By Grahame Allen Statistics Chris Watson
BRIEFING PAPERNumber SN/SG/04334, 20 April 2017UK Prison PopulationStatisticsBy Grahame AllenChris WatsonContents:1. England & Wales2. Scotland3. Northern Ireland4. International comparisons5. Appendix Tableswww.parliament.uk/commons-library intranet.parliament.uk/commons-library papers@parliament.uk @commonslibrary
2UK Prison Population ngland & WalesLong term trendsRecent trendsCurrent populationSentence lengthType of offenceAge profile of prisonersNationality, ethnicity and religionForeign national prisoners (FNP)EthnicityReligionOvercrowdingSafety in prisonsPrisoner AssaultsAssaults on 82.2.12.22.32.42.52.6ScotlandLong term trendsRecent trendsCurrent average daily populationAge profile of prisonersEthnicity and ReligionSupervision level191920212121233.3.13.2Northern IrelandRecent trendsAge profile of prisoners2525254.4.14.2International comparisonsPrison PopulationCost2626275.Appendix Tables281.81.9Cover page image copyright Entrance to HM Prison Manchester (Strangeways) byStemonitis. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Generic/ imagecropped.
3Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017SummaryThis briefing paper explores prison population data for the UK from the Ministry of Justice,Scottish Government, and the Northern Ireland Department of Justice. Figures arepublished separately for each of the three jurisdictions; England and Wales, Scotland andNorthern Ireland. International comparisons are also made. Where possible, time seriesdata is given in the Appendix tables.As at Friday 31st March 2017, the total prison population in England and Wales was justover 85,500. In Scotland the prison population was just under 7,700 as in the 2015/16annual report (latest data). For the 2015/16 financial year the total average daily prisonpopulation was just under 1,600 in Northern Ireland.There is a general underlying trend of an increasing number of people held in prison. Theprison population of England & Wales rose by about 90% between 1990 and 2016, anaverage rise of 3.5% per annum. In Scotland this increase was 62%. Between 2000 and2015/16 the prison population of Northern Ireland increased by 49%.Percentage change in prison population, England & Wales and Scotland 400%England &Wales 300% 200%Scotland 100%0%-100%1900192019401960198020002020Key Statistics:England & Wales: At the end of March 2016, the total prison population was 85,441. At 31st March 2017, the total prison population in England and Wales was just over 85,500Scotland: The prison population was just under 7,700 as in the 2015/16 annual report. At 17 March 2017 there were just under 7,500 prisoners (excluding Home Detention Curfew) incustody.Northern Ireland: For the 2015/16 financial year, the total average daily prison population was just under 1,600.
4UK Prison Population Statistics1. England & WalesThe Ministry of Justice (MoJ) publishes rolling quarterly figures on theprison population at the end of each month through its OffenderManagement Statistics Bulletin. The bulletin contains information on theprison population broken down by age, sex, ethnicity, religion as well asother characteristics.1.1 Long term trendsThe MoJ has produced a time-series of the prison population, from1900 to 2013, calculating the average prison population for each year.This note updates the time series using data from the correspondingpublished quarterly bulletins from the beginning of 2014 up to the endof 2016.Prison population in England & Wales, 1900-2016 19801990Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014;MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various datesNotes: Estimates for total males/femalesThe average prison population has increased from just over 17,400 in1900 to just over 85,300 in 2016 (a five-fold increase). The prisonpopulation was relatively stable between 1915 and 1945. From 1940the prison population has grown steadily, although there was a smallperiod in the early 1990s when it decreased (for four consecutive years)before rising steeply in the subsequent decade.The prison population was around 158% greater in 1990 than in 1900,an average annual increase of 1.8% per annum. Between 1995 and2010 the prison population increased by 66%, an average of about4.5% per annum. Since 2010, the average prison population has againremained relatively stable.The rise in the prison population should be seen in the context of a risein the general population. While the absolute number of people inprison has increased five-fold between 1900 and 2016, the rise in thegeneral population has been around two-fold.20002010
5Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017Prison population per 100,000 head of population, 1901-2016,selected years200Male prisoners per100,000 head ofmale population4001503001002005010001901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2016Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24April 2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates, B. Mitchell,Birtish Historical Statistics, 1988, p. 15-16, NOMIS, Census 1991-2011, accessed 24 May2016, ONS, Mid-year population estimates for high level areas 2015, 23 June 2016.Notes: England and Wales population aged 15 or over and 16 or over after from 1991onwards.In 1901 there were 86 prisoners per 100,000 head of population inEngland & Wales. At the end of 2016 this had increased to 182prisoners per 100,000 head of population.GenderIn 1901 there were 152 male prisoners per 100,000 male head ofpopulation. This rate increased to 355 per 100,000 at the end of 2016.There were 27 female prisoners per 100,000 head of female populationin 1901. At the end of 2016, this rate had decreased to 16 per 100,000.The number of female prisoners fell in the early decades of the 20thCentury but began to increase in the 1960s. In 2005 the number offemale prisoners peaked at 4,467. The annual average female prisonpopulation in 2016 was 3,854.01901194119812016Female prisoners per100,000 head offemale population30201001901194119812016Note: Tables above are ondifferent scales
UK Prison Population StatisticsFemales as a proportion of the prison populationDecade 1960s1950s1940s1930s1920s1910s0%1900s6Source: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April 2014;MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various datesNotes: 2010s is the average of the years 2010-2016. 2016 figure is for the single year.The female prisoner population as a proportion of the total hasdecreased from a peak of 18% in 1915-17. 1 The beginning of the 20thCentury was a period when women made up a greater proportion ofthe prisoner population than at any time since. This is (presumably) aconsequence of women being imprisoned for offences related tosuffragette militancy. In the year immediately after the Representationof the People Act 1918 the proportion of female prisoners dropped 3percentage points. Ten years after the Act the proportion of femaleprisoners had decreased to 9% - half of what it had been just over 10years earlier.The prison population passed 80,000 for the first time in December2006 and 85,000 in June 2010. In November 2011 the prisonpopulation reached its highest level of just over 88,000.Prison population at month end, 2010-2016 (000s) urces: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly October-December 2013, 24 April2014; MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various dates.2521.2 Recent trends1Female prisonpopulation (000s)See Table 1a in Appendix.See Table 1b in Appendix1940s1980s2016
7Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017The rise in the prison population over the last months of 2011 can be,at least partially, explained by the remanding and sentencing ofindividuals following the riots in England in August 2011. See the MoJStatistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6th-9th August 2011 3 forfurther details.Between the peak of November 2011 and the corresponding month in2012 the prison population reduced by 2.4% to just over 86,000.Between November and December 2012 the population reduced by afurther 2.6%. At the end of December 2012 the prison population wasjust over 83,700.Since December 2012 the number of prisoners has been relatively stablewith the population never changing by more than 1.3% month bymonth. The proportion of women in the prison population has alsoremained relatively stable at around 4.5-5.0%.During 2016 the prison population peaked in October at 85,926 andwas at its lowest at the end of December at 84,307.1.3 Current populationThe prison population at the end of December 2016 was just over84,300, a decrease of 0.8% on the end of December 2015.Sentenced prisoners comprised around 89% of the total at the end of2016. Of these, adults 4 accounted for around 95% of prisoners, 18-20year olds 5% and 15-17 year olds around 0.6%.Prison population by custody & age group,end of December 2016 5Enlarged 8-20 yr olds30,00020,00010,0000AdultsSentenced18-20 yr oldsRemand: Untried15-17 yr oldsRemand: Convicted unsentencedSources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, table 1.1,26 January 2017Notes: Does not include non-criminal prisoners – those held for civil offences. Mini-chart is‘zoomed’ in version for 18-20 year olds and 15-17 year olds.345MoJ Statistical bulletin on the public disorder of 6th-9th August 2011, 13 September 2012Adults are those aged 21 and over, see MoJ, Offender Management Statistics: Definitions andmeasurement, April 2011.See Table 3 in Appendix15-17 yr olds
8UK Prison Population StatisticsPeople on remand (awaiting commencement or continuation of trialprior to a verdict) accounted for 8% of the prison population. Of these,89% were adults, 9% were 18-20 year olds and 1.6% were 15-17 yearolds.Individuals convicted and awaiting sentencing accounted for 3.4% ofthe prisoner population. 90% of these were adults, 10% were18-29 year olds and just under 1% were aged 15-17.1.4 Sentence lengthAs at the end of December 2016 the most frequent length of sentencebeing served was a determinate 6 sentence over 4 years. Around 43% ofprisoners were serving this type of sentence. About a quarter ofprisoners were serving determinate sentences ranging between1-4 years. Offenders on recall and those serving determinate sentencesof less than one year in length accounted for 9% and 8% eachrespectively. Indeterminate sentences accounted for 15%. 7The length of sentence for all offenders has remained relatively stableacross the 11 year period (see chart below), except for a notableincrease in indeterminate sentences. 8 Between June 2005 and 2010 theproportion of prisoners serving this type of sentence doubled.Sentenced population by sentence length, 2005-2016 9% of non-adults bygender and sentencelength, various yearsMale7%6%5%4%3%50%2%40%20052010201520161%30%0% 1 year20%10%1 - 4 yearsOver 4 yearsdeterminateIndeterminateRecallSources: MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, MoJ, Offender Management StatisticsQuarterly, various datesNotes: 2005-15 at end of June, 2016 at end of DecemberThe proportion of male offenders aged 15-20 (non-adults) servingdeterminate sentences at the end of 2016 fell in all sentence categoriescompared to June 2005. Offenders sentenced to 1-4 years reduced bythe largest amount (4 percentage points) compared to any othersentence type.The reduction in the proportion of male non-adults serving determinatesentences was mirrored for non-adult female offenders. With sentencesof 1-4 years similarly being reduced by the largest amount(3.6 percentage points). These reductions were replicated in the female891-4years 4 years7%Less than oneyear7 4 yearsFemale0%61-4yearsA ‘determinate’ prison sentence is for a fixed length of time. An ‘indeterminate’ prisonsentence does not have a fixed length.See Table 4 in AppendixFor more information on indeterminate sentences see GOV.UK, Types of Prison Sentence2005, 2010 and 2015 based on end of June and 2016 based on end of December. Prior to2010 offenders recalled to prison were included in the relevant service length band. Since 2010recalls have been recorded separately. Does not include fine defaulters nor cases were thesentence length was not recorded.6%5%4%3%2%1%0% 1 year2005201020152016
9Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017prison population as a proportion of all female prisoners servingdeterminate sentences. As at June 2005 the proportion of womenserving sentences of 1-4 years or less than 4 years was around 2% ineach category. At the end of December 2016 these proportions were1.4% and 1.3% respectively.1.5 Type of offencePrior to 2015 the offence categories within the MoJ’s OffenderManagement Statistics had remained unchanged since 2000 allowingfor time series comparisons. The number of categories expanded in2015. While this allows for greater detail it effectively creates a break inthe time series at this date as the new categories do not match thosereported in previous years.Prison population by 2000-2015 offence category, Sexual RobberyOffencesBurglary Theft and Fraud and Drug Motoring Otherhandling forgery offences offences offencesOffencenotrecordedSources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics, various datesNotes: Remand and immediate custodial sentence. Data at end of June. Selected offence categories.For each of the four years shown the highest proportion of offenders inprison were there for violence against the person (VATP) offences. Drugoffences accounted for the second highest proportion of prisoners in allyears except for 2000 when Burglary was the second highest.10See Table 5a in Appendix
10 UK Prison Population StatisticsPrison population by 2015 offence category, 2015-2016 beryTheftoffencesCriminaldamage /arsonDrugPossessionoffences of weaponsPublicorderoffencesFraudoffencesSources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017Notes: Remand and immediate custodial sentence. 2015 at end of March, 2016 at end of December.Selected offence categories.Since the change in the category definitions, violence against the person(VATP) offences have accounted for the highest proportion of prisonersat the end of December 2015 (25%) and December 2016 (25%).Sexual, theft and drug offences each accounted for around 15% of thereason offenders were in prison.The chart below breaks down the non-adult male and female prisonpopulation by offence category. The most common reason non-adultswere in prison was for VATP offences. 23% of all non-adult males hadcommitted this offence. This was a lower proportion compared to nonadult women where VATP was the reason 30% were in prison.Non-adult prison population by offence category, end ofDecember 2016 12Possession of weaponsDrug offencesCriminal damage / arsonMaleFemaleTheft offencesRobberySexual offencesVATP0%10%20%30%40%Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, 26 January 2017Sexual offences, drug offences, robbery and possession of weaponsoffences accounted for a greater proportion of non-adult malescompared to females. The proportion of offenders in prison for criminaldamage and theft offences was greater for non-adult women comparedto non-adult males.1112See Table 5b in AppendixAdults are those aged 21 and over, see MoJ, Offender Management Statistics: Definitions andmeasurement, April 2011.
11 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 20171.6 Age profile of prisonersThe chart below shows the age profile of prisoners over the last decade.Prison population proportion by age, 2005 – 2016 -2930-3940-4950 Sources: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various datesNotes: Data at June 2005-2015, 2016 data at DecemberThe proportion of offenders under the age of 20 has decreased fromaround 13% in 2005 to 6% at the end of 2016. The proportion ofoffenders aged between 21 and 29 has also decreased over the lastdecade, accounting for 36% of the prison population in 2011 and 31%in 2016.Prison population by age,December 2016Age15-1718-2021-2425-2930-3940-4950-5960 58284,307%1%5%13%19%30%18%10%5%The proportion of 30-39 year olds hasincreased by 4 percentage points to30% since 2010. At the end of 2016 itwas the most numerous age group ofprisoners with over 25,000 in this agebracket. The proportion of prisonersaged over 40 has increased from 22%in 2005 to 33% in 2016. It isinteresting to note that as of the 31December 2016, there was one prisonerover the age of 100. 14It is not presented here but the age profile of the male and femaleprison populations is similar with 30-39 year olds, accounting for thelargest proportion of both populations. At the end of 2016, 30% of themale population and 37% of the female population were aged between30 and 39 years old. 15131415See Table 6 in AppendixMoJ, Over 80 prison population by offence group, 31 December 2016, Statistical notice,Further breakdown of the prison population by age and offence group as at 31 December2016, 27 February 2017MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, July to September 2016, table 1.3, 26 January2017Prison population by age,December 2016Age15-1718-2021-2425-2930-3940-4950-5960 58284,307%1%5%13%19%30%18%10%5%
12 UK Prison Population StatisticsPrison population percentage change by age, 2002-2016 200%50 150%40-49 100% 50%30-390%-50%21-292002 es: MoJ, Offender Management Statistics Quarterly, various yearsNotes: Data at June 2002-2015, data at December in 2016, age groups combinedThe chart above shows how the age profile of prisoners has changedsince 2002. The chart suggests that the prison population of offendersaged 50 years or over has increased proportionately more than anyother age group. As at the end of 2016 the number of prisoners aged50 or over was 169% higher than in 2002.It is not presented here but the trends do not vary by gender during thistime. 16 For both males and females the proportion of offenders agedunder 25 has decreased compared to 2002 while the proportion ofolder offenders of both genders has increased.1.7 Nationality, ethnicity and religionForeign national prisoners (FNP)1617MoJ, Offender Management Caseload Statistics 2010 Tables, 25 April 2013; MoJ, OffenderManagement Statistics Quarterly, various datesSee Table 7 in appendix.40%30%20%10%OceaniaWest IndiesNorth AmericaEurope0%Middle EastAt the end of 2016, foreign nationals originating from the EU (excludingthe UK) accounted for 43% of all foreign nationals in prison and justunder 5% of the total prison population. Men accounted for 96% of allFNPs within the prison population.50%AsiaForeign nationals from Europe accounted for the greatest proportion ofall foreign nationals within the prison population (51%), those fromAfrica (19%) and Asia (16%) contributed the second and third largestproportion respectively.60%C & S AmericaSince 2002 the proportion of foreign nationals as a percentage of theprison population has remained relatively stable. In 2002 FNPsaccounted for 11% of the prison population. As at the end ofDecember 2016 this proportion had risen to 12%. During the mid2000s there was a small increase although this never reached more than14%.Foreign national prisonersby region, December 2016AfricaAt the end of 2016 there were just under 10,000 foreign nationalswithin the prison population. 17
13 Commons Library Briefing, 20 April 2017Nationalities of foreignpri
6 UK Prison Population Statistics . Females as a proportion of the prison population Decade Averages . Notes: The female prisoner population as a proportion of the total has decreased from a peak of 18% in 1915-17. 1 The beginning of the 20 th Century was a period when women made up a greater proportion of
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