1939-1960 - PC\ MAC
1939-1960Chapter 13World War II Erupts1939-1941Chapter 14The United States inWorld War II194,1-1945Chapter 15The Cold War Begins1945-1953Chapter 16Postwar America1945-1960Global RelationsThe United States and the Allies defeatedthe Axis Powers in World War II, but tensionsbetween the United States and its former allythe Soviet Union led to a long-running Cold War.Government and DemocracyThe United States fought against regimes thatopposed democracy during World War II and theCold War.1 I
Drawing ConclusionsFind practice for Drawing Conclusions in the Skills Handbook, p. Hl2Good readers can use clues and their own prior knowledge to draw conclusions about various people places, and events mentioned in text. Drawingconclusions helps you remember what you read.Before You ReadSkim chapter titles, sectionheadings, and visuals todetennine what the chapter will be about. Makea mental list of what youalready know about thesubject matter.,.While You ReadIdentify facts and ideasin the text. Then look forconnections between thosefacts, ideas and what youalready know.,.After You ReadBriefly summarize whatyou have read. Then forma conclusion that makes adecision, judgment, or opinion about what the factsand ideas mean to you.The section head tellsMobilizing Industryand Science y uthatthepassagew1ll be about how.The enthusiasm of American fighting forceswas important. In order to defeat the Axisarmies, however, American troops would needthe proper equipment. The nation respondedquickly to this need. Many factories that madeconsumer goods were quickly converted to theproduction of war supplies.science and industrywere mobilized for war.Fact To win, Americantroops needed equipment.Rosie the Riveter Producing enough supplies to fight the war required many workers.At the same time, American men were leavingtheir factory jobs by the millions to join the "'armed forces.Women helped provide a solution to thisFact Factories neededproblem. During the war, the number ofwomenworkers, but men wereworking outside the home rose dramatically. leaving to be soldiers.Many of these eight million new workers tookindustrial jobs that had never been open towomen before.Drawing ConclusionsHow were working women important to the wareffort?Test Prep TipShort answer and essay questions on tests frequently ask you to drawa conclusion about something you have read. But conclusions are notalways stated directly. Try restating a passage from the text as a question that begins, "Why was it important that . ?" For example, "Why wasit important that many of the eight million new [women] workers tookindustrial jobs?"382UNIT4
IemCalifornia StandardsAnalysis HR4, HR5Interpreting VisualsFind practice for Interpreting Visuals in the Skills Handbook, p. H30Many visuals are created for a specific reason.A newspaper photograph may be intended toinform readers, but a war-time poster maybe a piece of propaganda used to convey amessage or a point of view. By interpretingvisuals, you can gain insight into differentperspectives on historical events.Strategies historians use: Find clues to the artist'spoint of view. Is the subject treatedin a positive or negative light? Reflect on who the author'saudience might have been. Th ink about the historical context of the image.The word "Victory" is inlarge type, and is a differentcolor. this indicates it is moreimportant than the otherwords on the poster.III(The woman isdressed as a civilian,but wears a militarycap. This calls attention to the war effortat home.The basket is overflowing with freshfood. This creates animpression of abundance, even during atnne of shortage.Enter VICTORY GARDEN CONTESTIEGISTIR 404 S. lth ST. MAY 1·15C - INfAI" DMSIOM.,.f'OUS - C -A Willi CIIHf ". . - .As You Read Exam ine how t he visuals on each page relate to the textthat you are reading. How do details in t he visuals explain more aboutthose histori ca l events?As You Study Compare and cont rast the visuals in each chapter. Usethe visuals to help you understand the progression of historical events.A CHAMPION OF DEMOCRACY383
, ,., 14 . CaliforniaStandardsHistory-Sodal Sdences11.7 Students analyze America's participation in World War II.11.1 0 Students analyze the development of federal civil rights andvoting rights.u.s.A crowd salutes German dictator Adolf Hitleras he leads a Reich Party Day celebration inthe city of Nuremberg. The annual rallies wereheld in the city from 1933 to 1938. Reich is theGerman word for empire.Interpreting Visuals What is the focus ofthis event? What might its purpose be?See Skills Handbook. p. H30WorldSeptember 1 9 3 9Congress passescash-and-carry law toease the sale of armsto countries at war.
March 1941Congress establishes the lendlease program to deliver armsto Great Britain on credit.December 1940President Rooseveltdeclares the United Statesan "arsenal of democracy."December 7,1941Japanese bombthe U.S. Navy'sPacific Fleet atPearl Harbor,Hawaii.·May 1940Winston Churchillbecomes UK primeminister.Battle of Britainends with Hitler'sforces rebuffed.May-June 1940Germany conquersthe Netherlands,Belgium, and France.General HidekiTojo becomesJapanese primeminister.September 1940Japan joins Axis alliancewith Germany and Italy.385
BEFOREYour;;JREADMAIN IDEAREADING FOCUSKEY TERMS AND PEOPLE 11.7.1 Examine theThe shatteringeffects of WorldWar I helped setthe stage for a new,aggressive type ofleader in Europeand Asia.1. How did the aftermath of WorldWar I contribute to political problems in Europe?inflationBenito Mussolinifascismdictatorshiptota Iita ria nAdolf HitlerFrancisco FrancoJoseph StalinHaile SelassieNeville Chamberlainorigins of American involvement in the war, with anemphasis on the events thatprecipitated the attack onPearl Harbor.2. How did the problems facingEurope in the postwar years lead tothe rise oftotalitarian leaders?3. What events exemplify the growing use of military force by totalitarian regimes in the 1930s?4. What alarming actions did AdolfHitler take in the mid-1930s?r I THE INSIDE STORYvHow can one manshatter a hatefulmyth? The 1936 Sum-mer Olympic Games were held in the Germancapital of Berlin. For German leader AdolfHitler, the event presented a golden opportunity. Hitler had risen to power telling of thegreatness of the German people-and of theracial inferiority of certain other groups, suchas Africans. The Olympic Games, many Germans believed, would provide proof of thisracist idea for the whole world to see.The U.S. Olympic team included manyAfrican American athletes. Among them wastrack star Jesse Owens. In an amazing performance, he captured gold medals in the 100and 200-meter dashes, the long jump, anda relay. As he stood on the podium beforethe German crowd, he was living proof thatHitler's views on race were wrong.Unfortunately, Hitler and Germanyfailed to learn the lessons of Owens's example. Hitler's hold on the German people wasstrong, and his message of hate, anger, andfalse pride had taken firm root. As you willread, he was merely one of several powerfuland ruthless leaders to emerge during thistime ofturmoil and uncertainty.IJlll- Jesse Owens (center) stands above hiscompetitors at the 1936 Olympic Games.386 CHAPTER 13
Europe after World War IIn an earlier chapter, you read about some ofthe difficulties facing the United States afterWorld War I. Economic problems, social change,and the threat of communism helped produce aRed Scare-a fear of aliens and radicals.Europe faced even more challenges at theend of the war. The war had caused the deathsof millions and the destruction of numerouscities and farms. The European economy wasin ruins. It would take years to recover.Problems with peace The Treaty of Versailles (ver-SY), which had brought the war toan end, left many European nations dissatisfied. France in particularhad hoped to use thepeace settlement to severely weaken Germany.They felt the treaty was not harsh enough onthe Germans. Italy was also unhappy with thetreaty. The Italians had been on the winningside in the war. They had hoped to be rewardedwith territory as part of the treaty. Instead, theywere largely ignored during the peace talks.German outrage Germany suffered themost as a result of the Treaty of Versailles.Its terms did serious damage to the Germaneconomy. It also left the German people-andthe German military-feeling humiliated. Thishelped usher in a period of political upheaval.The treaty forced Germany to give up control of some of its land, including major industrial regions. As you read earlier, the treatyalso required Germany to make heavy reparation payments to other countries. In the early1920s, these factors helped bring about a periodof severe inflation, or rising prices. Prices forgoods increased at an incredible rate. The charton this page shows the effects of this economicdisaster. By 1923 German currency had simply ceased to have any meaningful value. Formillions of Germans, a lifetime's worth of hardwork and savings had vanished.Germany also experienced political turmoilafter the war. As you have read before, Comn{unists and Socialists tried to take control ofdermany in 1918 and early 1919. This effortfailed, and Germany soon established a democratic system of government led by less radicalelements. This government was known as theWeimar (VY-mahr) Republic, after the Germancity where it was established.One American dollar could buy about 9 German marks in 1919. At theheight of the panic, a dollar could buy more than 4 trillion marks.By 1923, some 300 paper mills and 2,000 printing presses wereworking around the clock to print money.Prices rose extremely fast. One customer at a cafe ordered a cup ofcoffee at 5,000 marks. By the time he ordered his second, the pricehad risen to 7,000 marks.A typical loaf of bread cost about 1 mark in 1920. By November 1,1923, that bread might cost 3 billion marks. Two weeks later, theprice for the bread would have risen to 80 billion marks.The Weimar Republic, however, was not avery strong government. It faced oppositionfrom the political far left-Communists-andfrom the far right, which was antidemocratic.Another problem was unhappiness in the German military. It had been greatly reduced insize and power as part of the Treaty of Versailles. These factors helped make the WeimarRepublic weak and unstable.Identifying Cause andEffect How did the Treaty of Versailles affect Europeafter World War I?WORLD WAR II ERUPTS387
Totalitarian Leaders AriseEuropean struggles and dissatisfaction during the postwar years had a major effect onEuropean politics. In some countries, a certaintype of leader emerged-one who reflected andexpressed the people's bitterness and anger.These leaders promised a return to greatnessfor their nations. This vision was so appealingto their unhappy people that many were willing to give up basic freedoms in return for thehope of future glory.this bundle as a symbol of their state. The single rod, Roman thinking went, could be easilybroken. When tied together with other rods,however, it was strong.For Mussolini, fascism was a system of government that stressed the glory of the state.He summed up the principle of fascism withthe slogan, "Everything in the State, nothingoutside the State, nothing against the State."The rights and concerns of individuals were oflittle importance.HISTORY'S VOICESMussolini and the birth of fascism Thefirst of these new leaders to emerge in Europewas the Italian Benito Mussolini. He had begunhis public life in the early 1900s as a member of a Socialist party in Italy. Unlike manyof his fellow Socialists, however, he supportedItaly's entry into World War I. By the war's end,Mussolini had moved to the far right of Italian politics. He strongly opposed socialism andcommunism.Outraged by the Treaty ofVersailles, Mussolini founded a new Italian political partythe National Fascist Party. The term fascistcomes from a Latin word for "a bundle of rodstied together." The ancient Romans had usedII Anti-individualistic, the Fascist conception of lifestresses the importance of the State and acceptsthe individual only in so far as his interests coincidewith those of the State.''-Benito Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile, The Doctrineof Fascism, 1932After World War I, Mussolini used hisdynamic public speaking skill to win a seatin Italy's parliament. His vision of a strong,orderly Italy appealed to many people. He alsoencouraged the use of violence against Communists and Socialists, whom many Italiansblamed for the disorder of postwar Italy. Bythese means, Mussolini gained wide support.In 1922 he became leader of the government.
Once in power, Mussolini established adictatorship-government by a leader or groupthat holds unchallenged power and authority.He allowed no other political parties and ruthlessly crushed opponents. His government controlled newspapers, schools, and businesses. Allpower flowed through the man Italians referredto as Il Duce (il DOO-chay )-"the leader." Underthis totalitarian regime, Mussolini had totalcontrol over daily life in Italy.Hitler's rise to power Another of Europe'saggressive new leaders was Austrian-bornAdolf Hitler, who had an unremarkable earlylife. An unsuccessful art student, he wasrejected by the Austrian military because theythought him too weak to carry a weapon. Withthe start ofWorld War I, however, Hitler volunteered for the German army. There he built asolid record as a soldier.Hitler's anger about the Treaty of Versaillesled him into politics. He joined a small political party known as the National Socialists, orNazis. The party attracted many former soldiers and others who were unhappy with conditions in Germany. It was during this time thatHitler discovered his talent for public speakingand leadership. Under his guidance, the Nazisgained influence in German politics.Hitler, however, was impatient for change.In 1923 he organized an effort to seize powerin Germany by force. This revolt failed. As aresult, Hitler was imprisoned for nine monthsof a five-year sentence.While in prison, he produced a book calledMein Kampf-German for "My Struggle." Thebook outlined Hitler's major political ideas.Like Mussolini, Hitler stressed nationalism and devotion to the state. He dreamed ofuniting all the Germans of Europe in a greatempire. "Germany will either be a world poweror there will be no Germany," he wrote.In Mein Kampf, Hitler expressed a beliefin the racial superiority of Germanic peoples,whom he called Aryans. In addition, he blamedJews for many of Germany's problems andbelieved that they threatened the purity ofthe Aryan race. (You will read more aboutHitler's beliefs in the next chapter.)HISTORY'S VOICES''If we pass all the causes of the German collapsein review, the ultimate and most decisive remainsthe failure to recognize the racial problem andespecially the Jewish menace.''-Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924Hitler (left) and Mussolini (above) bothused cunning, violence, and repressionto achieve and maintain power. Bothalso possessed a theatrical speakingstyle that enabled them to achievegreat influence over their audiences.When he got out of prison, Hitler was determined to gain power through peaceful means.Seizing on public discontent and offering anappealing vision of German greatness, Hitlergradually built support. By 1933 the Naziswere the most powerful party in the nation.Hitler became Germany's chancellor, a topposition in the government.Hitler now moved to establish himself as atotalitarian dictator. Using his political skillsand violence when necessary-he managed toeliminate his political opponents. Meanwhile,Hitler continued to spread the myth of Aryangreatness and the coming German empire. Atthe center o( this myth was Hitler himself Aswith Mussolini in Italy, Hitler the man wasglorified above all other Germans.Hitler also began secretly to build up theGerman armed forces. He knew that thesewould be useful to him as he sought to fulfillhis goal of expanding German territory. TheGerman people, Hitler explained, needed more"living space" in which to grow and prosper.WORLD WAR II ERUPTS389
Totalitarian DictatorsTotalitarian governments are not justa part of the historical past. Today anumber of countries are controlled bydictatorial governments.In Africa, the former British colonyof Rhodesia became the independentnation of Zimbabwe in 1980. A guerrillafighter turned politician named RobertMugabe gained power.At first, many people saw him asa reformer. As time passed, however,Mugabe came under sharp criticism. Hisland-redistribution policies drove outwhite farm owners and broke up largefarms into small plots of land. In recentyears, Mugabe has used fear and violence to limit voting rights.North Korea also has a totalitariangovernment. Ruled by Kim Jong II, thegovernment controls all television andradio broadcasts. It does not permit anycriticism ofthe nation's so-called DearLeader. Rigid economic policies have ledto more than 10yearsoffamine.In Myanmar, also called Burma, thetotalitarian government is run by agroup of military officers. The government has suppressed prodemocracymovements since 1988 and ignored theresults of a legislative election in 1990.Drawing Conclusions Would youexpect a country with a totalitarian government to have a thriving economy?Explain.Other regimes Some of the same forces thathelped Mussolini and Hitler gain totalitarianpower also helped create powerful regimes inother countries. For example, Spain eruptedin civil war in the 1930s. Out of this conflict,Fascist general Francisco Franco came to power.You will read more about the Spanish CivilWar shortly.In the Soviet Union, communism wasalready established when Joseph Stalin cameto power in the mid-1920s. Communism andfascism represent opposite political extremes.Yet there were similarities between the Sovietsystem under Stalin and the Fascist systems.Like the Fascists, Stalin violently crushed hispoliticalopponents.Governmentlike Hitler and Mussolini, JosephAlsoIn 2003 theStalincreateda myth of his own greatness.American-ledattack on IraqThroughout the Soviet Union, towns and citwas meant in parties were renamed for him. His portrait wasto remove thedisplayed everywhere. "[W]e regard ourselvestotalitarian dictatoras the happiest of mortals," gushed one writerSaddam Hussein.like Mussolini,in the newspaper Pravda, "because we areHitler, and Stalin,the contemporary of a man who never had anSaddam glorifiedequal in world history." Stalin's domination ofhimself with statall aspects of Soviet life made him one of theues and portraitsera's most notorious totalitarian dictators.throughout Iraq.3 90CHAPTER 13North Korean leader Kim Jong IIJapan was another country torn by political and economic conflict. In the early 1930s,military leaders used violence to gain controlover the government. They, too, were inspiredby nationalistic dreams of Japanese greatness.Such dreams would soon lead to war.Comparing What commonfactors contributed to the rise ofthe totalitarian leaders who emerged after World War I?Totalitarian Governmentsand Military ForceA common feature of the powerful postwarleaders was a willingness to use violence togain power. Many were also willing to use military force against other nations.Japan and Manchuria Among the problems facing Japan in the 1920s was the limitedsize of its territory. The islands of Japan weregrowing crowded. Many Japanese wanted toexpand their territory and gain greater accessto wealth and resources. This desire grew evenstronger as a result of the worldwide economicdepression of the 1930s.
At this time, Japan's government was undercivilian control. Many Japanese, however, wereunhappy with their leaders. Dissatisfactionwas especially high among members of themilitary who held strong nationalist beliefs.Some Japanese generals decided it was timeto act. In 1931 the army invaded the Chineseprovince of Manchuria-without the approvalof the Japanese government. The goal was toseize Manchuria's
Chapter 14 The United States in World War II 194,1-1945 Chapter 15 The Cold War Begins 1945-1953 Chapter 16 Postwar America 1945-1960 Global Relations The United States and the Allies defeated the Axis Powers in World War II, but tensions between the United States and its former ally
Chapter 1 MAC Address Configuration Commands 1.1 MAC Address Configuration Commands 1.1.1 mac address-table static Syntax [no] mac address-table static mac-addr vlan vlan-id interface interface-id To add a static MAC address, run mac address-table static mac-addr vlan vlan-id interface interface-id. To cancel the static MAC address, run no mac
Online Backup Client User Manual Mac OS 1. Product Information Product: Online Backup Client for Mac OS X Version: 4.1.7 1.1 System Requirements Operating System Mac OS X Leopard (10.5.0 and higher) (PPC is not supported, Intel only) Mac OS X Snow Leopard (10.6.0 and higher) Mac OS X Lion Mac OS X Mountain Lion Hardware Resources
EASTER Thomas Nelson 19-Mar-1964 20-Mar-1964 4 O EASTER Thomas Nelson 19-Mar-1964 21-Mar-1964 3 FN EASTERDAY Charles F 2-May-1962 2-May-1962 43 O EASTIN Alena Mae (DeVaughn) 3-Jul-1962 3-Jul-1962 5 O EASTMAN Alonzo W 14-Nov-1960 14-Nov-1960 3 O EASTMAN Alonzo W 14-Nov-1960 16-Nov-1960 5
Pre-1960 homes usually have more layers of lead-based paint than newer homes. Also, paint that was used before 1960 usually contained more lead than paint used after 1960. Homes built before 1960 are more likely to have peeling and chipping lead-based paint. In Iowa homes, many interior and exterior wood surfaces that were painted before 1960 haveFile Size: 2MBPage Count: 24
1960-63 Falcon Convertible Body Panel Insulation Kit 187.45 FALCON 6063-CVCK 1960-63 Falcon Convertible Cowl Insulation Kit 118.45 FALCON 6063-CVFK 1960-63 Falcon Convertible Floor Insulation Kit 289.80 FALCON 6063-CVTK 1960-63 Falcon Convertible Trunk Insulation Kit 154.10 ASU-DDBIK-2 Universal 2 Door Damper/Barrier Insulation Kit 77.05File Size: 3MB
Funny Pages vol. 2 #10 (or #21) Crimson Avenger 1938 (October) Jim Chambers Detective Comics #20 Namor the Sub-Mariner 1939 (April) Bill Everett Motion Picture Funnies Weekly #1 Batman 1939 (May) Bob Kane, Bill Finger Detective Comics #27 Wonder Man (Fox) 1939 (May) Will Eisner Wonder Comics #1 The Flame (Gary Preston) 1939 (June) Will Eisner
2 GEORGE ANTHEIL Piano Music, Vol. 1: Late Works, 1939–55 1 Mother’s Day Piece (1939) 1:39 2 The Ben Hecht Valses (1942)* 5:03 3 Musical Picture of a Friend (1946) 4:25 Carnival of the Beautiful Dresses (1939/1946) 22:15 4 I Opening Choral 0:56 5 II A la valse 1:54 6 III Mexicali 1:01 7 IV Valse Passion 1:36 8 V Habañera-Rhumba 2:06 9 VI Love Affair Valse 0:58
World War II 1939 to 1945. Maj. Gordon H Haggard . Lt. Hal G Plummer, 1944 . Ensign Robin L Sims, 1939 . Lt. Robert M Stultz, 1940 . CALIFORNIA-BERKLEY Alpha. Beta. World War I 1914-1918 . Arne B Hoisholt, 1912 . World War II 1939 to 1945. Lt. Fritz Barkan, 1937 . Korea 1950-1953 . Lt. Paul E Kremser, 1944 . World War II 1939 to 1945 Lt .
