THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA MINISTRY OF WORKS .
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIAMINISTRY OF WORKS, TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONNATIONAL INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY POLICYMay 2016
CONTENTSLIST OF ACRONYMS . iiGLOSSARY . ivPREFACE . viCHAPTER ONE. 1INTRODUCTION AND STATUS. 11.1 ICT Situation Analysis . 11.2 Challenges . 10CHAPTER TWO. 12POLICY RATIONALE . 122.1 Policy Vision, Mission and Objective . 13CHAPTER THREE. 15POLICY ISSUES AND STATEMENTS . 153.1 Strategic ICT Leadership and Human Capital Development . 153.2 Broadband Access and Infrastructure Development . 173.3 Frequency Spectrum and Other Scarce ICT Resources . 203.4 E-Services and Local Content Development . 223.5 Cooperation and Collaboration . 233.6 ICT Legal and Regulatory Environment . 243.7 ICT Security, Safety and Standardization . 253.8 ICT Sector and Industry Development. 283.9 Productive Sectors Development . 293.10 Crosscutting Issues . 30CHAPTER FOUR . 34LEGAL FRAMEWORK . Error! Bookmark not defined.CHAPTER FIVE . Error! Bookmark not defined.INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK . Error! Bookmark not defined.i
ATUASOBPOBRELALIST OF ACRONYMSAfrican Telecommunications UnionAnalogue Switch-offBusiness Process OutsourcingBusiness Registration and Licensing AgencyccTLDcountry code Top-Level PILGAsM&EMDAsMPNACTENGONICTBBCentral Admission SystemCentral Equipment Identification RegisterComputer Emergency Response TeamConverged Licensing FrameworkCarbon DioxideTanzania Commission for Science and TechnologyCivil Society OrganizationCommonwealth Telecommunications OrganizationDar es SalaamDar Teknohama Business IncubatorEast African CommunityEastern Africa Submarine Cable SystemElectronic Clearing Housee-Government AgencyEngineers Registration BoardForeign Direct InvestmentFive Year Development PlanGigabits per secondGross Domestic ProductInformation and Communications TechnologyIntegrated Financial Management SystemIntegrated Services Digital NetworkInformation Technology Enabled ServicesInternational Telecommunications Satellite OrganizationInternational Telecommunication UnionInternet Exchange PointKey Performance IndicatorLocal Government AuthoritiesMonitoring and EvaluationMinistries Departments and AgenciesMember of ParliamentNational Council for Technical EducationNon-Government OrganizationNational ICT Broadband Backboneii
psTCOTCRATCUTISSTTCLUCSAFVETANational ICT PolicyNational Payment SystemOnline Loan Application SystemDoctor of PhilosophyPublic Private PartnershipResearch and DevelopmentRegional Administration and Local GovernmentRegional African Satellite CommunicationsRetail Payment SystemSouthern African Development CommunitySouthern and Eastern Communications NetworkMicro and Small and Medium EnterpriseTerabits per secondTotal Cost OwnershipTanzania Communications Regulatory AuthorityTanzania Commission for UniversitiesTanzania Interbank Settlement SystemTanzania Telecommunication Company LimitedUniversal Communications Service Access FundVocational Educational Training Authorityiii
GLOSSARYBroadbandTransmission capacity that is faster than primary rate Integrated ServicesDigital Network (ISDN) at 2.0 Megabits per second (Mbps).Broadcasting:A term referring to the distribution of information using Radio, Television,Internet and Intranet or webcasting.Cybersquatting:Registering, selling or using a domain name with the intent of profiting fromthe goodwill of someone else’s trademark.Digital Divide:The technological gap between countries that have fully exploited ICT andthose that have not. The digital divide is often associated with the resultinggap in terms of economic development.e-commerce/e-transaction: Business activities involving consumers, manufacturers, suppliers,service providers and intermediaries using computer networks such as theInternet.e-service:e-service represents one prominent application of utilizing the useof information and communication technologies in different areas. Itincludes among others e-commerce and other non-commercial services.e-government:The use of information and communications technology by the governmentto transform relations with citizens, businesses, and within different arms ofgovernment.e-waste:Discarded ICT equipment including computers, office electronicequipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets,and refrigerators.Information and Communications Technologies: Is a generic term used to express theconvergence of information technology, broadcasting and communication.One prominent example is the Internet.Information-Based Economy: A country or region where ICT is used to develop an economicfoundation and market transactions.Information Society: A country or region where information technology has been fully exploitedand is part of everyday life as an enabler of information sharing,communication and diffusion.Information Technology: Embraces the use of computers, telecommunications and officesystems technologies for the collection, processing, storing, packaging anddissemination of information.iv
Internet Exchange Point: A “peering point” for interconnecting ISPs and/or other IXPs for thepurpose of localizing national traffic routing as opposed to usinginternational routes to accomplish Inter-ISP traffic flow.Internet Service Provider: Also known as Internet Access Provider. A company that providesinfrastructure for access to the Internet, or for interconnecting other ISPsand content-based or application-based services on the Internet.Knowledge-Based Economy: An economy which is directly based on the production, distributionand use of knowledge and information.Knowledge-Based Society: A society with capabilities to identify, produce, process, transform,disseminate and use information to build and apply knowledge for humandevelopment.Local Area Network: A computer network that spans a relatively small area. Most LANs areconfined to a single building or group of buildings. However, one LAN canbe connected to other LANs over any distance via telephone lines and radiowaves.Local Content:Expression and communication of a community’s locally generated, ownedand adapted knowledge and experience that is relevant to the community’ssituation and is characterised by location, culture, language and area ofinterest.Open Access:Principle that gives any licensee right for access to any facility and/orservice of the ICT Broadband Infrastructure Network on terms andconditions that are non-discriminatory, transparent and Affordable.Productive Sectors: Consist of Agriculture, Tourism, Mining, Oil and Gas, Natural Resourcesand Energy, Manufacturing, as well as Small and Medium Enterprises(SMEs).Public Institutions: Entities such as Ministries, Departments and Executive Agencies (MDAs);Local Government Authorities (LGAs) and any other state ownedinstitution.Tele-Density:The number of telephones per 100 people in a region.v
PREFACEInformation and Communication Technology (ICT) is the bedrock for national economicdevelopment in a rapidly changing global environment. Nations that have embraced ICT and madeit an important aspect of their national agenda have reaped benefits in terms of social economicdevelopment. The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania recognizes that effective useof information and knowledge is a critical factor for rapid socio-economic growth, in its aspirationto become a middle-income country by 2025.To guide Tanzania in the utilization of ICTs, the Government has been setting policy frameworks.The National ICT Policy formulated in 2003 has enabled Tanzania to attain successes in the areasof telecommunications, infrastructure development, human capital development and use of ICT inservice delivery to citizens.Despite these successes, the ICT landscape has changed since 2003, requiring a relook at the Policyframework to reposition Tanzania to better meet emerging opportunities while contending withtheir associated threats. These developments challenge us to devise bold and courageous initiativesto address issues such as reliable infrastructure, skilled human resources, open governance,security as well as legal and institutional frameworks. Pursuant to realizing significant ICTpotential for development and addressing its challenges, the Government has reviewed theNational ICT Policy of 2003 (NICTP 2003) and came up with the National ICT Policy 2016, whichprovides a comprehensive framework for guiding the development and growth of the industry toensure optimal benefits to the nation and its citizens.The National ICT Policy 2016 is formulated within the context of national vision statementsguided by the Tanzania Development Vision 2025, which recognizes that ICT is central to acompetitive social and economic transformation by stating:“These technologies are a major driving force for the realization of the Vision. Theyshould be harnessed persistently in all sectors of the economy “ This task demands that adequate investments are made to improve the quality ofscience-based education and to create a knowledge-based society in general.”The policy formulation process was participatory, benefiting from contributions from a widespectrum of stakeholders, including government ministries, departments and agencies, the privatesector, ICT operators, research organizations, academia, development partners, non-governmentalorganizations, public institutions and the general public. Let me use this opportunity to extend mysincere appreciation to all stakeholders who participated in the preparation of this policy.vi
May I also take this opportunity to reiterate the government’s commitment towards continuedimprovement of the enabling environment for the ICT industry. The success of this policyframework relies to a great extent on the cooperation of all stakeholders. I welcome continuedsupport for and participation of all stakeholders in its implementation in order to realize theobjectives of Tanzania’s sustained social economic development and transformation into aknowledge society.Prof. Makame Mnyaa Mbarawa (MP)Minister for Works, Transport and CommunicationMay 2016vii
CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTION AND STATUS1.0IntroductionThe National ICT Policy 2016 (NICTP 2016) is a result of the revision of the NICTP 2003. TheNICTP 2003 has provided a national framework for ICTs to contribute effectively towardsachieving national development goals and transform Tanzania into a knowledge-based societythrough the application of ICT. This policy has facilitated the development of the Tanzanian ICTindustry over the past decade and created a broad range of economic and social activities. Thesedevelopments have led to job creation, enhanced productivity and efficiency that led to increasedICT contribution to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from 1.5% in 2004 to 2.4% in 2013.Moreover, sector growth has increased from 17.4% of GDP in 2004 to 22.8% by 2013.This policy has been implemented for a period of more than ten years, a period in which theindustry has witnessed major technological changes. The government has been making efforts toaccommodate these changes. These include introduction of Converged Licensing Framework(CLF), migration from terrestrial analogue to digital television broadcasting, putting in place aNational ICT Broadband Backbone, extension of telecommunication networks to ruralcommunities and financial inclusion through mobile money innovation. One of the majorinitiatives that the government has pursued is the improvement of the ICT infrastructure to bridgethe digital divide and lower the cost of communications.It is acknowledged that the development, deployment and utilization of ICTs within the economyand society, raise a number of challenges in infrastructure, safety, security, standardization,electronic service, local content development and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO). However,legal framework to attract investments in the sector under public private partnership (PPP)arrangement as well as skills and leadership to champion the integration of ICTs in the socioeconomic development process is also a challenge. To address the above challenges, theGovernment is reviewing the NICTP 2003 to spearhead the development of ICT in the countrythrough a process that resulted in the formulation of NICTP 2016. The NICTP 2016 will make adesirable and appreciable impact on the country’s developmental process. This policy is based onthe basic premise that: Tanzania’s accelerated development within the emerging information anddigital age will not be possible without an ICT-driven development agenda.1.1ICT Situation AnalysisFor the period of implementation of the National ICT Policy 2003, Tanzania has made substantialprogress in the deployment and utilization of ICT. The government’s guiding plan, the TanzaniaFive Year Development Plan (FYDP) of 2011/12-2015/16, highlights the central role of ICTs. Itstates that:
“It is widely accepted that productivity growth is driven by adoption of technology. ICTs will playa crucial role in the transformation process from a resource-based to a skill-based andtechnology-based economy in order to transform the country’s production structure in thecurrent information age, rapid access to data and other new technologies is essential to nationalsocio-economic development.”Against this backdrop of clear and well-defined vision, strategy and plans, Tanzania has madecommendable strides in the right direction. For example, the cost of accessing the internet in thecountry dropped by more than 50 percent in 2010 due to the deployment of the National ICTBroadband Backbone (NICTBB) and landing of two submarine cables in Dar es Salaam, namelyEastern Africa Submarine cable System (EASSy) and Southern and Eastern AfricaCommunication Network (SEACOM).ICT development in Tanzania has contributed to bringing social economic development tomajority of citizens. For example, the introduction of mobile money platforms in Tanzania hascreated new banking avenues for people who previously did not have access to banking services.As a positive ripple, the number of SMEs acting as mobile banking agents has created new formsof employment and livelihood. Moreover, ICT has contributed to improvements in both public andprivate sector service delivery. These include healthcare, formal and informal education andvarious e-services contributing to manifestation of e-government. The following sections illustratesome aspects of the progress made:1.1.1 Communication InfrastructureThe NICTP 2003 envisioned making Tanzania a hub of ICT infrastructure and ICT solutions inEastern and Southern African region. In 2003, Tanzania entirely depended on low capacity andexpensive satellite bandwidth for local and international communication. To realize this vision,two focus areas namely ICT Infrastructure and Universal Access were set out in the policydocument so as to ensure availability of reliable and inter-operable ICT infrastructure andextension of ICT coverage to underserved areas, respectively. As of the year 2015, Tanzania hashigh capacity broadband connection to the rest of the world through EASSy, with capacity of4.72Tbps, SEACOM with capacity of 1.28 Tbps, and coverage of 7,560 Km long NICTBB OpticFibre Cable with capacity of 4.8Tbps. The NICTBB and submarine cables have reduced the costof backhaul transport bandwidth by about 99% compared to the situation in 2009. By leveragingits unique geographical position, Tanzania now serves neighbouring landlocked countries byextending the benefits of high-capacity submarine cables through the NICTBB infrastructure – inthe process, fulfilling its aspirations of being a regional ICT hub.The investment done by the government in the National ICT Broadband Backbone which hasnetworked almost all regional headquarters within the country and provided connectivity to six2
neighbouring countries, namely; Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Zambia, and Malawi hascatalysed new interest among telecommunication operators resulting in willingness to invest ininfrastructure to facilitate exploitation of the availed long distance terrestrial broadbandinfrastructure. The government currently lays down the ICT infrastructure in collaboration withboth public and private telecommunication operators. Other achievements include deployment ofsix Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) located in Dar es Salaam, Arusha, Mwanza, Zanzibar, Mbeyaand Dodoma and establishment of country code top-level domain (ccTLD).In 2012 Tanzania started the Analogue Switchoff (ASO) exercise to migrate from terrestrialanalogue to digital broadcasting, becoming the first country in eastern and southern Africa toembark on implementation of the ITU goal. Tanzania achieved full migration from analogue todigital before June 2015, which was the deadline for phasing out all the analogue technologyworldwide as per ITU agreement.Tanzania’s tele-density has increased from 1.22 subscribers per 100 people in 2002 to 67subscribers per 100 people in 2014. Furthermore, telecommunication subscriber base has risenfrom 2.96 million in 2005 to 32 million in December 2014 which is equivalent to an averageincrease of 3.23 million subscribers per year. Even though the industry enjoys tremendous growthof telecommunications in general which is mostly contributed by the mobile industry, the fixedtelephony subscription has experienced a declining trend from 154,420 in 2005 to 151,274 in 201
The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania recognizes that effective use of information and knowledge is a critical factor for rapid socio-economic growth, in its aspiration to become a middle-income country by 2025. To guide Tanzania in the utilization of ICTs, the Government has been setting policy frameworks. .
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education in Tanzania and defines the roles of national and local education bodies. Sources: UNESCO-IBE (2010). World Data on Education VII Ed. 2010/11. United Republic of Tanzania. Geneva: UNESCO-IBE. United Republic of Tanzania (1997). National Council for Technical Education Act. Dodoma: United Republic of Tanzania.
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