Influence Of Parenting Styles On Substance Use Among Youths From .
INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLES ON SUBSTANCE USE AMONGYOUTHS FROM TREATMENT CENTERS IN KIAMBU COUNTY, KENYAHELLEN MERIGOMA GATUNE17m03Emcp008A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Award ofthe Degree of Master of Arts in Counseling Psychology in the CounselingPsychology Department, School of Humanities and Social Sciences of AfricaNazarene UniversitySEPTEMBER 2020
iiDECLARATION
iiiDEDICATIONThis work is devoted to my spouse Peter and my children Faith, Joshua and Edwin whohave been my great support in this journey of adult learning.
ivACKNOWLEDGEMENTI give all the glory to God who has enabled me come this far in thesis writing. I thankHim for granting me refreshed memories. I appreciate my family who have been thereas my support system. Heartfelt appreciation goes to my supervisors, Dr. Susan WambuiGitau and Dr. Kyalo Wa Ngula who have tirelessly worked and given me feedbackwhenever I consulted them. I would like to appreciate the HOD, Dr. Susan WambuiGitau for pushing me to move on even when things got tough. My heart felt gratitudegoes to Dr. Boniface Mwangi who went through my document whenever I called himupon. Finally, I thank my lecturers and Africa Nazarene University community forgiving me the platform for knowledge expansion.
vTABLE OF CONTENTSDECLARATION. iiDEDICATION. iiiACKNOWLEDGEMENT . ivTABLE OF CONTENTS . vLIST OF TABLES . viiiLIST OF FIGURES . ixABSTRACT . xOPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS . xiABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS . xiiiCHAPTER ONE . 1INTRODUCTION. 11.0 Introduction . 11.1 Background of the Study . 11.3 Statement of the Problem . 61.4 Purpose of the Study . 71.5 Objectives of the Study . 71.6 Research Hypotheses . 81.7 Significance of the Study . 81.8 Scope of the Study . 91.9 Delimitations of the Study . 101.10 Limitations of the Study. 101.11 Assumptions of the Study . 111.12 Theoretical Framework . 111.13 Conceptual Framework . 12CHAPTER TWO . 14LITERATURE REVIEW . 142.1 Introduction . 142.2 Review of Literature . 142.2.1 Authoritative Parenting Style and Substance Use among the Youth. . 142.2.2 Authoritarian Parenting Style and Substance Use among the Youth. 162.2.3 Permissive Parenting Style and Substance Use among the Youth . 192.2.4 Uninvolved Parenting Style and Substance Use among the Youth. . 202.3 Summary and Research Gap . 22CHAPTER THREE . 24RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . 24
vi3.1 Introduction . 243.2 Research Design . 243.3 Research Site . 253.4 Target Population . 253.5 Study Sample . 253.5.1 Sampling Procedure . 263.5.2 Study Sample Size . 263.6 Data Collection . 263.6.1 Data Collection Instruments . 273.6.2 Pilot Testing of Research Instruments . 273.6.3 Pilot Test Results . 283.6.4 Instrument Reliability . 283.6.5 Instrument Validity . 293.6.6 Data Collection Procedure . 293.7 Data Analysis . 303.8 Legal and Ethical Considerations . 30CHAPTER FOUR . 31DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS . 314.1 Introduction . 314.2 Response Rate . 314.3 Demographic Information . 324.3.1 Gender of Respondents . 324.3.2 Age Bracket of Participant . 334.3.3 Level of Education . 334.3.4 Marital Status . 354.4 Participants’ Perceived Parental Behaviors . 364.1 4 Influence of Authoritative Parenting Style on Substance Use . 364.4.2 Influence of Authoritarian Parenting Style on Substance Use . 404.4.3 Influence of Permissive Parenting Style on Substance Use . 424.4.4 Influence of Uninvolved Parenting Style on Substance Use . 45CHAPTER FIVE . 48DISCUSSIONS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS ANDRECOMMENDATIONS . 485.1 Introduction . 485.2 Discussions . 485.2.1 Influence of Authoritative Parenting Style on Substance Use . 485.2.2 Influence of Authoritarian Parenting Style on Substance Use . 50
vii5.2.3 Influence of Permissive Parenting Style on Substance Use . 525.2.4 Influence of Uninvolved Parenting Style on Substance Use . 545.3 Summary of Main Findings . 565.4 Conclusions . 595.5 Recommendations . 605.6 Areas of Further Research. 60REFERENCES . 62APPENDICES . 67APPENDIX 1: INTRODUCTORY LETTER . 67APPENDIX 2: RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS . 68APPENDIX 3: LETTER AUTHORIZING THE RESEARCHER . 72APPENDIX 4: RESEARCH PERMIT . 73APPENDIX 5: DATA COLLECTION ACTIVITY . 75APPENDIX 6: MAP OF KENYA SHOWING KIAMBU COUNTY . 77APPENDIX 7: MAP OF KIAMBU . 78
viiiLIST OF TABLESTable 3.1: Reliability results . 26Table 4.1: Response rate. 29Table 4.2: Age distribution. 31Table 4.3: Persons the respondents lived with outside school . 32Table 4.4: Authoritative parenting . 35Table 4.5: Relationship between substance use and authoratative parenting . 36Table 4.6: Authoritarian parenting . 37Table 4.7: Relationship between authoritarian parenting and substance use . 38Table 4.8: Permissive parenting . 39Table 4.9: Relationship between permissive parenting and substance use . 40Table 4.10: Uninvolved parenting . 42Table 4.11: Relationship between uninvolved parenting and substance use . 42
ixLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1:1: Conceptual Framework . 12Figure 4.1: Gender distribution . 30Figure 4.2: Level of education . 32Figure 4.3: Marital Status . 33
xABSTRACTParenting styles act as a compass in guiding children as they develop into adults, andeach style has an important implication for children’s future functional development.This means that parenting plays a principal role in child socialization, providing an earlyunderstanding of identity. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence ofparenting styles on substance use among youths from treatment centers in KiambuCounty. The study specifically sought to establish the influence of authoritativeparenting style, authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style and uninvolvedparenting style on substance use among youths from treatment centers in KiambuCounty. The study was guided by Baumrind’s theory of parenting styles. The studyadopted a descriptive research design with a target population of 30 recovering addictsand 6 counselors aged 18-35 years from Wonderpeace, Ahadi and Sober Livingtreatment centers. The study used purposive sampling to select 30% of the studypopulation. The study employed a modified Parenting Style Four-Factor Questionnaireand interview schedule to measure parenting styles as perceived by the youths. TheDrug Abuse Screening Test was used to assess substance use levels among the youth.Pilot testing involved participants from the Retreat treatment center in Limuru SubCounty, Kiambu County. A coefficient of more than 0.7 was obtained, and hencequalifying the instrument in the study as reliable. The validity of instruments wasapproved by the university supervisors and pilot testing. Thematic analysis assisted inidentifying patterns of meaning across a dataset that provided an answer to the researchquestion sort for. The Statistical Package for Social Science version 24.0 was used inanalyzing the collected data. Descriptive statistics involved frequencies, means,standard deviations and percentages. Data from the semi-structured interview guideswere coded and analyzed using. Thematic analysis and presented in verbatim. Pearsoncorrelation was used to test relationships between independent and dependent variables.Findings of the study indicated that there was no significant relationship betweenauthoritative parenting style and the youths’ substance use (r 0.232, p 0.421). Therewas a significant relationship between authoritarian parenting and youths’ substanceuse (r 0.37, p 0.04). There was also a strong positive relationship between bothpermissive and uninvolved parenting styles and the youths’ substance use (r 0.710 atp 0.05) ((r 0.785 at p 0.05) consecutively. Therefore, it was established from thefindings that authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved parenting styles had influencedon substance use among youths from treatment centers in Kiambu County. The studyrecommended that parents should not impose forceful and punitive discipline todisobedience in children, but rather make engagements and negotiation to find anamicable solution. Parents should keep track of their children’s social interaction andbehavior to ensure they are consistent with the moral virtues and principles accepted insociety. Further research should be carried again in the rest of other Counties forcomparative purposes. The findings of the study may enable the government of Kenyato initiate evidence-based interventions for addressing the fundamental issues thatcontribute to substance use among the youth in the Counties. The findings of the studymay also add to the limited existing information on the influence of parenting styles onsubstance use among the youths
xiOPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMSAddiction:Recurrent use of the substance and other drugsthat end up affecting the functioning of the user.Authoritative parenting:Parents provide a balance between control andsupport with flexibility into open communicationwith their children.Authoritarian parenting:Parents don’t give room for negotiation with theirchildren. They use harsh punishment expectingeverything to be done to their expectations; hencemistakes are not condoned but things should bedone right.Demandingness:Rights of integration of children into thecommunity and family as a result of their maturityexpectations.Parenting styles:These are different patterns or attitudes ofbringing up children.Permissive parenting:Parents have a few rules and regulations becausethey tend to want to be more friends to theirchildren and give them the freedom of choice.Responsiveness:The level of receptiveness of parents in acceptingtheir children’s emotional and developmentalneeds.
xiiSubstance use:Substance use refers to the use of licit or illicitdrugs which includes substances such ascigarettes, alcohol, inhalants and solvents andprescription drugs,Substance abuse:Substance abuse refers to the detrimental or riskyuse of psychoactive substances, both licit andillicit drugsUninvolved parenting:Parents lack responsiveness to a child's needs.These kinds of parents may be present or absent,less concerned about their children behaviors.
xiiiABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMSADA:Alcohol and Drug AbuseADAQ:Adolescent Drug Addiction QuestionnaireATOD:Alcohol, tobacco and other drugsAOD:Alcohol and Other DrugsANU:Africa Nazarene UniversityDAST:Drug Abuse Screening TestDSM-5:Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Substance use Disorders.NACADA:National Authority for the Campaign against Alcohol and Drug AbuseNACOSTI:National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation.NSDUH:National Survey on Drug Use and HealthPSFFQ:Parenting Style Four-Factor QuestionnaireSPSS:Statistical Package for Social SciencesTA:Thematic analysisUS:United StatesWHO:World Health Organization
1CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION1.0 IntroductionThe focus of this chapter is on the influence of parenting styles on substance use amongthe youths in treatment centers in Kiambu County. The chapter also presents thestatement of the problem, the purpose of the study, objectives of the study and researchhypotheses. Further, the significance of the study, the scope of the study, delimitationsof the study, limitations of the study, assumptions of the study, theoretical andconceptual frameworks are explained. This chapter is important because it gives anoutline of how the study is going to be conducted.1.1 Background of the StudyParenting styles act as a compass in guiding children as they develop into adults, andeach style has an important implication for their future success. A study done in Brazilindicates that parenting approaches become fundamental aspects of the parentingprocess, entailing of how parents deal with their offspring, impose rules and exerciseauthority over them (de Souza Martins & Schneider, 2016). Another research conductedfrom Southern India by Shyny (2017) posits that parents are the core influencers on achild’s life. They not only nurture the child physically but their styles of nurturancecontribute to the growth of the child’s psyche of specific interest. Childrearing isdivided into different approaches which comprise of authoritarian, authoritative,permissive and uninvolved parenting styles. Authoritative parenting style consists ofparents who are warm and close to their children. They listen and give room fornegotiation. Authoritarian parenting style describes parents who don’t give room fornegotiation with their children. They are controlling and very strict as their word is final.
2On the other hand, permissive parenting style portrays lenience to their children as theytake a role more of a friend than a parent. Uninvolved parenting style like the worddescribes is absent or present but never involves him or herself with the concerns of thechildren. It is like saying each individual should mind his or her own business.A cross-sectional review carried out in the Asian continent on the effects of parentingstyles on behavioural problems in primary school children anticipated that negativechildrearing characteristics, including harshness, abandonment, control, punitivepunishment, and lack of support will possibly lead to succeeding child behavioralchallenges such as substance use (Sangawi, Adams, & Reissland, 2015). Hence, thisbecomes as a wakeup call to the parents to employ constructive childrearing methodsin training their children as the future generation is beneficial to a nation (Yasmin &Kiani, 2015). Yasmin and colleague say it is important to experience a healthy andconstructive psychosocial growth, which empowers children to thrive in every field oflife. Froiland and Whitney (2015) argue that the consequences of childrearing onbehavioral development have been carefully investigated throughout childhood.Though limited research has been done indicating youths’ perceptions of how familialfactors influence their substance use (McLaughlin, Campbell, & McColgan, 2016). Forthis reason, further research on the long-term consequences of parenting methodsbeyond adolescence, particularly, youths need to be done. Therefore, the present studybecame fundamental to add knowledge on the limited information on the influence ofparenting styles on substance use among the youth.A cross-sectional study done in Europe with a sample of 3,172 middle-school youthsfound out that family relationships and parenting influenced youth substance useMothers who over control their children were found to be the strongest and mostconsistent associates of substance use regardless of adolescent’s gender (Peña, Lorenzo-
3Blanco, Perez, Morello, Arillo Santillan, Kollath-Cattano, & Mejia, 2017). Contrary tothe above study, findings concluded by another research in selected rehabilitationcenters in Cebu Malaysia, found that there was no substantial association between thetype of parenting style and the degree of substance abuse among the residents in selectedrehabilitation centers (Hock, Hindin, Bass, Surkan, Bradshaw & Mendelson, 2016).Uninvolved parents give children a lot of freedom which is not accounted for. Oftentime’s parents are absent and even if they are physically present, they have no businesswith their children. Uninvolved parents have a higher potential of rendering theadolescents to involve in risky behaviors in comparison to the other three parentingstyles. This is because there is a lack of monitoring and supervision that can encouragechildren’s self-regulation (Alhyas, Ozaibi, Elarabi, El-Kashef, Wanigaratne,Almarzouqi, & Al Ghaferi, 2015).Similarly, studies were done from Africa, Odukoya, Sobande, Adeniran and Adesokan(2018) conducted a cross-sectional survey of 437 school borders in Nigeria and foundout that unsupervised time was significantly associated with drug use. Correspondingly,inconsistent discipline of children and non- parental involvement played a role inadolescent substance use (Brewer, 2017). Similarly, Roman, Davids, Moyo, Schilder,Lacante, and Lens (2015) from South Africa describe parenting as the process throughwhich a child acquires suitable and unsuitable behavior, experiences appropriate andinappropriate selections in decision-making, learns skills; comprehends roles and valuesof a community.Substance use among youth is a noteworthy concern globally. Substance use refers tothe use of licit or illicit drugs which includes substances such as cigarettes, alcoholinhalants, solvents and prescription drugs. According to the World Drug Report, (2018)
4one in twenty adults among the ages of 15 and 64 years, abused at least one type of drugin 2014 globally. The commencement to destructive use of substances among youths isinfluenced by factors that are often out of their control. The parental and familyfunctioning and socioeconomic levels can lead to adolescent’s vulnerability tosubstance use. These factors vary between individuals and not all young people areequally vulnerable to substance use. As observed, peak levels of drug use among youthslie between ages 18-25 (World Drug Report, 2018). During human development, youngadulthood is essentially a period of maturation and change (Bonnie, Stroud & Breiner,2015). During this period of development, perceived parenting methods and parentalconduct must have played an important role (Berge, Sundell, Öjehagen, & Håkansson,2016).Experimenting with drugs is viewed as normal among young people, with alcohol ratingthe highest figures among the substances consumed in several countries (de SouzaMartins & Schneider, 2016). Early initiation of substance use by adolescents exposesthem to higher risks of developing substance use disorders (Berge et al., 2016). Severalcollege students and young adults in different parts of the world have challenges withheavy substance use and are at-risk for substance use disorders. A permissive parentingstyle and alcohol drinking are risk factors for alcohol abuse among late adolescents andyoung adults (Froiland &Whitney, 2015). Most young people experiment on drugs outof curiosity, for identity purposes and due to peer pressure. Unfortunately, it laterprogresses to harmful substances which leads to substance use disorders (Kanyoni,Gishoma, & Ndahindwa, 2015).Research carried out in Kenya by Ndegwa, Munene and Oladipo (2017) quotedNACADA 2014 survey’s indicating that 84% of youth aged 16-24 years were involvedin drug abuse. Several researchers in Kenya have conducted studies on factors
5influencing substance use among adolescents. However, there is limited information orresearch on factors influencing substance use among the youth, especially inrehabilitation or treatment centers. For example, Ndegwa et al., (2017) conducted astudy examining factors linked to alcohol use among university students at Daystar inboth Nairobi and Athi River campuses in Kenya. Their findings from a sample of 140students indicated that age, gender, parental and peer use, year of study and place ofresidence, media, and accessibility to drugs predisposed them to drug useAnother study in Kenya conducted by Mwania and Njagi, (2017) in Embu Countyexamined parenting styles as causes of drug abuse among public secondary schoolstudents. They found out that parenting styles accounted for 64.4% of students’drugabuse. According to NACADA (2015), about 200,000,000 people worldwide abusedrugs. Despite NACADA’s and other stakeholders’ interventions, drug abuse is on therise, with over 30% of youth in Kenya using various types of drugs (Kupi, 2019).Gathumbi and Cheloti (2016) also agree that despite the governments’ determination infighting drug and substance use in Kenya, the problem instead is worsening. Therefore,with the latter challenges in curbing drug use in Kenya the researcher carried out thestudy to examine the influence of parenting styles on substance use among youths intreatment centers in Kiambu County.Studies carried out on the influence of parenting styles on substance use have beenconcentrated on adolescents in secondary schools. However, there is limitedinformation showing the causal factors among the youth who are recovering intreatment centers. The previous studies in Kenya were also done when counties werenot in operation, therefore, necessitated this study to be done and fill the gap by
6examining the influence of parenting styles on substance use among youths fromtreatment centers in Kiambu County.1.3 Statement of the ProblemConstructive socialization is a requirement in the overall development of a child. It isheightened through the inculcation of attitudes, social norms and values gained throughchildrearing, peer relations and social connections. Shyny (2017) posits that parents arethe core influencers on a child’s life. They not only nurture the child physically but theirstyles of nurturance contribute to the growth of the child’s psyche of specific interest.Studies that have been done indicate that inconsistent discipline of children and nonparental involvement played a role in adolescent substance use. Currently, substanceuse among youth has become a noteworthy concern globally. Several college studentsand young adults in different parts of the world have challenges with heavy substanceuse and are at-risk for substance use disorders. Kenya is not an exception of this menacethat is being witnessed so often especially among students. Most young peopleexperiment on drugs out of curiosity, for identity purposes and due to peer pressure.Unfortunately, it later progresses to harmful substances which leads to substance usedisorders. Reports through Kenyan social media revealed that 500 students werearrested in a club in Eldoret after they were caught drinking and having sexual activities.Another similar case was found in Nairobi County during the school holidays. A groupof 41 students from various high schools in Kirinyaga County were arrested and lockedup in police stations as they were found drunk and having sex in a matatu they weretravelling in (Nzioka, 14th February 2020). This is not an exception in colleges anduniversities where some drop out of college and end up in rehabilitation centers.
7The Government of Kenya in recognition of the increased substance use enacted theKenya Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Control Act. Despite the intensiveinterventions by the Government of Kenya, the community and other stakeholders tocontrol the problem of substance use in Kenya, the threat seems to be rising by the day.This raises a question; would it be parents have absconded their mandate? Or ha
understanding of identity. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of parenting styles on substance use among youths from treatment centers in Kiambu County. The study specifically sought to establish the influence of authoritative parenting style, authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style and uninvolved
Keywords: parenting styles, attachment, authoritative parenting style, authoritarian parenting style, permissive parenting style . Cite This Article: Safina Safdar, and Syeda Mehreen Zahrah, “Impact of Parenting Styles on the Intensity of Parental and Peer Attachment: Exploring the Gender Differences in Adolescents.” American Journal of Applied
Deschutes County Distance January 2019 . PARENTING PLAN . All provisions of this parenting plan shall be in effect beginning when this parenting plan is made an Order of the Court. This parenting plan becomes legally binding when it is attached as an exhibit to a Judgment or an Order that is signed by a Judge. This parenting plan replaces any
Positive Psychology, Positive Psychology Parenting, Authentic Happiness Model, Positive Parenting, Positive Discipline 1. Introduction Every single day, about one million adults become parents for first time (Bornstein How to cite this paper: Kyriazos, T. A., & Stalikas, A. (2018). Positive Parenting or Positive Psychology Parenting? Towards a .
going children and that parenting style will impact the preschool aggressive behaviors. The participants included 310 school going children and their parents. The aggressive behavior was measured by CBCL 1.5-5 (Rescorla, 2005) and parenting styles by Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (Robinson, Mandelco, Olsen, & Hart, 2001).
Parenting Styles According to Baumrind, there are three types of parenting styles. Authoritarian parenting “attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior and attitudes of the child in accordance with a set standard of conduct any deviations will result in “forceful measures to curb self-will” (Baumrind, 1968).
two main objectives: 1) to analyze parenting styles and the reasons of the parent characters for being parents of those styles in an Ami Tan's famous novel named The Joy Luck Club and 2) to investigate the impacts of the parenting styles on behavior of the daughter characters in The Joy Luck Club. This qualitative research employed content .
high school students, Dornbusch, Ritter, Leiderman, Roberts, and Fraleigh (1987) found that authoritarian and permissive parenting styles were negatively associated with grades and authoritative parenting was positively associated with grades. The linkages between parenting style and child outcome measures are many and clear.
ABR ¼ American Board of Radiology; ARRS ¼ American Roentgen Ray Society; RSNA ¼ Radiological Society of North America. Table 2 Designing an emergency radiology facility for today Determine location of radiology in the emergency department Review imaging statistics and trends to determine type and volume of examinations in emergency radiology Prepare a comprehensive architectural program .
