Aerodynamics For Naval Aviators : NAVWEPS 00-80T-80 .
H. H.Hurt,*Skyhorse PublishingJr.
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSTABLE OF CONTENTSPagePREFACEmCHAPTER I:BASIC AERODYNAMICSWING AND AIRFOIL FORCESPROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE1Static pressureTemperatureDensityViscosityStandard atmospherePressure altitudeDensity altitudeBERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE AND SUBSONIC ation of static pressure and velocityKinetic and potential energy of flowStatic and dynamic pressure, Factors affecting dynamic urement of dynamic pressurePitot and static sourcesIndicated airspeedCalibratedairspeedEquivalent airpseedTrueairspeedDEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC FORCESStreamline pattern and pressure distributionGeneration of lift141416CirculationPressure distributionAirfoil20terminologyAerodynamic force coefficientBasic lift equation2223Lift coefficientDynamic pressure and surfacevarea
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSPageInterpretation of thelift23equationLift coefficient versus angle of attackStall speed and angle of attackAngle of attack versus velocityPrimary control of airspeed27Airfoil lift characteristicsangle of attack and lift coefficientTypical section characteristicsSectionEffect of thickness and camber29Drag characteristicsDrag equationDrag coefficientversusangleof attackLift-drag ratioPowcr-ofF glide performanceAirfoil33drag characteristicsSectiondrag coefficientTypical section characteristicsEffect of thickness and camberLow.drag sectionsFLIGHT AT HIGH LIFT CONDITIONSStall3535speedsMaximum lift coefficientStallangle of attackEffect of weightEffect of maneuvering3535flightLoad factor versus bank angleStall speed versus load factorEffect ofEffectStallstallonangle of37lift deviceshighspeed39attack and stall recoveryHIGH LIFT DEVICESTypesofhigh3941lift devicesPlainflapSplit flapSlotted flapFowler flapSlots and slatsBoundary layercontrol43Operation of high lift devicesFlapretraction and extensionChanges ;in lift, drag, and trimEffect of powerDEVELOPMENT OF AERODYNAMIC PITCHING MOMENTSPressure distributionCenter of pressure tionshipApplicationtocenterof pressure, aerodynamiclongitudinal stabilityStability and trimEffect of49coefficientEffect of camberEffect of flapsmoment4747centersupersonicflowvlcenter,and51
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OFp*teFRICTION EFFECTS52Viscous flow52Boundary layers52Laminar flowTransitionTurbulent flowReynolds Number54DefinitionSkin frictionAirflowversusReynolds Numberseparation56Pressure distributionPressure gradient and boundaryFactors affecting separationlayer energyScale effect59aerodynamic characteristicsReynolds Number correlationEffect onPLANFORM EFFECTS AND AIRPLANE DRAGEFFECT OF WING PLANFORMDescription of planform6161Area, span, and chordAspect ratio and taperSwecpbackMean aerodynamic chordDevelopment of lift byawing63Vortex systemTip and bound vorticesInduced flow and downwashSection angle of attackInduced angle of attackINDUCED DRAGInducedInduced66angle of attack and inclined liftdrag coefficient6668Effect of lift coefficientEffect of aspect ratioEffect of liftEffect of altitudeEffect of speedEffect of aspect ratio.68696971Lift and drag characteristicsInfluence of low aspect ratioconfigurationsEFFECT OF TAPER AND SWEEPBACK74Spanwise lift distributionLocal induced flow74Effect76onlift and76drag characteristicsSTALL PATTERNS77Favorable stall patternEffect of planform7777TaperSwecpbackModifications for stall characteristicsvii86CONTENTS
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSFagePARASITE DRAG87Sources of parasite dragParasite drag coefficientParasite and induced drag878789Minimumparasite drag coefficientAirplane efficiency factorEquivalent parasite areaEffect ofconfiguration91Effect of altitudeEffect of speed9191AIRPLANE TOTAL DRAG92Drag variation with speedInduced and parasite dragStall speedMinimum dragSpecific performance conditionsCompressibility drag riseCHAPTER 2.AIRPLANE PERFORMANCEREQUIRED THRUST AND POWERDEFINITIONS96Parasite and induced dragThrust and power required9697VARIATION OF THRUST AND POWEREffect of gross weightEffect of configurationEffect of altitudeREQUIRED99101101AVAILABLE THRUST AND POWERPRINCIPLES OF PROPULSIONMass flow,velocity change,momentumNewton's laws104change104104Wasted powerPower available104106Propulsion efficiency106TURBOJETENGINESOperating cycle107Function of the componentsInletor109diffuserCompressorCombustion chamberTurbineExhaust nozzleTurbojet operating characteristicsThrust and power availableEffect of velocityEffect of engine speedSpecific fuel consumptionEffect of altitudeGoverning apparatusSteady state, acceleration, decelerationInstrumentationviii
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSFt «Turbojet operating limitations124Exhaust gas temperatureCompressor stall or surgeFlameoutCompressor inletEngine speedair temperatureTime limitationsThrustaugmentation129AfterburnerWater injectionThe orsepowerGoverning requirementsOperating limitationsPerformance characteristics135135Operating cycleBrake horsepowerand BMEPNormal combustionPreignition and detonationFuel qualitiesSpecific fuel consumptionEffect of altitude and superchargingTorque, RPM,Effect ofOperatinghumiditylimitationsDetonation and144preignitionWater injectionTime limitationsReciprocating loadsAIRCRAFT PROPELLERSOperating characteristics145Flow patternsPropulsive efficiencyPowerplant matchingGoverning and featheringOperatinglimitations148ITEMS OF AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE150CLIMB PERFORMANCE150and transient climb150SteadyForcesacting on the airplaneangle and obstacle clearanceRate of climb, primary control of altitudePropeller and jet aircraftClimbClimbperformanceEffect of156and altitudeweightDescending flightix
NAVWEPS 0O-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSPageRANGE PERFORMANCEGeneral range158performance158fuel flowSpecificSpecificrange, velocity,enduranceCruise control and total rangeRange, propeller driven airplanes160Aerodynamic conditionsEffect of weight and altitudeReciprocating and turboprop airplanesRange, turbojet airplanesAerodynamic conditionsweight and altitude164Effect ofConstant altitude andEffect of windoncruise-climbprofiles168rangeENDURANCE PERFORMANCEGeneral enduranceperformanceSpecific endurance, velocity,Effect of altitudeon170170fuel flowendurance170driven airplanesPropellerTurbojet airplanesOFF-OPTIMUM RANGE AND ENDURANCEReciprocating powered airplaneTurboprop powered airplaneTurbojet powered airplaneMANEUVERING PERFORMANCE172172173175176Relationships of turning flightSteady turn, bank angle and load factor176Turning performance178InduceddragTurn radius and turn rateEffect of bank angle and velocityTactical performance178Maximum liftOperating strength limitsConstant altitude turning performanceTAKEOFF AND LANDING PERFORMANCERelationshipsof accelerated motion182182velocity, distanceUniform and nonuniform accelerationAcceleration,Takeoff performanceForcesacting on theAccelerated motionFactors of techniqueFactorsaffecting184airplanetakeoff performanceEffect of gross weightEffect of windEffect ofrunway slopeProper takeoff velocityEffect of altitude andHandbook datatemperaturex187
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSFactLanding performanceForcesactingontheAccelerated motionFactors of192airplanetechniqueFactors196affecting landing performanceEffect of gross weightEffect of windEffect of runway slopeEffect of altitude and temperatureProper landing velocityImportance of handbook performance dataCHAPTER 3.200HIGH SPEED AERODYNAMICSGENERAL CONCEPTS AND SUPERSONIC FLOW PATTERNSNATURE OF COMPRESSIBILITY201Definition of Mach number202Subsonic, transonic, supersonic, andhypersonic flight regimes204Compressible flow conditionsComparison of compressible and incompressible flowTYPICAL SUPERSONIC FLOW PATTERNS204204.207shockwave207Normal y,Mach number,density, pressure, energySECTIONS IN SUPERSONIC FLOWFlow patternsPressure distributionWave dragLocation of aerodynamic213213213213215215centerCONFIGURATION EFFECTSTRANSONIC AND SUPERSONIC FLIGHTCritical Mach numberShock wave formationShock induced separation215215218218Force divergencePhenomena of transonic flightPhenomena of supersonic flightTRANSONIC AND SUPERSONIC CONFIGURATIONS218218220220220Airfoil sections.Transonic sectionsSupersonic sectionsWave drag characteristicsEffect of Mach numberonairfoil characteristics226Planform effectsEffect of sweepbackAdvantages of sweepbackDisadvantages of sweepbackEffect of aspect ratio andtip shape236Control surfacesPowered controlsAll movable surfacesxi
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSPagoSupersonic engineinletsInternal and erplant matching240Supersonic configurationsAERODYNAMIC HEATING242Ram temperature riseEffect on structural materials andpowerplant performance242242STABILITY AND CONTROLCHAPTER 4.DEFINITIONSSTATIC STABILITYDYNAMIC STABILITY243TRIM AND CONTROLLABILITY247AIRPLANE REFERENCE AXES249245LONGITUDINAL STABILITY AND CONTROLSTATIC LONGITUDINAL STABILITY250General considerationsContribution of the component surfaces250WingFuselage253and nacellesHorizontal tailPower-off stability259effects259Control force264PowerstabilityManeuvering stabilityTailoring268control forces270LONGITUDINAL CONTROL275control requirementTakeoff control requirementLanding control requirementManeuveringLONGITUDINAL DYNAMIC 81MODERN CONTROL NAL STABILITY AND CONTROLDIRECTIONAL STABILITY284284DefinitionsContribution of theairplane components285Vertical tailWingFuselage and nacellesPower effectsCritical conditions290DIRECTIONAL CONTROL.Directional controlAdverse yaw290requirements291291xli
NAVWEPS 0O-80T-80TABLE OFFaceSpin recoverySlipstream rotation291Cross wind takeoff andlanding.294294294.Asymmetrical powerLATERAL STABILITY AND CONTROLLATERAL STABILITY294Definitions295CONTRIBUTION OF THE AIRPLANE COMPONENTS295WingFuselage and wing position298298SweepbackVertical tail298298LATERAL DYNAMIC EFFECTS299DirectionaldivergenceSpiral divergenceDutch rollCONTROL IN ROLL300Rolling motion of an airplaneRolling performance300301CriticalrequirementsMISCELLANEOUS STABILITY PROBLEMS305LANDING GEAR CONFIGURATIONS305Tail wheel typeTricycle typeBicycle typeSPINS AND PROBLEMS OF SPIN RECOVERYPrincipal prospin307momentsFundamental principle of recoveryEffect of configurationPITCH-UP313DefinitionContribution of theairplane componentsEFFECTS OF HIGH MACH NUMBERLongitudinal stability313and controlDirectionalstabilityDynamic stability and dampingPILOT INDUCED OSCILLATIONS314Pilot-control system-airplane couplingHigh q and low stick force stabilityROLL COUPLING315Inertia and aerodynamic couplingInertia and wind axesand coupled pitch-yawNatural pitch,Critical nglimitationsHELICOPTER STABILITY AND CONTROLgyroscopic effectsCyclic and collective pitchLongitudinal, lateral, and directional controlAngle of attack and velocity stabilityRotorDynamic stabilityxiii319CONTENTS
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 5. OPERATING STRENGTH LIMITATIONSGENERAL DEFINITIONS AND STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTSP«eSTATIC STRENGTH326Limit loadFactor of safetyMaterial propertiesSERVICE LIFEFatigue328considerationLoad spectrum and cumulative damageCreepconsiderationsAEROELASTIC EFFECTSStiffness and330rigidityAIRCRAFT LOADS AND OPERATING LIMITATIONSFLIGHT LOADS—MANEUVERS AND GUSTSLoad factorManeuvering331load factorsMaximum liftEffect of gross331capabilityweightGust load factorsGust load incrementEffect of gustintensity332and lift curve slopeEffect of wing loading and altitudeEffect of overstressTHE V-n OREffect of331V-gDIAGRAM334334weight, configuration, altitude, and symmetry of loadingLimit load factorsUltimate load factorsMaximum liftLimit airspeedcapabilityOperating envelopeManeuverspeed and penetrationof turbulenceEFFECT OF HIGH SPEED FLIGHT339Critical gustAileron reversalDivergenceFlutterCompressibility problemsLANDING AND GROUND LOADS343Landing load factorEffect of touchdown rate of descentEffect of gross weightForcedlandingonunprepared surfacesEFFECT OF OVERSTRESS ON SERVICE LIFERecognition of overstress damageImportance of operating limitationsxiv344
NAVWEPS 00-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 6.APPLICATION OF AERODYNAMICS TOSPECIFIC PROBLEMS OF FLYINGPagePRIMARY CONTROL OF AIRSPEED AND ALTITUDE349Angle of attack versus airspeedRate of climb and descentFlying techniqueREGION OF REVERSED COMMANDRegionsof normal and reversed commandFeatures offlight in the normal and reversed regions of commandTHE ANGLE OF ATTACK INDICATOR AND THE MIRRORLANDING SYSTEM-The353angle357of attack indicatorThe mirrorlanding systemTHE APPROACH AND LANDING360Theapproachlanding flare and touchdownTypical errorsTheTHETAKEOFFTakeoffTypical365and distancespeederrorsGUSTS AND WIND SHEAR367Vertical and horizontal gustsPOWER-OFF GLIDE PERFORMANCEGlide369andanglelift-drag ratioaffecting glide performanceFactorsThe flameout patternEFFECT OF ICE AND FROST ON AIRPLANE PERFORMANCE.373Effect of iceEffect of frostENGINE FAILURE ON THE MULTI-ENGINE AIRPLANEEffect ofweightand altitudeControl requirementsEffect on performanceEffect of turning flight andconfigurationGROUND EFFECTAerodynamicGround effect379influence ofoneffectgroundspecific flight conditionsINTERFERENCE BETWEEN AIRPLANES IN FLIGHTEffect oflateral, vertical,Collision376possibilityandlongitudinal separationxv383
NAVWEPS 0O-80T-80TABLE OF CONTENTSFU«BRAKING PERFORMANCE387Friction characteristicsBraking techniqueTypical errors of braking techniqueREFUSAL speedLine speedsCritical field length, multi-engine operationSONIC BOOMSShockwaves396and audible soundPrecautionsHELICOPTER PROBLEMSRotor399aerodynamics400Retreating blade stall* 2CompressibilityeffectsAutorotation characteristics40440 5Power408settlingTHE FLIGHT HANDBOOK4uSELECTED REFERENCESINDEX414xvi
Aerodynamics for naval aviators : NAVWEPS 00-80T-80 ; [wing & airfoil forces, thrust & power, principles of propulsion, airplane performance, transonic & supersonic flight, stability & control, operating limitations & specific problems] Subject: New York, NY, Skyhorse Publishing, 20
aerodynamics for naval aviators by h. h. hurt, tr. university of southern california issued by the office of the chief of naval operations aviation training division u.s. navy, 1960 navweps
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