LABORATORY BIOSAFETY MANUAL - WHO
Y MANUALinterimSECOND EDITION (REVISED)WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATIONGeneva 2003
esinelidguimterin World Health Organization 2003This publication is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights arereserved by the Organization. The publication may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproducedand translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale or for use in conjunction with commercial purposes.The views expressed in publications by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication, including tables andmaps, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the secretariat of the WorldHealth Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities,or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximateborder lines for which there may not yet be full agreement.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they areendorsed or recommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capitalletters.
WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO/2003.4ContentsForeword . vAcknowledgements . vii1.General principles. 1PART I GuidelinesRisk assessment. 7Specimens for which there is limited information . 7Risk assessment and genetically modified microorganisms . 83.Basic laboratories – Biosafety Levels 1 and 2. 10Code of practice. 10Laboratory design and facilities . 11Laboratory equipment . 13Health and medical surveillance . 13Training . 14Waste handling . 14Chemical, fire, electrical and radiation safety . 164.The containment laboratory – Biosafety Level 3 . 17Code of practice. 17Laboratory design and facilities . 17Laboratory equipment . 18Health and medical surveillance . 185.The maximum containment laboratory – Biosafety Level 4 . 20Laboratory design and facilities . 20Laboratory biosafety manual . 216.Laboratory animal facilities . 22Animal facility – Biosafety Level 1 . 22Animal facility – Biosafety Level 2 . 23Animal facility – Biosafety Level 3 . 23Animal facility – Biosafety Level 4 . 24Invertebrates . 24interimguidelines2.PART II Laboratory equipment7.Biological safety cabinets. 29Class I biological safety cabinet. 30Class II biological safety cabinets. 30Class III biological safety cabinet. 32Biological safety cabinet air connections . 33Selection of a biological safety cabinet. 33Using biological safety cabinets in the laboratory. 348.Equipment-related hazards. 37Equipment that may create a hazard. 37i
Laboratory Biosafety Manual, 2nd revised edition9.WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO/2003.4Equipment designed to reduce biological hazards. 39Negative-pressure flexible-film isolators . 40Pipetting aids . 40Homogenizers, shakers, blenders and sonicators. 41Disposable transfer loops . 41Microincinerators. 41Personal protective clothing and equipment. 41PART III Good microbiological techniqueidelines10. Safe laboratory techniques. 45Safe handling of specimens in the laboratory. 45Use of pipettes and pipetting aids. 45Avoiding the dispersal of infectious materials. 46Use of biological safety cabinets . 46Avoiding ingestion of infectious materials and contact with skin and eyes . 46Avoiding injection of infectious materials . 47Separation of serum . 47Use of centrifuges . 47Use of homogenizers, shakers, blenders and sonicators. 48Use of tissue grinders . 48Care and use of refrigerators and freezers. 48Opening of ampoules containing lyophilized infectious materials . 48Storage of ampoules containing infectious materials . 49Special precautions with blood and other body fluids, tissues and excreta . 49Precautions with materials that may contain prions . 50imgu11. Biosafety and recombinant DNA technology. 52Biological expression systems. 52Properties of the donor organism and cloned DNA . 52Viral vectors for gene transfer. 53Transgenic and “knock-out” animals. 53Transgenic plants. 53Conclusions . 53ter12. Transport of infectious substances. 55in13. Contingency plans and emergency procedures. 56Contingency plan . 56Emergency procedures for microbiological laboratories. 5614. Disinfection and sterilization . 59Definitions . 59Precleaning and cleaning laboratory materials. 59Chemical germicides. 60Local environmental decontamination . 63Decontamination of biological safety cabinets. 63Hand-washing/hand decontamination . 64Heat disinfection and sterilization . 64Incineration . 66Disposal . 66Decontamination of prion-containing materials . 66Summary. 66PART IV Chemical, fire and electrical safety15. Hazardous chemicals . 69Definitions and classifications. 69Routes of exposure. 69Storage of chemicals . 69ii
WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO/2003.4ContentsGeneral rules . 70Toxic effects of chemicals. 70Explosive chemicals. 72Chemical spillage. 72Compressed and liquefied gases . 7316. Fire in the laboratory . 7417. Electrical hazards . 75PART V Safety organization and training18. The biosafety officer and safety committee. 77Biosafety officer . 77Safety committee . 78General organization. 78ines19. Safety rules for support staff. 79Engineering and building maintenance services . 79Cleaning (domestic) services. 79Safety rules for domestic and cleaning staff. 79guidel20. Training programmes . 81Basic course: Good laboratory practice (GLP) . 82Module 1 (the core module): Good microbiological technique (GMT). 83Module 2: The safe laboratory environment . 83Module 3: GLP for support staff. 84Module 4: GLP for safety staff . 84Module 5: GLP for specialist staff who handle microorganisms in Risk Groups 3 and 4 . 85interim21. Safety checklist . 87Laboratory premises . 89Storage facilities. 89Sanitation and staff facilities . 89Heating and ventilation . 89Lighting . 90Services . 90Security . 90Fire prevention . 90Flammable liquid storage. 90Electrical hazards. 91Compressed and liquefied gases . 91Personal protection . 91Health and safety of staff . 91Laboratory equipment . 92Infectious materials . 92Chemicals and radioactive substances . 92References . 94ANNEX 1 Immunization of staff . 98ANNEX 2 WHO Biosafety Collaborating Centres. 99iii
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WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO/2003.4ForewordimguidelinesThe World Health Organization (WHO) has long recognized that safety and, in particular, biological safetyare important international issues. This specialized agency of the United Nations published the firstedition of its Laboratory biosafety manual in 1983. The manual encourages countries to prepare specificcodes of practice for the safe handling of pathogenic mic
a The concept and classification of risk groups are being reevaluated and will be addressed in the third edition of the Laboratory biosafety manual. Table 2. Relation of risk groups to biosafety levels, practices and equipment Risk Group Biosafety Level Laboratory type Laboratory practices Safety equipment 1 Basic – Biosafety Level 1 Basic .
Laboratory Biosafety. Laboratory Biosafety Manual - Third Edition WHO Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (BMBL) 5th Edition Center for Disease Control Canadian Biosafety Standard, Second Edition Canadian Government . Environmental Biosafety. Cartagena Protocol, A
WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual Having served for global biosafety community – Hereinafter, “WHO Manual” – “ For more than 20 30 years, since it was first published in 1983, the Laboratory Biosafety Manual has provided practical guidance on biosafety techniques for use in laboratories at all levels. ” – WHO web site The 3. rd
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories 5th Edition, commonly referred to as “BMBL”: ). The four biosafety levels consist of combinations of laboratory practices and techniques, safety equipment, and laboratory facilities. The biosafety levels are outlined in a summary table in . Section IV—Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria
Biorisk management Laboratory biosecurity guidance September 2006 ii Abbreviations BSL3 Containment laboratory – Biosafety Level 3 BSL4 Maximum containment laboratory – Biosafety Level 4 FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GMO Genetically modified organism LBM3 Laboratory biosafety manual, third edition
Laboratory Biosafety Level Criteria . are to be processed as a waiver or modification to this manual through the biosafety office to the IBC. Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) The IBC at CSU provides local review and oversight of nearly all forms of research
Biosafety Manual May 2010 Page 2 Class I Biosafety Cabinet - An enclosure with an inward airflow through the front opening. Provides protection for the worker and the laboratory environment but not to product being utilized in the cabinet. Class II Biosafety Cabinet An enclosure with an inward airflow through the front opening.
used by trained laboratory staff. The World Health Organization's Laboratory Biosafety Manual states that "no biosafety cabinet or other facility or procedure alone guarantees safety unless the users operate safe techniques based on informed understanding."(7) It is the responsibility of everyone, including managers and laboratory
tourism), with emphasis on the space of coastal zone used in an organized way (Agarwal and Shaw, 2007), it will be the latter one that shall constitute the focus of the present paper. Although in Nordic Countries the climatic conditions do not help the development of coastal areas and 3S tourism in the same way as they do in other more exotic destinations, still Zselling sun, sand and sea .
