Where Are Folk And Popular Leisure Activities Distributed?
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular CultureKEY ISSUE #1: Where are folk and popular leisureactivities distributed? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes Compare the origin, diffusion, and distributionof folk and popular culture. Compare the characteristics of folk andpopular music. Describe how sports have been transformedfrom folk to popular culture. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
A COMMON NORTH AMERICAN CUSTOM“A drug crop is grown in fields, where it isharvested and put into 100-pound bags. Thesebags are sold by the farmer for anywherebetween 70 and 100. The product is thenbrought into another country, often usingmiddlemen, where it is processed, refined, andsometimes mixed with other substances beforebeing sold on the street. The final market valueof the original bag can now be as high asseven to ten thousand dollars. What are wetalking about?” 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
And the answer is .Did you guess “cocaine?”Did you guess “marijuana?”Well YOU’RE WRONG!!The real subject of this word problem: coffee!What do you think about the idea of the drugcoffee as an “illegal” or “abnormal” one versus a“normal” one?Do we bring these prejudices to bear on othermaterial cultures? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Folk Culture Practiced by small, homogeneous groupsliving in isolated rural areas. Smaller Regions Derived from local natural elements More sustainable in the protection andenhancement of the environment Change relatively little over time More likely to vary from place to place at agiven time 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Popular Culture Found in large, heterogeneous societiesthat share certain habits despitedifferences in other personalcharacteristics. Global scale is becoming more dominant Less likely to reflect concern for thesustainability of physical conditions More likely to modify the environment More likely to vary from time to time at agiven place 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Elements of Culture Daily necessities: Food, clothing, andshelter Leisure activities: Arts and Creation 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? How culture influences behavior.– Habit vs. custom Habit is a repetitive act performed by anindividual.–One college student wears skinny jeans. Custom is a repetitive act performed by agroup.–All college students from the American Southwear skinny jeans. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? Social customs produces a group’smaterial culture Custom may be used to denote a specificelement of material culture (like wearingjeans) Culture refers to a group’s entire collectionof customs. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? Characteristics of: Folk Culture– Anonymous hearths (center of innovation)» Possible to have multiple hearths each originatingindependently– Anonymous sources– Unknown dates– Unidentified originators Popular Culture– Product of developed countries» Typically North American or European– Origin often traceable to specific person or corporation in aparticular place 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? Diffusion Folk Culture–Smaller scale and slower transmissionsfrom one location to another primarilythrough relocation diffusion (migration) Popular Culture–Tends to be transmitted by way ofhierarchical diffusion»Diffuses rapidly and extensively formhearths or nodes of innovation withhelp of modern communications 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? Distribution– Folk Culture– Combination of local physical and cultural factors influencedistinctive distributions.» Isolation from other cultures because of physicalbarriers—e.g., distance and mountain ranges» Religion– Popular Culture– Widely distributed across many countries with little regardfor physical factors» Principal obstacle to access is lack of income topurchase the material 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Global Sports: World Cup 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Most countries in Europe and Latin America have qualified forthe World Cup finals. As soccer diffuses worldwide, qualificationhas increased in other regions.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? Origin and Diffusion of Folk Music Originates anonymously Transmitted orally– Modifications to songs over successivegenerations to represent changes in conditions. Content of songs centers on events in daily life thatare familiar to the majority of people.– Life-Cycle events» E.g., birth, death, or marriage– Environmental features» E.g., agriculture or climate Migration of people also diffuses the music. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? Origin and Diffusion of Popular Music Music written by specific individuals with theintent of being –Sold–Performed in front of a paying audience Often displays a high degree of technical skill Musicians often have strong connectionswith other similar musicians that may spanthe globe.–Limited connections with local musiciansof different genres 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where Are Folk and Popular LeisureActivities Distributed? Origin and Diffusion of Folk andPopular Sports– Sports originated as isolated folk customs anddiffused like other folk culture via relocationdiffusion. Example:– Football (soccer) originated in England in the eleventh century.– Transformation from folk to popular sport began in 1800s whenorganized clubs were formed in the UK.» Professional players hired– Standardized rules and organized professional leagueestablished in 1863 in UK marks formal transition from folksport to popular sport. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
CRICKET: Boys play cricket in Katni, India.Folk or Popular Sport? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular CultureKEY ISSUE #2: Where are folk and population materialculture distributed? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes Describe reasons for distribution of clothingstyles in folk and popular culture. Describe reasons for folk food preferencesand taboos. Describe regional variations in popular foodpreferences. Understand factors that influence patterns offolk housing. Understand variations in time and space ofhousing in the United States 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Pop Culture Trivia 1. Create a series of questions for the class onpopular culture topics ranging from TV shows toTop 40 or “alternative” music, to sports, toHollywood celebrities. 2. Next create a series of questions on a folkculture-based topic. You might have a favorite topick from, such as bluegrass music or a lesserknown sport like Jai-Alai. NOW: Let's see what the class knows. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Question to consider:Why do so many studentsknow so much about thefirst category of culture,and so little about the otherexamples from folkculture? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Folk and Popular Material Culture– Include: Clothing Food Shelter– Diffusion Folk material culture diffuses slowly throughprocess of migration. Popular material culture diffuses rapidly.– Access determined by having sufficient income toembrace it. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Clothing– Folk Clothing Preferences Style of clothing worn in response to distinctiveagricultural practices and climatic conditions– Ex.» Folk custom in the Netherlands to wear wooden shoesbecause of practical uses in wet climates.» Fur-lined boots protect against cold in arctic climates.– Popular Clothing Preferences Style of clothing generally reflects occupation and income ratherthan particular environment.– Ex.» Business suits worn by professionals» Designer clothes worn by the affluent 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
DUTCH WOODEN SHOES A man wearing wooden shoes bikes on aflooded street in Stellendam, Netherlands. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Rapid Diffusion of Popular Clothing Styles– Improved communications central to rapiddiffusion Ex. Time for original designs for women’s dressesto be designed in fashion capitals—e.g., Paris orLondon—and reproductions available in stores hasdiminished from years to a few weeks.– Jeans is an important symbol of the diffusion ofWestern popular culture. Local Diversity may show folk culture– Japan: customized with patches and cutouts– Korea: frayed, ripped, or shredded– Italy: bleached on seat of jeans 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Folk Food Preferences– People adapt their food preferences toconditions in the environment. Asia– Rice: milder, moister regions– Wheat: drier regions Europe– Italy: preference for quick-frying foods resulted from fuelshortages– Northern Europe: abundant wood supply encouragedslow stewing and roasting of foods 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Folk Food Taboos Many folk customs attribute a signature, ordistinctive characteristic, to everything innature. People may desire or avoid certain foods,as a result of perceived beneficial orharmful natural traits. Restriction imposed by a social custom toeat particular plants or animals that arebelieved to embody negative forces. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed?DO NOT WRITE Taboos often related to environmentalconcerns.– Hebrews: Pig, for example, is more suited forsedentary farming not pastoral nomadism.– Muslims: Pigs are unsuited for the dry landsof the Arabian Peninsula. They wouldcompete with humans for food and water andnot be a beast of burden.– Hindu: Huge numbers of oxen are needed tofor agriculture in India. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Popular Food Preferences– Differences among Countries– Cola preferences can be influenced by politics.» Soviet Union: Pepsi permitted for sale incountry» Russia: Many former Soviets switched toCoke, because Pepsi was associated withcommunism.– Cola preferences can be influenced by religion.» Southwest Asia: Predominantly Muslimcountries boycotted products sold in JewishIsrael—e.g., Coke. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Folk and Popular Food Preferences– Popular Food Culture Regional Differences within the United States– Americans may choose beverages or snacks based on whatis produced, grown, or imported locally.» Wine consumption relatively high in California wheremost of the U.S. production is located.– Cultural backgrounds affect the amount and types of alcoholand snack foods consumed.» Relatively little alcohol is consumed in Utah because ofthe strong presence of the Church of Latter-day Saintsthat advocates against drinking alcohol.» High consumption in Nevada where resorts located.» Texans may prefer tortilla chips in greater numbersbecause of strong Hispanic American presence. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
FAST-FOOD RESTAURANT PREFERENCES 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.Dunkin’ Donuts is especially popular in theNortheast, Krispy Kreme in the Southeast, WhiteCastle in the Midwest, and In-N-Out Burger in theSouthwest.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Distribution of Folk and Popular Housing– Environmental Influences on Folk Housing Available resources influence building materials usedon folk houses—e.g., stone, grass, sod, and skins.– Two Most Common» Wood» Brick Climate and local topography influence design ofhousing structures.– R. W. McColl compared houses in four Chinese villages.» All used similar building materials, including adobe andtimber from desert poplar tree.» Distinct designs in each location attributed to localcultural preference and local geography. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
HOUSE TYPES IN FOUR WESTERN CHINA COMMUNITIESHouse types in four communities of western China. Houses havesecond-floor open-air patios in Kashgar, small open courtyards inTurpan, large private courtyards in Yinchuan, and sloped roofs inDunhuang. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? Sacred Spaces in Houses– Distinctive form of folk houses may derive fromreligious or other customary beliefs.–Sacred Features—e.g., Walls, DoorOrientation, Corners»Houses in south central part of Java(Indonesia) face south—the direction ofthe South Sea Goddess who holds thekey to Earth.»Eastern wall of a house is sacred in Fiji.»All directions except south havesignificance in folk houses in Madagascar. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
SACRED HOUSING SPACE(top) Houses people in northern Laos. The fronts of Lao houses, such as those in thevillage of Muang Nan, Laos, face one another across a path, and the backs face eachother at the rear. Their ridgepoles (the centerline of the roof) are set perpendicular tothe path but parallel to a stream, if one is nearby. Inside adjacent houses, peoplesleep in the orientation shown, so neighbors are head-to-head or feet-to-feet. (bottom)Houses of peoples in northern Thailand--village of Ban Mae Sakud, the houses arenot set in a straight line because of a belief that evil spirits move in straight lines.Ridgepoles parallel the path, and the heads of all sleeping persons point eastward. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? U.S. Folk Housing– Pioneer homes reflected whatever upscale style wasprevailing at the place on the East Coast from whichthey migrated.– Fred Kniffen identified three major hearths, ornodes, of folk house forms Middle Atlantic: Principal house type known as an“I”-house with one room deep and at least two roomswide. Lower Chesapeake/Tidewater: Principal house typecharacterized by one story, with a steep roof andchimneys at either end. New England: Principal house style was box shapedwith a central hall. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
HEARTHS OF U.S. FOLK HOUSINGU.S. house types in theUnited States originated inthree main source areasand diffused westwardalong different paths.These paths coincided withpredominant routes takenby migrants from the EastCoast toward the interior ofthe country. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Where are folk and popular material culturedistributed? U.S. Popular Housing– Since mid-twentieth century, houses displaypopular culture rather than regional influences.– Most people no longer build their own houses butinstead are mass-produced by constructioncompanies.– Houses show the influence of shapes, materials,detailing, and other features of architectural stylein vogue at any one point in time. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
U.S. HOUSE TYPES, 1945 TO PRESENT 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular CultureKEY ISSUE #3: Why is access to folk and popular cultureunequal? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes Describe the origin, diffusion, and distributionof TV around the world. Compare the diffusion of the Internet andsocial media with the diffusion of TV. Understand external and internal threats tofolk culture posed by electronic media. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture– Principal obstacle to accessing popularculture is lack of access to electronic media. Most important electronic media of popularculture is TV:1. Watching TV is most popular leisureactivity in the world.2. TV is most important mechanism forrapidly diffusing popular culture aroundthe world. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
HOW AMERICANS SPEND THEIR WEEKENDS 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture– Diffusion of TV: Mid-20th Century TV technology originated simultaneously inmultiple hearths in the early 20th century—e.g., UK, France, Germany, Japan, SovietUnion, and the United States. Over the course of the 20th century, theUnited States went from dominating theworld share of TVs to being nearly equal inrates of ownership with most developingcountries. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
DIFFUSION OF TV195419702005 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture– Diffusion of the Internet: Late 20thCentury Diffusion follows pattern establishedby TV but at a more rapid rate. In 1995, Internet users in the UnitedStates accounted for more than half ofthe global users. By 2011, 77% of the U.S. populationaccessed the Internet. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
DIFFUSION OF THE INTERNET199520002011 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Electronic Diffusion of Popular Culture– Diffusion of Social Media: 21st Century Same diffusion pattern as TV and Internet– Facebook» In 2008, Facebook users in United Statesconsisted of 1/3 of all global users.» By 2011, global share decreased to 1/5.– Twitter» United States was source of 1/3 of alltweets in 2010.» Second leader of tweets is India. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.**YouTUBE holds the same patterns.
DISTRIBUTION OF TWITTER USERS 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media– External Threat: Developed Countries Control theMedia TV industry dominated by Japan, UK, and UnitedStates. Leaders of developing countries could viewdominance as impressing American values uponviewers.– Upward social mobility– Freedom for women– Glorification of youth– Stylized violence 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular Culture Unequal? Challenges in Accessing Electronic Media– External Threat: Developed CountriesControl the Media News– News media in developing countries dominatedby the government– Media in the United States is largely privatecommercial stations.– Many African and Asian government officialscriticize freedom of the press in the UnitedStates.» Allegedly media do not convey an accurateview of other countries. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Is Access to Folk and Popular CultureUnequal?--Internal Threat: Social Media– Limiting Access to TV Satellite dishes enable people to access informationthat would otherwise be censored by theirgovernments.– Some governments attempt to limit Internetcontent including:1. Political Content– Opposition to local government2. Social Content– Socially sensitive material, such as gambling or sex3. Conflict and Security– Armed conflict, border disputes, or militant groups4. Internet Tools 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.– Email, Internet hosting, and Internet searches
LIMITING FREEDOM ON THE INTERNET(top) politicalcontent(second) socialcontent(third) securitycontent(bottom) Internettools. 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4: Folk and Popular CultureKEY ISSUE #4: Why do folk and popular culture facesustainability challenges? 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Learning Outcomes Summarize challenges for folk culture fromdiffusion of popular culture. Summarize the two principal ways thatpopular culture can adversely affect theenvironment. Summarize major s
Origin and Diffusion of Folk and Popular Sports –Sports originated as isolated folk customs and diffused like other folk culture via relocation diffusion. Example: –Football (soccer) originated in England in the eleventh century. –Transformation from folk to popular sport began in 1800s when organized clubs were formed in the UK.
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Folk Music The purpose of folk music is to tell stories or to disseminating information. Folk music typically originates from an anonymous hearth. As people migrate, folk music travels with them as part of the diffusion of folk culture. Popular Music Popular music is deliberately written to be sold and performed. While some forms of
Eugenio, 2007 classifies Philippine Folk Literature into three major groups: Folk narratives, folk speech, and folk songs. Folk narratives can either be in prose - the alamat (folklore), the legend, and the kuwentong bayan (folktale) - or in verse, as in the case of the folk narratives. Folk speech includes the bugtong (riddle) and .
than for folk culture. Two basic factors help explain the spa-tial differences between popular and folk cultures—the process of origin and the pattern of diffusion. Origin of Folk and Popular Cultures A social custom originates at a hearth, a center of innovation. Folk
4 Why folk tales (folk literature)? Folk tales are more popular, attractive and accessible to a wide range of people. They are universal in theme, in wisdom and appeal to people from all walks of life. So they have a universal appeal. Folk tales offer moral teaching, e.g., Aesop
intangible cultural heritage and non-material-traditional literature : folk tales, folk wisdom, folk poetry, etc., folk songs and instruments and folk dances, folk visual art in various traditional media (stone, wood, metal, etc.) and ofall genres as well as handcrafting and homemade handmade objects.
2.2.1 Classification of folk dance culture . Chinese folk dances are divided into two categories: Han folk dances and ethnic folk dances. Ethnic folk dances; if functionally dividedthey can be divided into sacrificial dances, , self-entertainment dancesceremonial dances, and production, Labor dance and other types. ; from
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