the pine trees, enjoyingthe pine cones. With their specialized beaks, crossbills can easily open pine cone seeds. Each crossbillspecies is ideally suited for feeding on specific conifer seeds. The crossbills insert their bill between theconifer cone scales, and then twist their lower mandible towards the side it crosses. This enables thebird to extract the seed easily, using its tongue.Crossbills are a fascinating study in adaptions fortheir food source and divergent evolution. Previously, it was thought that divergence occurred in isolated populations such as on an island. Crossbills areshowing that it occurs even in populations living inclose proximity to each other. This is known as sympatric speciation. Much of this new research hasbeen made possible with advances in DNA analysis.There is a variant of red crossbills that have adaptedto be able to efficiently open the pine cones of a local type of lodgepole pines in one area of South HillsIdaho. They have developed a specific size beak andPhoto: Linda SchwartzWhite-winged Crossbilla slightly different call than other red crossbills inthe same area. The slightly different call may be atleast partially explained by differences in beak size.There are those that argue that this group of redcrossbills should be a separate species. These SouthHill red crossbills generally do not interbreed withthe other local red crossbills. In crossbills there ismore genetic variation related to the shape and sizeof the bill than the geographic location.Here at Parker River, we have two similar-lookingspecies — the red, or common crossbill, and thewhite-winged crossbill. Worldwide, there are ninerecognized crossbill species, though it can be difficult to distinguish between them. The red crossbilland the white-winged crossbill are both roughly thesize of a large sparrow.Photo: Dave Menke/FWSBills can be crossed either right or left, with approximately a 1:1 ratio in red crossbills; and possibly a3:1 ratio in white winged crossbills, favoring thelower mandible crossing to the right. The mechanism that causes the bill to cross right or left is notfully understood. It is thought to have some geneticbasis, but it has so far been unproven. It is likely theresult of several genetic factors, as well as environmental factors, rather than a single gene controllingthe right or left crossing of the bill. The young hatch(Continued on page 14)Red CrossbillThe Wrack LinePage 10
I Want to Volunteer; What Can I Do at the Refuge?by Jean Adams, Outdoor Recreation Planner & Volunteer CoordinatorI often get inquiries from people who would like tovolunteer, but they just aren’t sure as to what theycould do to help. They are not confident that theywould have any skills to contribute. This should notbe a concern for anyone who wants to volunteer!The truth is that the ONLY skill a person needs isthe willingness to help. Enthusiasm, caring, and adesire to work are all that’s required of a ParkerRiver NWR volunteer.Below is just some of the work that our volunteershave done in the past year. You can easily see thevariety of the tasks that you can do as a volunteer.Those of you who’ve attended any of our VolunteerAppreciation Days have often heard me say that itdoesn’t matter if you have an hour a month, or a daya week to volunteer. Any amount of time you cangive is important and appreciated. Don’t think thatyou have nothing to contribute. Everyone who helpshere at the refuge is contributing a most valuablecommodity: their time. Skills can be learned. Time isthe most important thing that you, as a volunteer,need to bring. Everything else can be obtainedthrough training and a desire to learn. Mowed grass, fixed split rails, cut trees, put upOur refuge volunteers have: Constructed a storage shed at the gatehouse. Conducted oral history interviews.signs, plowed snow. Conducted a series of story hours for toddlers. Staffed the visitor center information desk, allow-ing it to be open 7 days a week. Helped out with special events such as the EagleFestival and “Let’s Go Outside.” Conducted interpretive walks (both historical andbiological) and weekly Behind the Scenes Tours.“It doesn’t matter if you have anhour a month or one day a weekto volunteer. Any amount of timeis important and appreciated.ˮOur volunteers bring many different skillsets to therefuge. Some folks love talking to people and working the front desk; others are more introverted andprefer to work alone doing maintenance
memories with visions of strikes rebounding off the (Continued on page (Continued on page 15)15) Early passage to The luffs was by row boat. Even as larger, motorized boats became available, row boats continued as the preferred mode of transportation to the island. Paying strict attention to the current and wind direction were criti-
Silat is a combative art of self-defense and survival rooted from Matay archipelago. It was traced at thé early of Langkasuka Kingdom (2nd century CE) till thé reign of Melaka (Malaysia) Sultanate era (13th century). Silat has now evolved to become part of social culture and tradition with thé appearance of a fine physical and spiritual .
May 02, 2018 · D. Program Evaluation ͟The organization has provided a description of the framework for how each program will be evaluated. The framework should include all the elements below: ͟The evaluation methods are cost-effective for the organization ͟Quantitative and qualitative data is being collected (at Basics tier, data collection must have begun)
̶The leading indicator of employee engagement is based on the quality of the relationship between employee and supervisor Empower your managers! ̶Help them understand the impact on the organization ̶Share important changes, plan options, tasks, and deadlines ̶Provide key messages and talking points ̶Prepare them to answer employee questions
Dr. Sunita Bharatwal** Dr. Pawan Garga*** Abstract Customer satisfaction is derived from thè functionalities and values, a product or Service can provide. The current study aims to segregate thè dimensions of ordine Service quality and gather insights on its impact on web shopping. The trends of purchases have
On an exceptional basis, Member States may request UNESCO to provide thé candidates with access to thé platform so they can complète thé form by themselves. Thèse requests must be addressed to esd rize unesco. or by 15 A ril 2021 UNESCO will provide thé nomineewith accessto thé platform via their émail address.
Chính Văn.- Còn đức Thế tôn thì tuệ giác cực kỳ trong sạch 8: hiện hành bất nhị 9, đạt đến vô tướng 10, đứng vào chỗ đứng của các đức Thế tôn 11, thể hiện tính bình đẳng của các Ngài, đến chỗ không còn chướng ngại 12, giáo pháp không thể khuynh đảo, tâm thức không bị cản trở, cái được
MARCH 1973/FIFTY CENTS o 1 u ar CC,, tonics INCLUDING Electronics World UNDERSTANDING NEW FM TUNER SPECS CRYSTALS FOR CB BUILD: 1;: .Á Low Cóst Digital Clock ','Thé Light.Probé *Stage Lighting for thé Amateur s. Po ROCK\ MUSIC AND NOISE POLLUTION HOW WE HEAR THE WAY WE DO TEST REPORTS: - Dynacó FM -51 . ti Whárfedale W60E Speaker System' .
Food outlets which focused on food quality, Service quality, environment and price factors, are thè valuable factors for food outlets to increase thè satisfaction level of customers and it will create a positive impact through word ofmouth. Keyword : Customer satisfaction, food quality, Service quality, physical environment off ood outlets .
