RSAGE - Aalto
AN INTRODUCTION TOQUALITATIVERESEARCHFOURTH EDITIONSAGE
U w e Flick 2009This f o u r t h edition first published 2009First edition published 1998Second edition published 2002T h i r d edition published 2006R e p r i n t e d 2010Originally published as Qualitative Forschung in the 'rowohlts enzyklopadie' series.C o p y r i g h t 1995 R o w o h l t Taschenbuch Verlag G m b H , R e i n b e k bei H a m b u r g .Apart f r o m any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism orreview, as p e r m i t t e d u n d e r the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publicationmay be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any f o r m , or by any means, only w i t h theprior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction,in accordance w i t h the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency.Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers.SAGE Publications Ltd1 Oliver's Yard55 City R o a dL o n d o n EC1Y ISPSAGE Publications Inc.2455 Teller R o a dT h o u s a n d Oaks, California 91320SAGE Publications India Pvt LtdB 1 / 1 1 M o h a n Cooperative Industrial A r e aMathura RoadN e w Delhi 110 044SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte Ltd33 Pekin Street #02-01Far East SquareSingapore 048763Library of Congress Control Number 2008933314British Library Cataloguing in Publication dataA catalogue record for this b o o k is available f r o m the British LibraryISBN 9 7 8 - 1 - 8 4 7 8 7 - 3 2 3 - 1I S B N 9 7 8 - 1 - 8 4 7 8 7 - 3 2 4 - 8 (pbk)Typeset by C & M Digitals (P) Ltd., Chennai, IndiaPrinted in Great Britian by Ashford C o l o u r Press Ltd., Gosport, HantsPrinted on paper f r o m sustainable resources
SUMMARY OF CONTENTSPART 11234FRAMEWORKGuide to This BookQualitative Research: Why and How to Do ItQualitative and Quantitative ResearchEthics of Qualitative ResearchPART 2F R O M T H E O R Y TO T E X T5 Making Use of the Literature in Qualitative Research6 Theoretical Positions Underlying Qualitative Research7 Epistemological Background: Construction and Understanding of TextsPART 389101112The Qualitative Research ProcessResearch QuestionsEntering the FieldSamplingHow to Design Qualitative Research: An OverviewPART 413141516311233545475674878997105114127VERBAL DATA147InterviewsNarrativesFocus GroupsVerbal Data: An Overview149176194210PART 51718192021RESEARCH DESIGN1O B S E R V A T I O N A N D MEDIATED D A T AObservation and EthnographyVisual Data: Photography, Film, and VideoUsing Documents as DataQualitative Online Research: Using the InternetObservation and Mediated Data: An Overview219221239254263281
vi AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCHPART 6222324252627F R O M T E X T TO T H E O R YDocumentation of DataCoding and CategorizingAnalyzing Conversation, Discourse, and GenresNarrative and Hermeneutic AnalysisUsing Computers in Qualitative AnalysisText Interpretation: An OverviewPART 7GROUNDING AND WRITINGQUALITATIVE RESEARCH28 Quality Criteria in Qualitative Research29 The Quality of Qualitative Research: Beyond Criteria30 Writing Qualitative ResearchPART 8QUALITATIVE RESEARCH: INTEGRATIONA N D OUTLOOK29129330533334535837338138340041342531 Qualitative Research at Work I: Grounded Theory32 Qualitative Research at Work II:Triangulation33 Qualitative Research: State of the Art and the Future427443454GlossaryReferencesAuthor IndexSubject IndexAbout the Author467476492496505
CONTENTSList of BoxesList of FiguresList of TablesList of Case StudiesPreface to the Fourth EditionPART 1FRAMEWORKxvxviixviiixixxxi11 G u i d e to This B o o kApproach of the BookStructure of the BookSpecial Features of the BookH o w to Use this Book3448102 Qualitative R e s e a r c h : w h y a n d H o w t o D o I tThe Relevance of Qualitative ResearchLimits of Quantitative Research as a Starting PointEssential Features of Qualitative ResearchA Brief History of Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research at the End of Modernity1112121417203 Qualitative a n d Quantitative R e s e a r c hRelations of Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchLinking Qualitative and Quantitative Research in One DesignCombining Qualitative and Quantitative DataCombining Qualitative and Quantitative MethodsLinking Qualitative and Quantitative ResultsResearch Evaluation and GeneralizationCurrent Discussions about Qualitative and Quantitative ResearchAppropriateness of the Methods as a Point of Reference2324252929303031324 Ethics of Qualitative Research35A Need for Ethics in Research and the Ethical Dilemmas ofQualitative Research36
viii AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCHCodes of Ethics—An Answer to AH Questions?Ethics Committees—A Solution?How to Act Ethically in Your Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research Ethics—Necessary for Better ResearchPART 2FROM T H E O R Y TO T E X T36394043455 M a k i n g Use of the Literature in Qualitative R e s e a r c hHow and When to Use the LiteratureHow to Use the Theoretical Literature about the Topic of Your StudyThe Use of TheoriesHow to Use the Empirical Literature about Earlier Research in theSame Field or Similar FieldsHow to Use the Methodological LiteratureHow to Use the Literature W h e n Writing about Your StudyHow and Where to Find the Literature515252536 T h e o r e t i c a l Positions U n d e r l y i n g Qualitative R e s e a r c hResearch Perspectives in the Field of Qualitative ResearchSubjective Meaning: Symbolic InteractionismThe Making of Social Realities: EthnomethodologyCultural Framing of Social and Subjective Reality: Structuralist ModelsRivalry of Paradigms or Triangulation of PerspectivesCommon Features of the Different PositionsFeminism and Gender StudiesPositivism and Constructionism5657575962646567697 Epistemological B a c k g r o u n d : C o n s t r u c t i o n a n dU n d e r s t a n d i n g of T e x t sText and RealitiesText as World Making: First-Degree and Second-Degree ConstructionsSocial Constructions as Starting PointsWorld Making in the Text: MimesisMimesis: Biography and Narrative747576777881PART 3878RESEARCH DESIGNT h e Qualitative R e s e a r c h ProcessResearch as Linear ProcessThe Concept of Process in Grounded Theory Research47484849899090
CONTENTSLinearity and Circularity of the ProcessTheories in the Research Process as Versions of the World92939 Research QuestionsCutting Questions to SizeSpecifying an Area of Interest and Delimiting the IssueSensitizing Concepts and the Triangulation of PerspectivesTypes of Research Questions979810010010110 Entering the FieldExpectations of Qualitative Researchers and theProblem of AccessRole Definitions in Entering an Open FieldAccess to InstitutionsAccess to IndividualsStrangeness and Familiarity10510610610710911011 SamplingSampling Decisions in the Research ProcessA Priori Determination of the Sample StructureGradual Definition of the Sample Structure:Theoretical SamplingGradual Selection as a General Principle inQualitative ResearchPurposive SamplingWidth or Depth as Aims of SamplingCase Constitution in the Sample11411511512 H o w to D e s i g n Qualitative Research: An OverviewH o w to Plan and Construct Designs inQualitative ResearchShort Cut StrategiesBasic DesignsCase StudiesComparative StudiesRetrospective StudiesSnapshots: Analysis of State and Process at the Timeof the InvestigationLongitudinal StudiesStarting Points for Selecting a Research DesignFirst Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparisonof the 38140141ix
x AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCHSecond Point of Reference: The Selection of the Designand Checking its ApplicationThird Point of Reference: Appropriateness of theApproach to the IssueFourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Approach intothe Research ProcessPART 4VERBAL DATA14114114514713 InterviewsThe Focused InterviewThe Semi-Standardized InterviewThe Problem-Centered InterviewThe Expert InterviewThe Ethnographic InterviewConducting Interviews: Problems of Mediation and Steering14915015616116516917014 NarrativesThe Narrative InterviewThe Episodic InterviewNarratives between Biography and Episode17617718519115 Focus GroupsGroup InterviewsGroup DiscussionsFocus GroupsJoint Narratives19419519620320616 Verbal D a t a : An OverviewFirst Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparisonof the ApproachesSecond Point of Reference: The Selection of the Method andChecking its ApplicationThird Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Methodto the IssueFourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method into theResearch Process210PART 5OBSERVATION A N D MEDIATED D A T A17 Observation and EthnographyNon-participant Observation211211216216219221222
CONTENTSParticipant ObservationEthnography22623318 Visual D a t a : P h o t o g r a p h y , F i l m , a n d V i d e oPhotos as Instrument and Object of ResearchFilm Analysis as an Instrument of ResearchUsing Video in Qualitative Research23924024624919 U s i n g D o c u m e n t s as D a t aWhat Are Documents?Using Documents as Data: More than Analyzing TextsSelecting Documents,Constructing a CorpusT h e Practicalities of Using Documents25425525725725825920 Q u a l i t a t i v e O n l i n e R e s e a r c h : U s i n g t h e I n t e r n e tT h e Internet as an Object of ResearchPreconditions of Qualitative Online ResearchTransferring Qualitative Research and Methodsto the InternetOnline InterviewingOnline Focus GroupsVirtual Ethnography: Interaction and Communication263264265in the InternetAnalyzing Internet DocumentsLimits and Perspectives of Qualitative Online Research27227627821 Observation and Mediated Data: An OverviewFirst Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparisonof the ApproachesSecond Point of Reference: T h e Selection of the Methodand Checking its ApplicationThird Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Methodto the IssueFourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method intothe Research Process281PART 6291FROM TEXT TO T H E O R Y22 Documentation of DataN e w Ways and Problems of Recording DataField Notes265266269282283286288293294296xi
xii AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCHResearch Diary297Documentation SheetsTranscriptionReality as Text: Text as N e w Reality29829930223 C o d i n g a n d C a t e g o r i z i n gGrounded Theory CodingThematic CodingQualitative Content AnalysisGlobal Analysis30530631832332824 A n a l y z i n g C o n v e r s a t i o n , D i s c o u r s e , a n d G e n r e sConversation AnalysisDiscourse AnalysisGenre Analysis33333433834125 N a r r a t i v e a n d H e r m e n e u t i c AnalysisAnalyzing NarrativesObjective HermeneuticsSocial Science Hermeneutics and HermeneuticSociology of Knowledge34534635026 U s i n g C o m p u t e r s in Q u a l i t a t i v e AnalysisN e w Technologies: Hopes, Fears, and FantasiesWays of Using ComputersW h y Use Software for Analyzing Qualitative Data?358359360355Hopes and ExpectanciesTypes of Software for Analyzing Qualitative DataSoftware for Analyzing Qualitative Data: H o w to Choose?Examples: ATLAS. Ti, N U D * I S T / N V i v o , and MAXqdaH o w to Use Software in Qualitative ResearchSoftware's Impact on Qualitative Research: Examples36136236336636736927 Text Interpretation: An OverviewFirst Point of Reference: Criteria-Based Comparisonof the ApproachesSecond Point of Reference: T h e Selection of the Methodand Checking its ApplicationThird Point of Reference: Appropriateness of the Methodto the IssueFourth Point of Reference: Fitting the Method intothe Research Process373374375375379
CONTENTSPART 7GROUNDING AND WRITINGQUALITATIVE RESEARCH28 Quality Criteria in Qualitative R e s e a r c hSelective rnative CriteriaCriteria for Evaluating the Building of TheoriesTraditional or Alternative Criteria: N e w Answers toOld Questions?Quality Assessment as a Challenge for Qualitative ResearchQuality Criteria or Strategies of Quality Assurance?38138338438538739139239339639639729 The Quality of Qualitative Research: B e y o n d CriteriaIndication of Qualitative ResearchTriangulationAnalytic InductionGeneralization in Qualitative ResearchThe Constant Comparative MethodProcess Evaluation and Quality Management40040140540640740740930 W r i t i n g Qualitative ResearchPragmatic Function of Writing: Presentation of ResultsLegitimizing Function of WritingReflexive Function of WritingDissolution of Social Science into Styles of Writing?413414419422423PART 8QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:INTEGRATION A N D OUTLOOK42531 Qualitative Research at Work I: Grounded TheoryGrounded Theory MethodologyGrounded Theory Step by StepGrounded Theory as Systematization of IntuitionArt and Method in Grounded Theory42742842944044132 Qualitative Research at Work II: TriangulationTriangulationTriangulation Step by Step443444445xii
xiv AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCHStepping Stones in Using TriangulationTriangulation as Systematization of Using Qualitative Methods45245233 Qualitative Research: State of the Art and the F u t u r eQualitative Research at the Beginning of the Twenty-First CenturyMethodological Developments and TrendsH o w to Learn and H o w to Teach Qualitative ResearchT h e Future of Qualitative Research: Art or Method?454455459462463GlossaryReferencesAuthor IndexSubject IndexAbout the Author467476492496505
2.1 A Preliminary List of Qualitative Research Features146.1 Features of Qualitative Research: Completed List6710.1 Roles in the Field11111.1 Sampling Strategies in Qualitative Research12313.1 Example Questions from the Focused Interview15213.213.313.413.5153157162170Example Questions from the Adulthood InterviewExample Questions from the Semi-Standardized InterviewExample Questions from the Problem-Centered InterviewKey Points for Evaluating Questions in Interviews14.1 Example of a Generative Narrative Questionin the Narrative Interview14.2 Example Questions from the Episodic Interview17818915.1 Example of a Discussion Stimulus in a Group Discussion20015.2 Examples for Beginning a Focus Group20317.1 Features of Ethnographic Research23318.1 Instruction for the Photo Interview24220.1 Research Questions for Virtual Ethnography27222.1 Field Notes in Practice29622.222.322.422.5Example of a Documentation SheetTranscription ConventionsRules for Transcription and an ExampleExample from a Transcript29930030130223.1 Example of Segmentation and Open Coding23.2 Example of Line-by-Line Coding308316
xvi AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH23.3 Example of a Short Description of a Case23.4 Example of the Thematic Structure of Case Analyses in319Thematic Coding23.5 Rules of Summarizing Content Analysis32032524.1 Methodological Precepts for Conversation Analytic Studies33525.1 The Sequence of Stages in the Practical Analysis25.2 Levels of Interpretation in Objective Hermeneutics34735126.1 Guiding Questions for Analyzing and ComparingComputer Programs in Qualitative Research36428.1 Conventions for Field Notes28.2 Criteria for Theory Development in Qualitative Research38639529.1 Steps of Analytic Induction29.2 Principles of Quality Management in the QualitativeResearch Process40631.1 Key Components of Grounded Theory31.2 Criteria for Grounded Theory Research31.3 Phases in Grounded Theory Research42843744132.1 Definition of Triangulation44533.1 Schools of Qualitative Research33.2 Trends and Developments458462411
3.1 Research Designs for the Integration of Qualitativeand Quantitative Research3.2 Levels of Triangulation of Qualitative and Quantitative Research26276.1 Research Perspectives in Qualitative Research657.1 Understanding between Construction and Interpretation787.2 Process of Mimesis808.1 Models of Process and Theory959.1 Research Questions in the Research Process9910.1 Membership Roles in the Field10712.1 Components of Qualitative Research Design13312.2 Basic Designs in Qualitative Research14013.1 Excerpt from a Subjective Theory on Trust in Counseling15914.1 Forms of Knowledge in the Episodic Interview18618.1 Street Context Symbolizing Homelessness andStigma fora Participant18.2 Scienceof Beggingin the Context of Street Life24424423.1 T h e Paradigm Model23.2 General Content Analytic Process Model23.3 Summarizing Content Analysis31132432626.1Origin of AIDS Represented in a Thematic NetworkProduced withATLAS.Ti36930.1 Grounding the Text42132.1 Levels of Triangulation with Three Forms of Qualitative Data450
2.1Phases in the History of Qualitative Research206.1Theoretical Positions in Qualitative Research6611.1 Sampling Decisions in the Research Process11511.2 Example of a Sampling Structure with DimensionsGiven in Advance11.3 Theoretical versus Statistical Sampling11.4 Example of a Sample Structure Resulting from the Process11611912012.1 Comparison of Approaches for Constructing a Research Design12.2 Checklist for Selecting a Research Design andEvaluating itsApplication14216.1 Comparison of Methods for Collecting Verbal Data16.2 Checklist for Selecting an Interview Type and Evaluatingits Application21217.1232Dependability of ObservationsComparison of Methods for Collecting Observationaland Mediated Data21.2 Checklist for Selecting a Method for Observation andMediated Data and Evaluating its Application14421521.128428723.1 Coding Families Applied to Examples of Coding Pain Experiences23.2 Thematic Coding of Subjective Definitions of Technology31532227.1 Comparison of Methods for the Interpretation of Data27.2 Checklist for Selecting a Method of Interpretation and376Evaluating its Application37829.1 Indication of Qualitative Research Methods29.2 Checklist for Selecting a Qualitative Research Method29.3 Research Steps and Methods: Rules of T h u m b and Key Questions40240340433.1457Research Perspectives in Qualitative Research
3.1Cancer Patients' Relatives274.1Covert Observation of Homosexual Practices384.2Interaction as an Ethically Sensitive Subject of Research427.1 Mimesis in the Social Construction of Self and Technology828.1 Awareness of Dying939.1 Adoption of a Public Health Orientation by Doctors and Nurses10210.1 Reservations against Research Methods10.2 Street Corner Society11011211.1 Sampling with Social Groups Defined in Advance11.2 Example of Theoretical Sampling11.3 Gradual Integration of Groups and Cases11611812012.1 Health Concepts of Women in Portugal and Germany13913.1 Persons' Concepts of H u m a n Nature13.2 Subjective Theories on Trust in Counseling13.3 Subjective Theories of Illness in Pseudo-croup15215816314.1 Excerpt from a Narrative Interview14.2 Professional Biographies of Engineers14.3 Technological Change in Everyday Life18018218715.1 Student Dropouts: H o w to Set Up a Group15.2 Group Discussion with Bank Employees15.3 Using Focus Groups for Feedback of Results and Member Check19819920517.1 Leisure Behavior of Adolescents17.2 Boys in White224227
xx AN INTRODUCTION TO QUALITATIVE RESEARCH17.3 Participant Observation in Intensive Care Units17.4 Homeless Adolescents' Health Behavior22923518.1 Bateson and Mead's Study of the "Balinese Character"18.2 Analysis of Soldiers' Photos24024218.3 Photographs for Analyzing the Use of Public Space byHomeless People18.4 Alcoholism in Hollywood Movies18.5 Using Video for Studying Children in Their Everyday Context24324725019.1 The Polish Peasant in Europe and America25619.2 Analyzing Documents of Professional Training26020.1 Virtual Ethnography27423.1 Unending "Work and Care23.2 Awareness of Dying and Awareness Contexts23.3 Subjective Definitions of Technology and Their Coding31331432124.1 Socio-psychiatric Counseling24.2 Racism in N e w Zealand33633925.1 Example of a Case Reconstruction34825.2352Counselor-Client Interactions26.1 Social Representation of Aids among Zambian Adolescents36831.1Identity Dilemmas of Chronically Ill Men43932.1Chronic Illness of Homeless Adolescents446
To keep up with developments, the fourth edition of An Introduction to QualitativeResearch has been revised, updated, and expanded in several ways throughout thebook. It has been complemented by a new final part which gives an integrativeview on
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Exhibition Alvar Aalto. Second Nature Vitra Design Museum Designer Title Church in Muurame, Finland, Interior Material - Technique Coal on tracing paper 1926 -1929 Subtitle Signatur: Alvar Aalto-26 Year: Alvar Aalto cat. # 101.00.01-E Lender Alvar Aalto Museum Ins. value: Inv. # 0FI-1052 EUR
Working papers - Alvar Aalto Researchers’ Network March 12th – 14th 2012, Seinäjoki and Jyväskylä, Finland Aalto s Finnish followers and the natural form Kristo Vesikansa 1.2.2013 3/14 www.alvaraaltoresearch.fi Topological methods Aalto s influence on Finnish Architecture of the
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Alvar Aalto is by far the most popular and accessible of the first gen- . a near contemporary of the second generation Modernists, Louis I. Kahn and Carlo Scarpa, Aalto has nevertheless always been considered the . maintained an almost archaic relation to nature and the land in e
Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of master's thesis Author Emmi Kaivosoja Title of thesis The Role of Usability in Software Validation –Case: Medical Device Manufacturing Degree programme Degree Programme in Computer Science and Engineering Thesis supervisor Prof.
Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of master's thesis Author Pauliina Ahokas Title of thesis Properties affecting cellulose solution rheology Master programme Biomass Refining Code CHEM3021 Thesis supervisor Herbert Sixta Thesis advisor Ali Harlin Date 24.06.2019 Number of pages 72 pages 1 Language English Abstract
Aalto University, P.O. BOX 11000, 00076 AALTO www.aalto.fi Abstract of master's thesis Author Katja-Pauliina Rekilä Title of thesis Bicycle braking friction measurements on winter roads Degree programme Transportation and Environmental Engineering Major/minor Transportation and Highway Engineering Code Yhd-10 Thesis supervisor Terhi Pellinen Thesis advisors Alex Klein-Paste and Nina Raitanen
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