Participatory A Short Guide Asset Mapping To Community .
ParticipatoryA Short GuideAssetMappingto RESEARCHLABTOOLBOXCOMMUNITY a program DECEMBER 2011
About UsAcknowledgmentsADVANCEMENT PROJECTACKNOWLEDGMENTSAdvancement Project (www.advancementprojectca.org)is a public policy change organization rooted in the civilrights movement. We engi n eer large-scale systemschange to remedy inequality, expand opportunity and openpaths to upward mobil ity. Our goal is that members of allcommunities have the safety, opportunity and health theyneed to thrive. Advancement Project’s Programs include:Educational Equity, Equity in Public Funds, Healthy City,and Urban Peace Institute.Healthy City, through the Community Research Lab, developed this guide with funding from First 5 Los Angeles. Thisand other toolkits can be accessed through the HealthyCity website at www.healthycity.org/toolbox.HEALTHY CITYCONTENTHealthy City (www.healthycity.org) is an information action resource that unites community voices, rigorous research and innovative technologies to solve theroot causes of social inequity. We transform how peopleaccess and use information about their communities. Asa program of Healthy City, the Community Research Labpartners with community-based organizations to develop,implement, and disseminate data/ mapping projects, tools,and workshops that promote community knowledge andCommunity Based Participatory Action Research.Authors: Janice C. Burns, M.A.; Deanna Y. Cooke, Ph.D.;Christine Schweidler, M.P.H.Editors: Taisha Bonilla, M.T.S. and Tahirah Farris, A.I.C.P,M.PLDESIGNRosten Woo and Colleen Corcoran / bycommittee.netFor more information, visitwww.advancementprojectca.org or contact us at(213) 989-1300.Copyright Dec. 2011 Advancement Project – Healthy CityAll rights reserved. Use and reproduction of these materials in any format should be credited to AdvancementProject- Healthy City Community Research Lab. Materialsare not to be used or sold for commercial purposesor profit.A SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH1
About the ToolboxAbout this GuideHealthy City supports communities in identifying, organizing, and sharing its collective voice with decision makersat the local and state levels. Through the CommunityResearch Lab, we share best practices and methods forCommunity-Based Organizations (CBOs) interested insupporting their strategies with research that combinescommunity knowledge with Healthy City technology.Toward this aim, we have developed the CommunityResearch Lab Toolbox.How can this guide be used?The toolbox presents research concepts, methods,and tools through topical guides and toolkits such asCommunity Research, Participatory Asset Mapping, anda Short Guide to CBPAR (all of which can be accessedat www.healthycity.org/toolbox). It is based on bestpractices from our work with CBOs and a unique approachto the Community Based Participatory Action Research(CBPAR) framework, which promotes research that:1. Starts with issues and strategies then producesanalysis that informs action2. Uses mapping technology to engage organizationsin the research process As an Introduction to the CBPAR framework,which democratizes how research is conductedin communities and guides the research methodscovered in all of the Community Research Lab toolkits As a workbook for workshops on understandinghow to apply the CBPAR framework to researchthat is place-based and informs social action. As a resource and information guide for conductingresearch within the CBPAR framework.What will you find in this guide? Key research concepts and methods Glossary terms in BOLD Notes like the one below to write down anythoughts or ideas you have as you read3. Is both community-based and place-based,often focusing on a geographic place such as aneighborhoodThe toolbox’s CBPAR framework explicitly focuses oncommunity-based organizations that bring together community members to visualize and actualize research andits outcomes. This includes non-profit organizations thatoperate in specific, local communities and are staffed by,work with, represent, assist, and/or advocate on behalfof residents of those communities on issues that affecttheir quality of life. These organizations have worked togain trust among community members and have broughttogether a spectrum of people with varying ideas andperspectives that unite around a particular set of concernsrelevant to a large portion of the community. Thoughit may have utility for other groups, it supports theseorganizations whose work directly engages communitymembers in creating change.HOW CAN THIS GUIDE BE USEFUL IN YOURSPECIFIC WORK OR PROJECTS?A SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH2
ContentsI.WHAT IS COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH?5II. CBPAR AND PLACE-BASED RESEARCH6III. COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND ENGAGEMENT7IV. BENEFITS OF CBPAR8V. RESEARCH ETHICS IN CBPAR9VI. PLANNING A CBPAR PROJECT10VII. GLOSSARY 14VIII. RESOURCES AND REFERENCES17A SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH3
This page left intentionally blank.
What is Community BasedParticipatory ActionResearch?Community Based Participatory Action Research(CBPAR) is a collaborative approach to research thatinvolves all stakeholders throughout the researchprocess, from establishing the research question, to developing data collection tools, to analysis and disseminationof findings. It is a research framework that aims to addressthe practical concerns of people in a community andfundamentally changes the roles of researcher and whois being researched. The CBPAR framework begins with acommunity’s issue, proposed action, or strategy and thensupports or enhances this action with research that iscommunity based and engaged.i It frames research to be:COMMUNITY BASED— grounded in the needs, issues,concerns, and strategies of communities and the community-based organizations that serve themPARTICIPATORY—directly engaging communities andcommunity knowledge in the research process and itsoutcomesACTION BASED AND ORIENTED—supporting and/orenhancing the strategic action that leads to communitytransformation and social changeBy its nature, CBPAR is applied research; it seeks tochange issues that are critical to communities and focuseson engaging community members in research directedat addressing their social concerns. It is derived fromseveral research approaches that are based on communities collaborating with researchers (ex. CommunityBased Research), or community members engaging inall aspects of the research process (ex. ParticipatoryAction Research, or Action Research). As a framework for research conducted in, for, and by communities,CBPAR recognizes that: Community knowledge is irreplaceable andprovides key insights that ground-truthsadministrative data Complex social issues often cannot be wellunderstood or resolved by “expert” research Interventions from outside of the communityhave often had disappointing results Communities should have equal inclusion andcollaboration in the identification, research, andresolution of community issues There is value and legitimacy in the knowledge ofindividuals, families, and others in the communityCBPAR has a specific goal of collaborative researchthat engages stakeholders in an iterative research andaction process. The diagram below shows that CBPARlinks research and action, recognizing that social actionrequires further research and social research requiresfurther action.iiA SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH5
CBPAR and Place-BasedResearchOften, the work of CBOs centers on a specific geographiccommunity that can be defined by the streets, landmarks,or other physical boundaries. Therefore, the CBPARframework discussed in this guide promotes communityresearch that focuses on a geographic place or neighborhood. It recognizes that CBOs often refer to communityas a place, or a physical, geographic space or location,such as a neighborhood, in which issues and interventions are concentrated and change is intended to occur.This framework serves as a foundation to communityresearch that is community-based (engages the community) and place-based (focuses on a geographic area).The work of CBOs includes place-based strategies thatbuild upon the existing strengths and address the multipleissues of the places they work in. Building upon this holistic model of neighborhood change, place-based research,within the CBPAR framework, uses comprehensive,multi-sectored, asset-based, long-term, collaborative,innovative, and analytical research methods. It “aims toapply methods of data collection and analysis to generatefindings that have highly practical results. The audiencefor such findings is typically made up of community members, practitioners, and local policymakers who wish todesign an intervention that benefits a geography- basedcommunity.”iiiLike CBPAR, place-based research recognizes thatresidents have the ultimate knowledge of the issues,strengths, and solutions that most impact their community. It thrives with community engagement in theresearch process, especially through primary datacollection methods such as interviews, focus groups,and Community-Engaged Mapping. This communityengagement ensures that those who represent that place,particularly those who reside there, ground this researchwith their unique perspectives and experiences.WHAT PLACE DOES YOUR PROJECT/ISSUEFOCUS ON?A SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH6
Community Participation andEngagementThe core principles and values of the CBPAR frameworkensure that community members participate in theresearch and developing outcomes that they can use tomake changes in their own communities. It requires a highlevel of contact and interaction between researchers andthe community to engage “in a time-intensive process ofcollaboration over research design, implementation, andanalysis.”iv Whether through interviews, focus groups, orother research methods, the involvement of communitymembers in the research process checks and balancesthe research to challenge and, therefore, strengthen itsaccuracy and validity.As displayed below, participation falls along a continuum—from community members having minimal input and thefocus primarily on gaining community responses, to community members engaging in developing research toolsand processes, to community members engaging in allaspects of the research, from the design phase, throughdata collection, data analysis, dissemination and action.from communities, but do not necessarily want to get toknow the communities personally or provide a report ofthe information that they collect. As you move acrossthe continuum (towards more participatory research), thedistinction between researcher and community begins toshift. Community members may be involved in creatingthe research questions. The researcher may then collectand analyze the data themselves, interacting very littlewith the community.At the end of the participation continuum, communitymembers will be in control of all aspects of the research.The community is creates the research questions, collects and analyzes the data, and interprets the findingsto identify solutions. In the CBPAR framework, moreparticipation is better.HOW DO YOU INVOLVE YOUR COMMUNITY INRESEARCH? WHERE DO THEY FALL ON THECONTINUUM BELOW?The distinction can also be thought of as a continuumdefining a “Researcher,” in relation to a community beingresearched. Traditionally, a researcher is thought of as atrained scholar; perhaps someone with a Master’s degreeor Ph.D., who may or may not be a member of the community, and may or may not share the specific goals, concernsor perspectives of the community. Often, the traditionalview of a researcher is that they want to collect informationA SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH7
Benefits of CBPARThere are critical benefits of CBPAR compared to traditional research. Communities who use CBPAR as aframework for research are able to:v Facilitate collaborative, equitable partnerships inall phases of research Balance research and action for the benefit of all Recognize community as unit of analysis Build on community strengths and resources(assets) Emphasize and engage in addressing the oftencomplex causes of local problems Disseminate findings and knowledge gained to allpartners and involves partners in the process oftaking action or next steps Involve systems development through a cyclicaland iterative processWith community participation being such a critical component of the CBPAR framework, it carries its own list ofbenefits during the research process and in its outcomes,as shown in the table below. Promote joint learning, skill-sharing and capacitybuilding among all partners Engage in a long-term process and commitmentA SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH8
Research Ethics in CBPARResearch Ethics are the principles and rules that guidehow people should be treated, when they are participantsin a research process or project. It might be difficult toanticipate all of the ethical dilemmas that may arise duringa Community Based Participatory Action Research project,but it is important to be sensitive to the people involved inyour research. Here are some ethics to consider:ACCESSIBILITY OF FINDINGS. Are the findings presented in ways that community members can understand,access, or find meaningful?BENEFITS TO THE PARTICIPANTS. How will youensure that the participants in the community are notharmed during the research and gain as much benefit aspossible through their participation?COMMUNITY VOICE. Who is the community? Who represents the community? Who speaks for the community?Do participants come from only some of the areas youare working in? Do they represent only some of the socialidentities in the community overall? Are there institutional,organizational or other social dynamics that privilege somevoices over others? Will some portions of the communitybenefit more than others as a result?CREDIT. How are the results represented? Whosevoice(s) are heard and represented? Who receives creditfor the work conducted?DATA OWNERSHIP. Once the data has been collected,who owns it? Where is it stored? How will you responsiblymake the data available to the different community andother stakeholders?DIVISION OF LABOR. How does equity translate intodivisions of labor on the project/process? Is the workdivided equitably among partners?(Ex. The U.S. Public Health Service Syphilis Study atTuskegee included only poor African American men, whowere not treated for the disease even when a cure wasfound; the study was also conducted without the benefitof their informed consent. For details about this study, CY. Will it do any harm to the community orindividuals to report the findings? How can you protectprivacy in the data collection and sharing process? Didyou get adequate permission from participants or thosethat represent them (for example, parents/guardians ofminors)? Do they understand and agree with the way youplan to use the data/information?REPRESENTATION OF LOCAL COMMUNITIES.Does the presentation (or presenter) of findings in anyway reinforce negative social stereotypes in presentingcommunities? Be mindful and transparent about howrepresentative the findings may or may not be of thecommunity based on participation.RESPECT. How do you maintain respect for a person’sability to engage or not engage in the research withoutcoercion or force?RIGOR OF RESEARCH AND FIDELITY TO FINDINGS.Are the findings being presented accurately? Are theypresented with any bias or in a way to make people hearwhat they want to hear?If you are conducting research that involves communitymembers and this research will be published, you may wantto consider an ethical review board. For more informationon this topic, see the University of Southern California’sOffice for the Protection of Research Subjects brochure“Is Your Project Human Subjects Research?”at html.JUSTICE. Do all members of the community have equalopportunity to participate in the research? Are there someparticipants who are unfairly impacted by the research?A SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH9
Planning a CBPAR ProjectPlanning every CBPAR project is a unique process. It canbe time-intensive, including research design, implementation, and analysis. It can involve community members,community-based organizations, researchers, as well asindividuals who may represent all of these categories.viBelow are some tips, with steps and suggestions to takeinto consideration when planning a CBPAR Project.Initial ConsiderationsOnce you have made these considerations and decide toproceed with the project, you can use the process modeloutlined on the following pages as a guide to implementingyour project. Each step includes a list of questions to askas you proceed with the research process. It mirrors stepsin the action research diagrams and adds the importantstep of partnership engagement. Since this researchmodel reflects a collaborative research process that canbe as time and labor intensive as the action, partneringwith other organizations can provide critical sharing ofresources.STAFF—What time does your staff and organization haveto commit to the research project? What is the staff’scapacity to conduct or train others to conduct research?MONEY—How much might this project cost? Is therefunding to cover these costs? Can you incur the costs,apply for funding, or work creatively with partners to sharecosts?WHICH OF THESE WOULD BE STRENGTHS/CHALLENGES IN PLANNING YOUR PROJECT?DATA—Do you have data or access to the data that youwill need for your project? What will you do with it oncethe project is done?EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS—Are there any specificequipment or tools needed, such as technology or software to collect and analyze data (ex: GIS)? If so, do youhave them?PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATION—If yourorganization does not have access to some of the aboveresources, is there an organization that does who youmay partner with?EXPERTISE—Can your organization plan a project thatlends itself to the research expertise of your staff, or partner with others who have specific expertise?A SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH10
COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH PROCESS MODELStep 1: Project Design and Implementation(in some cases, may occur afterEngagement)OBJECTIVE: Identify your research question and geographic focus Based on community need, strengths, interests,mission and capacity to take action, what is thegeneral issue you are addressing? What is the specific problem/issue? What are the research questions you would liketo answer? What do you want to know? What hypothesis doyou want to test? What do you want to highlightor draw attention to that is not already known, orif known, not sufficiently demonstrated? What can you feasibly act upon? What are the rough geographic boundaries whereyou would like to engage participants and takeaction? The ‘community’ may not agree withyour definition of the community boundaries, soconsider building in time to discuss and adjustthese boundaries.Step 2: Partner Engagement (in some cases,may occur before Project Design)OBJECTIVE: Identify action research partners and invitethem to collaborate Based on the general issue and geography - whoare the key stakeholders? Of these, who will you collaborate with? If youalready have a collaborative, consider conductinga stakeholder analysis to see who might still bemissing. Will this group address the different constituentsof the community? What is the level of participation in the differentelements of the process? Will you desig
A SHORT GUIDE TO COMMUNITY BASED PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH 5 Community Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) is a collaborative approach to research that involves all stakeholders throughout the research process, from establishing the research question, to devel - oping data collection tools, to analysis and dissemination of findings.
Participatory Action Research (PAR) Participatory Action Research Steps Similar to popular education, participatory action research is a pro-cess of collective inquiry to reach a deeper understanding of the context and causes of a problem impacting a community. As with popular education, the ultimate goal of participatory action research .
PLA: Participatory Learning and Action; PAR: Participatory Action research; PAD: Participatory Action Development; PALM: Participatory Learning Methods; PRA: Participatory Rural Appraisal. . that it is action based upon understanding achieved through the analysis of research information. Strategic action (Grundy and Kemmis, 1982)
facing these programs is to be participatory not only in planning and implementation of activities, but also in their evaluation. However, participatory evaluation of participatory research raises conceptual, methodological and other related issues. Among these are: shared understanding of participatory evaluation by program stakeholders, cost-
Asset Keeper Pro - Fixed Asset Cycle Asset Keeper Pro - Fixed Asset Cycle Page 5. Fixed Asset Cycle: Building your own Fixed Asset Cycle If you would prefer to add your own steps to the Fixed Asset Cycle because you are unsure of the procedure that you currently use, you can use the Add Step button. This provides a very quick method
A Practical Guide to SAP . 9.1 Introduction to asset accounting 181 9.2 Structure and methodolgy 183 9.3 Different methods of asset acquisition 184 9.4 Asset master record 185 9.5 Asset acquisitions 190 9.6 Retirements with customer 199 9.7 Asset value adjustments 202 9.8 Reverse asset posting 207 9.9 Asset transfers 208 9.10 Depreciation and closing tasks 211 9.11 Asset drill down and .
What is Asset Mapping? Other Names and Types: Participatory Asset Mapping Community Mapping What is it? Asset Mapping –general process of identifying and providing information about a community’s resources Participatory Mapping –process of creating a display of resources that make up a
Participatory Development, Participatory Planning, Role of Local Government Representatives and various skills and traits required for effective participatory planning. The training methodology was interactive as the trainers ensured that knowledge was not only disseminated but accurately perceived and understood by the participants.
A02 Authorised: return title page only to supplier A03 Authorised: keep as complimentary copy, credit will be given in full A04 Hold pending further investigation A05 Return to supplier regardless of condition A06 Claim authorised for credit Although it remains customary for the distributor to require the return of the complete book before giving credit, the code lists also provide for .
