Impact Of Parenting Styles On The Intensity Of Parental .
American Journal of Applied Psychology, 2016, Vol. 4, No. 2, 23-30Available online at http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajap/4/2/1 Science and Education PublishingDOI:10.12691/ajap-4-2-1Impact of Parenting Styles on the Intensity of Parentaland Peer Attachment: Exploring the Gender Differencesin AdolescentsSafina Safdar*, Syeda Mehreen ZahrahApplied Psychology, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan*Corresponding author: safinasafdar4@gmail.comAbstract The study investigates the gender differences in parenting styles on the intensity of parental and peerattachment. Urdu translated version of Parental Authority Questionnaire (Babree, 1997) and Inventory of Parentaland Peer attachment, urdu version (Zafar, 2009) were used to collect the information from the participants. Samplerecruited from different public schools comprised of adolescents (N 284) with equal boys and girls of age 13 to 16.It was hypothesized that: there would be a significant impact of parenting styles on the intensity of parental andpeers attachment and there would be a significant gender difference on the intensity of parental and peer attachment.Multiple Regression analysis and independent sample t.test was applied to test the hypothesis of the study. Resultsindicated that parenting styles are a strong predictor of intensity of parental and peer attachment. Howeverauthoritative parenting style had a significant and positive impact on both of the variables (parental and peerattachment). Result showed the negative and significant impact of permissive and authoritarian parenting styles onparental and peer attachment. Gender differences indicted that girls show great intensity of parental attachment andboys show greater peer attachment. Current study is pretty insightful in understanding the role of parenting styles indeveloping the intensity of parental and peer attachment.Keywords: parenting styles, attachment, authoritative parenting style, authoritarian parenting style, permissiveparenting styleCite This Article: Safina Safdar, and Syeda Mehreen Zahrah, “Impact of Parenting Styles on the Intensity ofParental and Peer Attachment: Exploring the Gender Differences in Adolescents.” American Journal of AppliedPsychology, vol. 4, no. 2 (2016): 23-30. doi: 10.12691/ajap-4-2-1.1. IntroductionParent’s behavior had a great impact on the life ofchildren because they play an important role in theirphysical, emotional, and psychological well being. Earlyparent-child relationships like attachment create positiveeffects on the behavior of the children [43]. Parent’spositive responses towards their children’s cues help inreducing parent’s child communication gap [51]. In thisway children learn how to manage their emotions andadjust in new environment which consequently effects onhow to develop healthy relationships with peer.Parenting styles are developed on the basis of generalpatterns of parent’s attitude towards their children.Basically parenting styles are manifested in the centralpredisposition of parents own characteristics [45].Parenting styles were introduced by Baumrind in 1967.Her influential work identified three parenting styles i.e.,authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Authoritativeparents use assertive method towards their children and setclear standard for their children. Authoritarian parentsshow restricted and status oriented attitude towards theirchildren. Permissive parents show linnet and non-directiveattitude towards their children. Baumrind revealed thatauthoritative parenting style affects positively on the lifeof children rather than other parenting styles [11].Much research has been done on the dimensions ofauthoritative parenting style. Hickman and Crossland [28]reported in their study that authoritative parenting style ishighly linked with adjustment in new environment. Thereis also a significant relationship between academicachievements and authoritative parenting styles [37]. Thiscategory of parenting style also has a relationship withadaptive functioning in children. Rossman and Rea [44] intheir research on violent and conflictual families revealedthat authoritative parenting style is associated withpositive child functioning. Odubote [39] also reported inhis study that authoritative parenting styles leads topositive outcomes in child personality. Many researchers[25,41,49] showed that authoritative parenting style is alsohelpful for the development of psychosocial characteristicslike self-efficacy and self-esteem in children.All the three categories of parenting styles (authoritative,authoritarian, and Permissive) have a great influence onthe child’s later life. A research by [17] found that authoritativeparenting style create positive effects on child’s developmentas compared to other two categories. A study by [6]conducted in Iran on the relationship of parenting stylesand behavioral problems has found that authoritativeparenting style is connected with less behavioral problems.
24American Journal of Applied PsychologyParenting styles (Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive)also have a great impact on the attachment patterns ofchildren. Attachment is a unique and everlastingemotional bonding between children and their parents.Children always develop attachment with their parents,even if their parents use harsh and abusive language withtheir children. There are mainly two patterns ofattachment namely secure and insecure base. A sense ofsecure attachment in children is based on the parent’spositive and sensible responses towards them. On theother hand parent’s insensitive and irresponsible attitudedevelops insecure attachment in their children [7].Attachment theory given by the combined work ofBowlby and Ainsworth, Bowlby revealed that earlyparent-child relationship influences greatly in makingattachment pattern in children [15].In his attachment theory Bowlby gave four characteristicsof attachment [16]. First proximity maintenance in whichchild wishes to become close with the caregivers. Secondsafe haven in this type the child comes to his parents whenhe feels fear. Third secure base in this the care giversprovide the sense of security. Fourth Separation distress inthis the child feels anxiety in the absence of caregivers[42].The second pioneer of attachment theory was MaryAinsworth who was the follower of Bowlbys’ attachmenttheory and strongly supported the concept of caregivers assecure base. The main tents of this theory were to providethe importance of sense of security in children. Accordingto [2] through this type of security with the parents, thechild develop an inner working model which is based onthe beliefs, expectations, responsiveness, attention, care,and emotional bonding of caregivers.Ainsworth et al [2] conducted an experiment to observeattachment style. In which he used a technique he named“the strange–situation”. First “Secure Attachment style” inwhich Ainsworth observed during his experiment that thechild was showing comfort and closeness towards hismother. He did not feel anxiety in the absence of hismother. He met his mother with affection when she cameafter a short period of time and he preferred his mother ascompared to the stranger. Second “Avoidant Attachmentstyle” in which child did not show significant preferencetowards his mother as compared to the stranger. Also heshowed not a very considerable closeness towards hismother when she returned back in the room. The thirdattachment style given by Ainsworth “AmbivalentAttachment style” in which the child showed anxietywhen her mother left him alone in the room. But he didnot show the proximity after she returned back. FourthAttachment styles is “Disorganized or disorientedattachment style” in which the child showed the mixtureof behaviors like clinging and avoiding his mother at thesame time. He presented himself as confused andfrightened in each of experimental situations [42].A number of empirical studies have shown that there isa relationship between parenting styles and attachmentstyles. Many researchers [34] has also found therelationship between parenting style and attachment styles.Results revealed that authoritative parenting style ispositively linked with secure attachment style. AnotherResearch [1] showed that there is a relationship betweenparenting styles, attachment styles and social development.Current study is interested in both parenting styles andattachment style to explore adolescent’s parental and peerattachment. Attachment is the reflection of emotionalbonding between parents and children. Later on thisbonding can be helpful in developing peer relationshipsand ultimately its effects on maintaining the intimaterelationships. Greater the emotional bonding betweenparents and the child greater will be the bonding betweenchild’s later relationships [16]. But the effect of individualdifferences is another important factor in this regard. AsBowlby [16] also has described this thing in his theory ofattachment that individuals vary in how they perceive theiremotional bonding with their parents which consequentlyaffects on how they perceive their parental attachment.Parental behavior such as disconfirming and controllingattitude, rejection and lack of interaction with children arepositively associated with less peer acceptance [9]. Parade[40] in his study on first semester college studentsrevealed that children with secure parental attachmenteasily form close friends and also they are more satisfiedwith their peer relationship. Attachment patterns work asan internal working model which guide adults for intimaterelationships. Adults with authoritative parenting style andsecure attachment are highly related with intimaterelationships [38].The quality of attachment has a greater impact on thelife of adolescents. There has a lot of work been done onquality of attachment and its impact on adolescent‘sdevelopment. Individual‘s perception of quality ofattachment towards parents and peers is positively relatedto the individual’s wellbeing. More specifically the qualityof attachment with parents is highly related to theindividual’s wellbeing rather than the quality ofattachment with peers [24].Literature review has indicated that there has been a lotof work being done on effects of parenting styles andparental attachment on psychological wellbeing, social,and personality behavioral and emotional development.Furthermore the research done so far in Pakistan and alsoworldwide is primarily to find out the impact of specificcategories of parenting styles and specific attachmentstyles on individual’s personality. But, no attempt hasbeen noticed to measures the child’s own attachment withparents and with peers. Also very few researches havedone on peer attachment in Pakistan culture. Consequently,the present study is primarily focused on bridging the gapin literature by measuring the “intensity of child’s ownparental and peers attachment” rather than just measuringthe impact of parenting style on a specific attachment style.2. Method2.1. SampleThe sample of 284 adolescents (boys 140; girls 144)was collected from 9th and 10th class of different publicschools through convenient sampling. Inclusion criteriawere age range 13 to 15 years and adolescents living withboth parents.2.2. Demographic PageDemographic questionnaire was developed to assess theinclusion criteria. It included the age range of the
American Journal of Applied Psychologyparticipants, mother alive or not, father alive or not andboth parents alive or not.2.3. Parental Authority Questionnaire:Parenting styles of the participants were assessed byusing the Urdu version Babree [10 ] of Parental AuthorityQuestionnaire originally developed by [11]. Babree gavepermission to use the Urdu version for this study(Appendix A). The scale consisted of 60 items 30 itemsfor part 1 for measuring the attitude of mother perceivedby the child. And 30 items for measuring the attitude offather perceived by the child. These 60 items are actuallyarranged in three subscales namely (authoritarian,authoritative, and permissive parenting style). The rangeof possible score is 30-50 [10].Scoring system: Scoring was based on 5 point likertscale ranging from 1(strongly disagree) to 5 (stronglyagree). The scores were computed in a range of possiblescore (30-50) where 30 was the minimum score and 50were the maximum score. Reliability coefficients for thesubscales of mother were 0.80, 0.81, and 0.82 for mother’sauthoritativeness, authoritarianism, and permissivenessrespectively. And for father subscale the reliabilitycoefficient values were 0.79, 0.76, and 0.80 forauthoritativeness, authoritarianism, and permissiverespectively. The reliability coefficient values for thepresent sample were 0.83 for authoritative parenting style,0.74 for authoritarian parenting style, and 0.73 forpermissive parenting style, confirming the satisfactoryinternal consistency of this scale to use in the currentstudy. It deals with best criterion validity [10]2.4. InventoryAttachment:ofParentalandPeersThe intensity of parental attachment was assessed byusing the Urdu version (Zafar, 2009) of the inventory ofparental and peer attachment. Zafar gave me thepermission to use this scale (Appendix B). Originally, TheIPPA was developed by [8] to assess adolescent’s positiveand negative perception of relationship with their parentsand close friends. The instrument was devised withstructured question based on the theoretical frame workformulated by [14] and later on expanded by others.Although the development sample was 16 to 20 years ofage for this scale. But, Armsden also reported that theIPPA can be used with great success with adolescents asyoung as 12, This self-report questionnaire is a five pointLikert-scale response format, i-e., never true (1), not veryoften true (2), sometimes true (3), often true (4), alwaystrue (5) [8]. The original version was consisted of 53items, yielding two attachment scores, 28 parents and 25peer items. And the revised version consists of three subscales namely (mother, father, and peer) having 25 itemsfor each subscale [8].Scoring system: The IPPA includes reverse-scoringformat for reverse items or negatively worded items. Andthen adding the responded values in each version.Reversed items for mother and father attachment scalesare 3,6,8,9,10,11,14,17,18,23. And for peer version4,5,9,10,11,18,22,23 are the reversed items [8]. Internalreliability (Cronbach’s alpha) for revised version is 0.87for mother attachment, 0.87 for father attachment and 0.92for peer attachment [8]25The tests-retest reliability for original version was 0.86for peer attachment and 0.93 for parental attachment [8].Internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) for this samplewas computed for each of the three versions and thevalues are Mother: 0.77, Father: 0.75, and Peer: 0.75. Forvalidity, Armsden [8] has reported that Inventory ofParental and Peer Attachment has been used in researcheson these variables (Personality, family, and social concept)and results support the satisfactory validity of thisinstrument.2.5. Procedure:First of all permission was taken from the concernedauthorities of the public school. They were informed aboutthe topic of the research, its purpose and duration. Theywere also insured that information taken during this studywould be kept confidential and used for only researchpaper. Data was collected in group setting. Then PAQalong with IPPA and demographic questionnaire wereadministered on the sample. They were instructed to readeach item carefully and honestly. Also they wererequested not to leave any statement unanswered.Participants who were from broken and single parentsfamilies as depicted by the demographic page wereexcluded from the sample. The subjects were givendetailed instruction about the questionnaires. They wereasked to rate each item on both scales on a 5 point ratingscale.The data collected was scored according to the scoringsystem given by the authors of the standard measures usedin the study. At first the scores were entered in to the datafile of SPSS Statistical Package for Social Science version18 for the purpose of data analysis by using differentstatistical techniques.3. ResultsResults were analyzed through different statisticalanalysis techniques. Standard multiple regressions wasused to find out that how each predictive variable has animpact on the intensity of mother attachment, fatherattachment and peer attachment. Independent sample t-testwas used for comparing the mean score of boys and girlson the variable of parenting styles and attachment.3.1. Descriptive AnalysisTable 1. Descriptive statistics and Alpha coefficient of ParentalAuthority Questionnaire (PAQ) as well as Inventory of Parental andPer Attachment (IPPA) (N 284)VariablesNMSDα(PAQ)Authoritative Parenting style2844.16.578.83Authoritarian Parenting style2843.83.545.74Permissive Parenting style2843.03.599.73(IPPA)Mother Attachment2843.43.525.77Father Attachment2843.36.506.75Peer Attachment2843.40.504.75Note: PAQ Parental Authority Questionnaire, IPPA Inventory of Peerand Parental Attachment.Table 1 shows the mean score of parental authorityquestionnaire and inventory of parental and peer
26American Journal of Applied Psychologyattachment. These results indicate that adolescents mostlyreported authoritative parenting styles (M 4.6, S.D. 578)rather than other parenting styles and attachment pattern.Table 1 further shows quite high value of alpha coefficientfor both (PAQ) and (IPPA). The values indicate relativelyhigh internal consistency of the two scales.Figure 1. Mean scores of parenting styles on PAQ reported by the adolescentsFigure 2. Mean scores of parental attachment on IPPA reported by adolescentsFigure 3. Mean scores of peer attachment on IPPA reported by adolescents
American Journal of Applied PsychologyPearson’s correlation is used for describing therelationship among these variables.Table 2. Inter –correlation among Parenting style, Parental and Peerattachment (N ve Parenting style.457**.388**.287**Authoritarian Parenting style.002.003.030Permissive Parenting style-.123*-.121*-.007Authoritative Parenting style.446**.408**.402**Authoritarian Parenting style-.014-.036-.071Permissive Parenting styles**P 0.01.-.222**-.227**Fatherauthoritative parenting style and peer attachment but thestrength of the correlation was low (r.28, p 0.01).Results also reveal the low relationship among theauthoritarian parenting style, maternal attachment (r .002,p n.s), paternal attachment (r.003, p n.s) and peerattachment (r.030, p n.s). The results further shows thenegative correlation among the permissive parenting style,maternal attachment (r-.123**, p 0.01), paternalattachment (r-.121, p 0.01) and peer attachment (r-.007,p n.s). But the strength of the correlation was negativelylow between these variables. In father section, the tablefurther shows the high correlation between authoritativeparenting styles rather than other parenting styles.3.2. Hypothesis 1, 2 and 3Table 2 reveals that there is positive correlationbetween the authoritative parenting style and maternalattachment (r .45, P 0.01). The degree of relation wasalso strong which showed the large correlation betweenthe variables. The results further shows the positivecorrelation between the authoritative parenting style andpaternal attachment. But the strength of the correlationwas medium between these two variables (r.38, p .0.01).There is also found positive weak relationship betweenPredictive Variables271.There would be a greater impact of parentingstyles on the intensity of father attachment.2.There would be a greater impact of parentingstyles on the intensity of mother attachment3.There would be a greater impact of parentingstyles on the intensity of peer attachment.To test these hypothesis standard multiple regressionwas carried out.Table 3. Regression Analysis of Parenting styles on mother, father and peer attachment (N 284)BS
Keywords: parenting styles, attachment, authoritative parenting style, authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style . Cite This Article: Safina Safdar, and Syeda Mehreen Zahrah, “Impact of Parenting Styles on the Intensity of Parental and Peer Attachment: Exploring the Gender Differences in Adolescents.” American Journal of Applied
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