SIA PEI ER - Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
DETERMINATION OF QUANTITY ACCURACY USING BULK CHECKSIA PEI ERUNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
iiiPSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIADECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHTDECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHTAuthor’s full name : BRENDA YEO HOOI LYNNAuthor’s full nameDate of birthDate of birth:SIA PEI ER:10TH MARCH 1995: 01ST JUNE 1993: INNOVATIVE PROCUREMENT FOR INDUSTRIALISEDTitleBUILDINGSYSTEM (IBS)OFIMPLEMENTATION: DETERMINATIONQUANTITYTitleACCURACY USING BULK CHECKAcademic Session : 2016/2017AcademicSession: 2017/2018I declarethat this thesisis classified as:I declare that this thesis is classified as:CONFIDENTIAL(Contains confidential information under theOfficial Secret Act 1972) *RESTRICTED(Contains restricted information as specified bythe organization where research was done) *I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows: I agree that my thesis to be published as onlineOPENACCESS1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.openTeknologiaccess (fulltext) has the right to make copies2. The Library of UniversitiMalaysiafor the purpose of research only.3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academicexchange.I acknowledgedthat Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the rightCertifiedto makeby:copies forthe purpose of research only.3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for UPERVISOR930601-04-5054DR. HAMIZAH LIYANA BTETAJUL ARIFFINSIGNATURE(NEW IC NO./PASSPORT NO.)950310-13-6114Date : 03 JANUARY 2015(NEW IC NO./PASSPORT NO.)SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISORDate :10 JUNE 2018 03 JANUARY 2015JANUARY 2015NOTES :NAME OF SUPERVISORASSOC. PROF. SR. DR. KHERUN NITADate: 03 JANUARY 2015(NAME OF SUPERVISOR)Date: 10 JUNE 201803*If the thesis is CONFIDENTIAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter fromthe organisation with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
iSUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION“I/We hereby declare that I/We have read this thesis and in my/ouropinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for theaward of the degree of Bachelor of Quantity Surveying.”Signature:.Name of Supervisor:ASSOC. PROF. SR. DR. KHERUNNITADateSignature:10 JUNE 2018:.Name of Second Reader :DR. NAFISAH ABDUL RAHIMANDate10 JUNE 2018:
iiDETERMINATION OF QUANTITY ACCURACY USING BULK CHECKSIA PEI ERA dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of therequirements for the awards of the degree ofBachelor of Quantity SurveyingFaculty of Built EnvironmentUniversiti Teknologi MalaysiaJUNE 2018
iiiDECLARATIONI declare that this thesis entitled “Determination of Quantity Accuracy using BulkCheck” is the result of my own research except as cited in the references. The thesishas not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted incandidature of any other degree.Signature:aName:SIA PEI ERDate:10 JUNE 2018. a
ivDEDICATIONTo my beloved father, mother and siblings,Thanks for understanding and all the financial and moral supports.To my respected supervisor,Assoc. Prof. Sr. Dr. Kherun NitaThanks for your guidance and knowledge throughout the research.And to friends who encourage me to move forward.Thanks for the support and encouragement all the wayThanks for Everything
vACKNOWLEDGEMENTFirst of all, I would like to take this golden opportunity to give thanks to mysupervisor, Assoc. Prof. Sr. Dr. Kherun Nita for her unfailing supports, patience,advice, guidance and contribution of ideas in preparing this dissertation. I am reallyappreciated and deep acknowledge on her willingness to motivate, insightfulsupervision as well as her suggestions throughout the course of this research.Besides that, sincere appreciation goes to all the respondents who provide allthe useful sources for this research. Thank you for providing the information requiredfor document analysis purposes and involved in the interview that provides me theadvantage of their knowledge, views and also even sharing some experience. I amalso thankful to all my friends for their moral support and encouragement throughoutthis research.Last but not least, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to my belovedparents and family, who always gave me their encouragement and moral support,thus enabling me to complete this dissertation with pride and satisfaction.Thank you.
viABSTRACTQuantity surveyors demand for high accuracy in the preparation of Bill ofQuantities (BQ). Basically, quantity take-off applied to the buildings must accurateand consistent either it is conduct manually or using specialised software. Adoptionof specialised software contributes greater accuracy and yet tedious and error-proneof manual quantities take-off currently practiced in consultant firms.Thus, theresearch aim is to determine the range of quantity accuracy using bulk checking andencourage the profession in utilizing the software application during taking-off. Theresearch objectives are to compare the range of quantity accuracy between the BQthat produced using specialised software and by manual; and to identify the accuracyof quantity in the BQ. Total nine double-storey terrace houses projects‟ BQ wereobtained and analysed using descriptive analysis where bulk check list acts as aninstrument for determining the range of quantity accuracy. Besides, semi-structuredinterviews were conducted with consultant quantity surveyors in Johor Bahru toidentify the factors affecting the quantity accuracy in the BQ and the interview datawere analysed using thematic analysis. Based on the finding, the range of percentagedifference on bulk check quantity for manual measurement is between 2% to 33%meanwhile for the specialised software measurement, the range of percentagedifference on bulk check quantity is between 1% to 12%. Hence, it shows that thequantity produced by the specialised software had greater accuracy as compared tomanual measurement with a lower range of percentage difference on bulk checkquantity.Human errors are the most significant factors affecting the quantityaccuracy in the BQ. This research emphasized that software adoption providesgreater accuracy and improve the satisfaction and confidence in BQ preparation.
viiABSTRAKJuruukur bahan memerlukan ketepatan yang tinggi dalam penyediaan senaraikuantiti (BQ). Asasnya, pengukuran kuantiti untuk bangunan mestilah tepat dankonsisten sama ada ia dijalankan secara manual atau menggunakan perisian khusus.Penggunaan perisian khusus menyumbang ketepatan yang lebih tinggi namun kaedahmanual masih dilaksanakan dalam perunding.Oleh itu, matlamat penyelidikanadalah untuk menentukan julat ketepatan kuantiti menggunakan „bulk check‟ danmenggalakkan profesion dalam aplikasi perisian semasa pengukuran.Objektifpenyelidikan adalah untuk membandingkan julat ketepatan kuantiti antara BQ yangdihasilkan melalui perisian khusus dan secara manual; dan untuk mengenalpastiketepatan kuantiti dalam BQ. Sejumlah sembilan buah BQ bagi rumah teres duatingkat telah diperoleh dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif dimana senarai „bulk check‟ digunakan sebagai instrumen untuk menentukan julatkuantiti ketepatan.Selain itu, temubual semi-struktur telah dijalankan bersamajuruukur bahan perunding di Johor Bahru untuk mengenalpasti faktor-faktor yangmempengaruhi ketepatan kuantiti di BQ dan data temubual dianalisis menggunakananalisis tematik. Berdasarkan dapatan, julat perbezaan peratusan pada kuantiti „bulkcheck‟ bagi pengukuran manual adalah antara 2% hingga 33% sementara bagipengukuran melalui perisian khusus, julat perbezaan peratusan pada kuantiti „bulkcheck‟ adalah antara 1% hingga 12%. Dengan itu, ia menunjukkan bahawa kuantitiyang dihasilkan melalui perisian khusus mempunyai ketepatan yang lebih tinggidibandingkan dengan pengukuran manual dengan perbezaan peratusan yang lebihrendah pada kuantiti „bulk check‟. Faktor utama yang mempengaruhi ketepatankuantiti dalam BQ adalah faktor kesilapan manusia. Kajian ini menegaskan bahawapenggunaan perisian memberi tahap ketepatan yang lebih baik serta meningkatkankepuasan dan keyakinan dalam penyediaan BQ.
viiiTABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTERTITLEPAGETHESIS DECLARATION1SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATIONiTITLE STRACTviABSTRAKviiTABLE OF CONTENTSviiiLIST OF TABLESxiiiLIST OF FIGURESxvLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSxviLIST OF rch Background11.3Problem Statement31.4Research Questions51.5Research Objectives51.6Significant of Research61.7Scope of Research61.8Research Methodology7
ix1.92Chapter Organisation8LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Introduction122.2Bill of Quantities (BQ)122.3Roles of a Quantity Surveyor142.4Preparation of Bill of Quantities (BQ)162.4.1Traditional Method162.4.2Direct Billing172.4.3Cut and Shuffle172.4.4Computerised Method182.52.6Accuracy of Bill of Quantities (BQ)192.5.1Decription202.5.2Quantity212.5.3Unit Rates22Bulk Check232.6.1What is „Bulk Check‟?232.6.2Bulk Check Practice232.6.3Importance of Bulk Check Practice242.6.4Type of Bulk Check252.6.4.1Comparison Method252.6.4.2Ratio Method262.6.4.3Bulk Check List272.6.5Bulk Check List282.6.6Bulk Check Elements292.6.6.1Piling Works292.6.6.2Excavation Works302.6.6.3Concrete Works312.6.6.4Roof342.6.6.5Staircase352.6.6.6Wall and Finishes372.6.6.7Floor and Finishes382.6.6.8Ceiling Finishes39
x2.6.6.92.72.83Doors and Windows402.6.6.10 Fitting and Furnishings422.6.6.11 Sanitary Fittings432.6.6.12 External Works43Manual Measurement442.7.144Microsoft Excel SpreadsheetSpecialised Measurement Software452.8.1BuildSoft452.8.2CATA CADMeasure472.8.3Autodesk482.8.4Cost X492.8.5Glodon502.9Common Errors in Bill of Quantities (BQ)522.10Summary of Chapter53RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1Introduction543.2Research Design543.3Stages of Research Methodology563.3.1First Stage – Preliminary Research563.3.2Second Stage – Literature Review563.3.3Third Stage – Data Collection573.3.3.1Techniques of Data Collection573.3.3.2Research Instruments593.3.43.3.5Fourth Stage – Data Analysis623.3.4.1Descriptive Analysis623.3.4.2Thematic Analysis65Fifth Stage – Conclusion andRecommendations703.4Research Flow713.5Summary of Chapter72
xi4DATA ANALYSIS4.1Introduction734.2Document Analysis744.2.14.3Collected Projects‟ Bill of Quantities (BQ)74Range of Quantity Accuracy754.3.1Manual Measurement764.3.1.1Corner Unit764.3.1.2Intermediate Unit794.3.24.3.34.3.4Specialised Software Measurement824.3.2.1Corner Unit824.3.2.2Intermediate Unit85Comparison of Accuracy Range894.3.3.1Corner Unit894.3.3.2Intermediate Unit93Summary for the Range of QuantityAccuracy between the Bill of Quantities(BQ) that produced using specialisedsoftware and by manual964.4Interview with Selected Respondents974.5Respondents‟ Information984.5.1Position of Work994.5.2Working Experience4.6Thematic Analysis4.7Factors Affecting the Accuracy of Quantity in the Billof Quantities4.7.1100101101Type of measurement method used inproducing quantities in the Bill of Quantities(BQ)4.7.2102Experience and knowledge of QuantitySurveyor1044.7.3Human errors1064.7.4Discrepancies of drawings1094.7.5Time constraint in preparing the tenderdocuments110
xii4.7.6Insufficient items in bulk check list1114.7.7Bulk checking practice1124.7.8Lack of information1134.7.9Miscommunication among the taker-off1144.7.10Summary of Factors Affecting the Accuracyof Quantity in the Bill of Quantities (BQ)4.85Summary of Chapter115116CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION5.1Introduction1175.2Research Outcomes1175.2.1Comparison of quantity accuracy rangebetween the Bill of Quantities (BQ) thatproduced using specialised software and bymanual5.2.2118Factor affecting the accuracy of quantity inthe Bill of Quantities (BQ)1195.3Limitation of the Research1205.4Recommendation for Future Research121LIST OF REFERENCES122APPENDICES129
xiiiLIST OF TABLESTABLE NO.TITLEPAGE3.1Research design553.2Rubric of bulk check list603.3Research instrument623.4Range of percentage difference643.5Comparison of percentage difference range653.6Example of coding673.7Examples of themed coded data694.1Collected bill of quantities (BQ)744.2Tabulation for manual measurement range of percentage difference– Corner unit4.3Tabulation for manual measurement range of percentage difference– Intermediate unit4.485Tabulation for specialised software range of percentage difference– Intermediate unit4.782List of items that met or within the allocated percentage differencefor specialised software – Corner unit4.679Tabulation for specialised software range of percentage difference– Corner unit4.57685List of items that met or within the allocated percentage differencefor specialised software – Intermediate unit88
xivLIST OF TABLES (CONT’D)TABLE NO.4.8TITLEPAGETabulation for comparison of percentage difference range– Corner unit4.989Tabulation for comparison of percentage difference range– Intermediate unit934.10Summary on the range of quantity accuracy964.11Respondents‟ position of work994.12Theme categorisations1014.13Statements on type of measurement method1024.14Statements on experience and knowledge of quantity surveyor1044.15Statements on human errors1064.16Statements on discrepancies of drawings1094.17Statements on time constraint in preparing the tender documents 1104.18Statements on insufficient in bulk check list1114.19Statements on bulk checking practice1124.20Statements on lack of information1134.21Statements on miscommunication among taker-off1144.22Summary of factors affecting the quantity accuracy in the bill ofquantities (BQ)115
xvLIST OF FIGURESFIGURE NO.TITLEPAGE1.1Research methodology flow chart112.1Factor affecting the accuracy of bill of quantities192.2BuildSoft Take Off System (BTOS) – CAD measurement module 462.3Autodesk QTO492.4Cost X measurement schedule502.5Glodon Take-off for Architecture and Structure (TAS)513.1Thematic analysis phases663.2Research flow chart714.1Respondents‟ position of work984.2Working experience of respondents100
xviLIST OF ABBREVIATIONSSMM-Standard Method of MeasurementBQ-Bill of Quantitiesm-metreno-number
xviiLIST OF APPENDICESABulk check list129BList of bill of quantities obtained136CInterview form137DInterviewee‟s list141
CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION
1CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1IntroductionBasically, quantity take-off in the measurement practice applied to buildingshas to be accurate and consistent. There are different taking off method adopted inpreparing the quantities in the bill of quantities which may be performed throughmanually or using software application. The accuracy level of the quantities,descriptions and rates determine the quality of bill of quantities (BQ).1.2Research BackgroundA quantity surveyor portrays important disciplines in the construction industry,which involved building measurement and preparation of bill of quantities (BQ)(Olatunji et al., 2010). A quantity surveyor prepares BQ during the pretender stagesby taking measurements (Seeley, 1997).
2In the construction industry, BQ acts as a tender document which provides avaluable aid to variation works pricing and computation of valuation of interimcertificates (Keng & Ching, 2012; Seeley, 1997). Moreover, the BQ is a documentwhich sets out the quantities and quality of all items required for the constructionwork which complying to Standard Method of Measurement (SMM) (Wheeler &Clark, 1992).Currently, the consulting firms in Malaysia are practising on the MalaysianStandard Method Measurement of Building Works, Second Edition (SMM2) forprivate and government project. Nevertheless, there are also some mega projects oroverseas projects carried out according to the Standard Method of Measurement ofBuilding Works (SMM7) (Akbar et al., 2014).In the BQ, quantity is regarded as an important element as the accurateness ofthe quantity may result in under or over measurement of cost items (Adnan et al.,2011). There are different techniques of measurement used by the quantity surveyor.The usage of the measurement technique is dependent on the preference of quantitysurveyor either by manual or by using the software.A different method ofmeasurement provides different accuracy of quantities when preparing the BQ.Razali and Keng (2012) highlighted on the definition on the „accuracy‟ in theBQ.They summarized it as free-error information, exact and correct withoutmistakes.Mistakes or error in the bill of quantities influences the level ofaccurateness of the documents. Low accuracy of quantities may due to the exposureof errors on the misinterpretation of drawings, communicating with clients anddesigners.Therefore, the bulk check is a procedure practised by the quantity surveyorsduring the preparation of BQ. It provides the accuracy of the measurement quantitiesand avoids any major mistakes (Marsden, 1999). In the earlier research, Arif (2007)
3highlighted the bulk check list that prepared by the quantity surveyor is according tothe drawings and specifications provided by the engineers and architects.1.3Problem StatementBasically, quantity surveying job required high accuracy. The higher thecomplexity of the project, the greater accuracy required in the quantity surveyingprofession (Agyekum et al., 2015). The mistakes occurring during the preparation ofbill of quantities (BQ) affect the accuracy of BQ in writing the descriptions,measuring the quantities and estimating the unit rates. As a result, the accuratenessof the BQ had been criticised most of the time (Razali & Keng, 2012). For instance,the quantity had been an important element in BQ. Inaccurate in quantity may resultfrom under or over measurement.Moreover, there is often deficiency on the quantities in BQ and rises indissatisfaction of parties especially for the successful tenderer. Adnan et al. (2011)had highlighted the dissatisfaction of the contractor towards the nett quantities in theBQ. Time constraint of the tendering process hinders them from comparing thequantities with the consultant before tender submission.Hence, the quantityobtained more than the actual quantity will provide gains to the successful tendererwhereas the quantity less than the actual contribute loss to the successful tenderer.Apart from that, the measurement method in producing the quantity in BQcontributes to the level of quantity accuracy. In this technological era, there arekinds of software available in the construction market. The availability of thesoftware in the market allows the quantity surveyors, to measure using the software.By adopting the software, the quantity surveyors can produce an accurate and highquality of BQ.The specialised software allows the data extraction done
4automatically.Common measurement software that available in the market areBuildSoft, Binalink, Masterbill, CatoPro, Cost X and Glodon. Nevertheless, manualmethod of measurement currently still practised in quantity surveying consultantfirms in Malaysia (Keng & Ching, 2012).During the preparation of BQ, there is a compulsory procedure that shall beconducted in ensuring the accuracy of the quantity, namely bulk checking practice.The purpose of bulk checking is to avoid major mistakes in achieving an accuracy ofthe quantity in BQ. Nevertheless, in nowadays, there is still lack of the bulk checkpractice using a bulk check list. The quantity surveyors are neither preferred doingthe quantity check neither based on their working experiences nor referring toconcrete to reinforcement ratio. In the findings of research done by Arif (2007),among 37 consultant firms, only 26 consultant firms prepared bulk check listwhereas 11 consultant firms did not prepare bulk check list. For the consultant fi
interviews were conducted with consultant quantity surveyors in Johor Bahru to identify the factors affecting the quantity accuracy in the BQ and the interview data were analysed using thematic analysis. Based on the finding, the range of percentage difference on bulk check quantity for manual measurement is between 2% to 33%
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