WORKING TOGETHER: INTEGRATION, INSTITUTIONS AND THE .
The World Public Sector Report 2018 (WPSR 2018) examines how governments, publicinstitutions and public administration can foster integrated approaches to the implementationof the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals. The report examines key challengesand opportunities for integrated approaches from the perspective of public administration,highlighting experiences from past decades both at the systemic and sectoral levels. It also examineshow governments across the world have chosen to address existing interlinkages among the SDGs,and the implications of this for public administration and public institutions. The report thus aimsto produce a comprehensive empirical analysis of policy integration for the SDGs at the nationallevel, with a view to drawing lessons on how emerging initiatives aiming to enhance policy andinstitutional integration might lead to long-term success in achieving the SDGs, in differentdevelopmental and governance contexts. The report is built around two structuring dimensions:the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals as anintegrated and indivisible set of goals and targets; and the role of government, public institutionsand the public service in fostering sustainable development.WORKING TOGETHER:INTEGRATION, INSTITUTIONSAND THE SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT GOALSWorld Public Sector Report 2018ISBN: 978-92-1-123207-3eISBN: 978-92-1-363316-8Published by the United NationsApril 2018United Nations& Social AffairsEconomic
Department of Economic and Social AffairsWORKING TOGETHER:INTEGRATION, INSTITUTIONSAND THE SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT GOALSWorld Public Sector Report 2018United NationsNew York, 2018publicadministration.un.org
DESA Mission StatementThe Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat is a vital interface betweenglobal policies in the economic, social and environmental spheres of sustainable development and nationalaction. The Department works in three main interlinked areas: (i) it compiles, generates and analyses awide range of economic, social and environmental data and information on which States Members of theUnited Nations draw to review common problems and to take stock of policy options; (ii) it facilitates thenegotiations of Member States in many intergovernmental bodies on joint courses of action to addressongoing or emerging global challenges; and (iii) it advises interested Governments on the ways and meansof translating policy frameworks developed in United Nations conferences and summits into programmes atthe country level and, through technical assistance, helps build national capacities.DisclaimerThe terms ‘country’ and ‘economy’ as used in this Report refer, as appropriate, to territories or areas; thedesignations employed and the presentation of the material do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country,territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Inaddition, the designations of country groups are intended solely for statistical or analytical convenience anddo not express a judgement about the stage of development reached by a particular country or area in thedevelopment process. Major country groupings referred to in this report are informed by the classification ofthe United Nations Statistical Division. Reference to companies and their activities should not be construedas an endorsement by the United Nations of those companies or their activities. The boundaries and namesshown and designations used on the maps presented in this publication do not imply official endorsementof acceptance by the United Nations.The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of theUnited Nations or its senior management, or of the experts whose contributions are acknowledged.Copyright United Nations, 2018.All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted,in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without priorpermission.Publication No.: 8-92-1-363316-8Sales no.: E.18.II.H.1Suggested citation: United Nations, 2018, Working Together: Integration, institutions and the SustainableDevelopment Goals, World Public Sector Report 2018, Division for Public Administration and DevelopmentManagement, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, (DPADM), New York, April.Website: publicadministration.un.orgPrinted at the United Nations, New York
Working together: Integration, institutions and the Sustainable Development Goals iiiAcknowledgementsAuthorsThe 2018 World Public Sector Report was prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs ofthe United Nations (UNDESA), through its Division for Public Administration and Development Management(DPADM). The report was prepared under the responsibility of Marion Barthélemy, by a team of UnitedNations staff led by David Le Blanc. The team comprised Peride K. Blind, Xinxin Cai, Aranzazu GuillanMontero, Seok-Ran Kim, Wai-Min Kwok, Jan-Willem Lammens, David Lung’aho and Valentina Resta.DPADM interns Guillaume Allusson, Matthew Donaghy, Xinchong Cao, Abby El-Shafei, Rafia Farooqui,Liwang Huang, Shiqi Ma, Selen Özdogan, Natalia Peña, Yuchen Yang provided research support. Mary-StacyKeith-Reibell provided administrative and document support.The coordinators for the chapters were: David le Blanc (Chapter 1), Seok-Ran Kim (Chapter 2), AranzazuGuillan Montero (Chapter 3, Chapter 4), Peride K. Blind (Chapter 5), Wai Min Kwok (Chapter 6) and ValentinaResta (Chapter 7).The report benefitted from two Expert Group Meetings that were organised by the Division for PublicAdministration and Development Management on 25-26 October 2017 (chapter 7) and 1-2 November 2017(chapter 5) in New York.Peer reviewersChapter 1: Nathalie Risse (International institute for Sustainable Development).Chapter 2: Ernesto Soria Morales, Sara Fyson (OECD), Nina Hall (University of Queensland), Fredrich Soltau(UNDESA).Chapter 3: Paul Smoke (New York University), Diana A. Lopez Caramazana (UN Habitat).Chapter 4: Felix Dodds (Global Research Institute, University of North Carolina), Irena Zubcevic (UNDESA),Nathalie Risse (International institute for Sustainable Development).Chapter 5: Cristina Rodriguez Acosta (Florida International University), Marla Asis (Scalibrini Center,Philippines), Alexandre Betts (Oxford University), Ioannis Grigoriadis (Bilkent University, Turkey), SabineKuhlmann (University of Potsdam, Germany), Marie McAuliffe (IOM, Geneva), Sonia Plaza (World Bank).Chapter 6: Paulo Gadelha (Oswaldo Cruz Foundation), Charles Ebikeme (International Council forScience- ICSU), Wang Xingquan (Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences), World Health Organization.Chapter 7: Jairo Acuña-Alfaro (UNDP), Carmen Rosa De León Escribano (IEPADES), Peter Mae (Ministryof National Unity Reconciliation and Peace, Solomon Islands), Fatiha Serour (Serour Associates for Inclusionand Equity); Marika Theros (The Institute for State Effectiveness).Inputs for the report were received from the following organizations and individuals.Contributing organizationsConsell Assessor per al Desenvolupament Sostenible, Generalitat de Catalunya; International BudgetPartnership; INTOSAI Development Initiative (IDI); DFG-Research Training Group “Wicked Problems, ContestedAdministrations: Knowledge, Coordination, Strategy”; Local Government of Santa Fe, Argentina; RENDLE;Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); University of Potsdam; United Cities andLocal Governments (UCLG); UNDESA (Population Division, Statistics Division); UN Habitat; UNRISD.Contributing individualsJairo Acuña-Alfaro (UNDP); Alzira Agostini Haddad (Municipality of São João del Rei, Brazil); Tarik Alami(UN ESCWA); Kaisa Antikainen (WFP); Husam Al-Sharjabi Abdulhabib Saif (National Authority forMonitoring the Decisions of the National Dialogue, Yemen); Sami Areikat (UNDESA); Paige Arthur (CIC, NewYork University);
iv World Public Sector Report 2018Khalid Bahauddin (IRDR China); Juan Carlos Barboza Sanchez (General Comptroller of Costa Rica), Begoña Benito(GAIA); Alexander Betts (Oxford University); Livia Bizikova (International Institute for Sustainable Development);Julie Blocher (UNU); Henk-Jan Brinkman (UN PBSO); Valentina Calderón-Mejía (UN ESCWA); Fernando Cantú(UN ESCWA); Youssef Chaitani (UNESCWA); Yu Ping Chan (UNODC); and Manuel Corrales Umana GeneralComptroller of Costa Rica), Scarlet Cronin (Tent Foundation); Carmen Rosa De León Escribano (IEPADES);Dirk Druet (UN DPA); Omar El Hefnawy (Georgetown University); Erica Figueroa (City of Santa Fe, Argentina);Luiz Eduardo Fonseca (Centro de Relações Internacionais em Saúde CRIS); Sarah Freedman (University ofCalifornia, Berkeley); Jokin Garatea (GAIA); Thomas Gass (UNDESA); Peter Gluckman (Chief Science Advisor,New Zealand); Kieran Gorman-Best (IOM); Ulrich Graute (Independent consultant); Ioannis Grigoriadis (BilkentUniversity); Waleska Guerrero Lemus (Siemens); Nina Hall (University of Queensland); Kai Harbrich (Universityof Potsdam); Sabine Henning (UNDESA); Muhammad Hanif Uddin (North South University, Bangladesh); PeterHill (University of Queensland); Nayma Iftakhar (KDI School of Public Policy and Management); John-MaryKauzya (UNDESA); Patrick Keuleers (UNDP); Faheem Khan (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics);Kemal Kirişci (Brookings Institute); Amara Konneh (the World Bank); Petya Koralova (Todor Kableshkov HigherSchool of Transport); Sabine Kuhlmann (University of Potsdam); Mathew Kurian (UNU-FLORES); GeorgesLabaki (ENA Liban); Michelle Leighton (ILO); Carlos E. Lustosa da Costa (Tribunal de Contas da União, Brazil);Martina Lubyova (Centre for Social and Psychological Research SAS); Peter Mae (Ministry of National UnityReconciliation and Peace, Solomon Islands); Param Maragatham (Women Major Group); Jeremy Marand (UNESCAP); Erin McCandless (The New School); Ruth Meinzen-Dick (International Food Policy Research Institute);Amin Mohsen (UN Department of Peacekeeping Operations); Alessandro Motter (International ParliamentaryUnion); Jean De Dieu Musabyimana (University of Louvain); Shteryo Nozharov (University of National andWorld Economy); Guliya Nurlibayeva (Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration);Sulaiman Olnrewaju Oladokun (University Malaysia Terengganu); Edoardo Ongaro (Open University); AndréFrancisco Pilon (International Academy of Science, Health and Ecology); Sonia Plaza (World Bank); Golam Rasul(ICIMOD); Simon Reid (University of Queensland); Matthias Reister (UNDESA); Claudia Ringler(International Food Policy Research Institute); Nathalie Risse (international consultant); Cristina RodriguezAcosta (Florida International University); Alfredo Rodriguez-Berzosa (TARAGAZA); Liliana Rodriguez Sanchez(Comptroller General of Colombia); Gay Rosenblum-Kumar (UN Conflict Prevention); Lanre Rotimi(NEHMAP); Sibel Selcuk (UNDESA); Jessica Serraris (UN Peace Operations); Fatiha Serour (Serour Associatesfor Inclusion and Equity); Ruzanna Tarverdyan (Geneva Consensus Foundation); Sten Thore (University of Texas);Sunil Thawani (Quality Indeed Consulting Services); Marika Theros (The Institute for State Effectiveness); JohnWilmoth (UNDESA).
Working together: Integration, institutions and the Sustainable Development Goals vWorld Public Sector Report 2018Summary for policy makersTwo years ago, Member States of the United Nations adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,which ambitions to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development by 2030. The Agenda emphasizesthe importance of the interlinkages and integrated nature of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Acknowledging possible synergies and trade-offs between the sustainable development goals and targets willmake it much easier to achieve the SDGs. It will enhance allocation of resources and help avoid unwanted sideeffects of actions aiming to accelerate progress in one area on the realization of targets in other areas. It willsupport more balanced development trajectories by ensuring more coherent action on various dimensions ofsustainable development.It is recognized that the national level will be critical for the achievement of the Goals. At the national level,understanding how to adapt institutional frameworks to deliver integrated policies that effectively addressexisting interlinkages among the SDGs will be critical to achieving progress; it will also have importantimplications for national public administrations and public service. Broadly speaking, promoting integrationimplies finding ways to foster cooperation and common approaches among institutions at all levels dealingwith closely interrelated issues. This may entail putting in place adequate institutional arrangements, publicadministration practices, mechanisms, capacities, budgetary arrangements and resources. It also encompassesvarious modalities of engagement of non-state stakeholders in decision-making.Defining and measuring integrationBroadly speaking, policy integration concerns “the management of cross-cutting issues in policy-making thattranscend the boundaries of established policy fields and do not correspond to the institutional responsibilitiesof individual departments”. The term “integration” itself is used in at least three slightly different meaning inthe literature. The first and most common usage refers to integration as a variable or dimension, with policies inspecific issue areas being more or less integrated or coherent. In this respect, integration is a continuum, whichgoes from least coherent to fully coherent. Alternatively, integration can refer to the process of making policyaround a specific issue more coherent. Lastly, integration can also refer to the ideal of policies that achieve ahigh or the highest degree of coherence. A variety of related concepts and terms are often used in the literature.Figure E.1.Degrees in policy integration and related conceptsLevel oined-up government)Collaboration(cooperation)Source: Stead and Meijers (2009).
vi World Public Sector Report 2018The World Public Sector Report 2018 aims to inform efforts by all countries to foster policy integration for theSDGs, highlighting the challenges and opportunities that exist for public institutions and public administration.It illustrates how different types of interlinkages that exist among the SDGs can be addressed from an institutionalperspective, based on examples. Through this, the report aims to sketch areas where public institutions needto work closely together; the types of tools that can be used to this effect; and the broader implications forpublic institutions and public service. The report aims to assist national policy makers, especially those workingin institutions entrusted with SDG implementation as well as in planning, finance and sector ministries and inlocal governments, to implement the SDGs in an integrated fashion.In this report, the term “integration” is considered in a broad sense. Integrated policy-making is used to referto policy processes that: (i) systematically identify relevant and important linkages of issues across the SDGsand consider those linkages in design of policies; (ii) are consistent across scales of implementation (and inparticular, from the local to the national); (iii) involve the relevant stakeholders in design, implementation,monitoring and evaluation; and (iv) provide adequate resources for implementation at all relevant levels.To analyse integration efforts from an institutional perspective, this report considers three standard dimensionsof integration: horizontal integration, i.e. integration across sectors or institutions; vertical integration, i.e. howthe actions of national and sub-national levels of government can be aligned to result in coherent outcomes;and engagement of all stakeholders in the realisation of shared objectives. Taken together, these threedimensions of integration cover all the relevant categories put forward by the literature such as, among manyothers, participation, partnerships, and coherence, as well as the two commonly used notions of whole-ofgovernment approaches and whole-of-society approaches.Sustainable development, integration and institutions: what do we know?The interdependence among sustainable development issues has been recognized for a long time and is perhapsthe most fundamental tenet of the concept of sustainable development. Fundamentally, while the considerationof multiple linkages across sectors adds constraints to decision-making, integrated policy-making allows for abroader definition of problems that enlarges the policy space, potentially yielding socially superior solutions thatcannot be found by focusing only on sector-specific policies. Other potential benefits of integration include theproduction of shared visions across sectors and actors.Hence, potential benefits of integrated policy-making are clear. The costs of lack of policy coherence arealso apparent. Yet, fostering integration in practice has proven difficult. Many agree that a major cause of theobserved shortcomings is an inability to both mainstream sustainable development principles in the work ofexisting institutions and achieve the degree of coordination among institutions that sustainable developmentrequires.Among the many challenges documented in the literature, perhaps the main obstacle to integration in thepast was the lack of political legitimacy of sustainable development as a paradigm. For decades, sustainabledevelopment competed on an unequal footing with the traditional development approach and with betterresourced sectoral frameworks. On the institutional side, the adoption of sustainable development withoutrenunciation of other paradigms often resulted in the creation of parallel institutions, which coexisted witholder, stronger institutions focusing on business as usual.Despite these difficulties, experiences of the 25 years since the Earth summit offer a rich body of lessonsin terms of institutional setups and arrangements and public administration management efforts that aimedto foster integration and coherence. For example, national strategies for sustainable development (NSDS),national councils for sustainable development (NSDC) and local Agenda 21s were instruments put forward inAgenda 21 in 1992 to promote integration. At the sectoral level, attempts at integration in many sectors havealso resulted in the development of integrative concepts and institutional experiments, the lessons of whichcould be harnessed for the benefit of SDG implementation. The report aims to take a first step in this direction.The 2030 Agenda and the prospects for integrationThere are many reasons to think that the adoption of the 2030 Agenda may significantly change the prospectsfor integration, including at the national level. In a nutshell, the Agenda and the SDGs have elevated the statusof sustainable development on the international policy agenda, increasing the legitimacy and relevance
Working together: Integration, institutions and the Sustainable Development Goals viiof integrated perspectives and approaches. In addition, the explicit focus of the Agenda on institutionsprovides an impetus for governments to devote more attention to finding institutional models and publicadministration approaches that effectively support integrated approaches. These positive changes inlegitimacy and relevance are further supported by progress in the scientific understanding of interlinkagesamong sustainable development issues on the one hand, as well as by the development of analytical methods,tools and information systems that support in
The 2018 World Public Sector Report was prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations (UNDESA), through its Division for Public Administration and Development Management (DPADM). The report was prepared under the responsibility of Marion Barthélemy, by a team of United Nations staff led by David Le Blanc.
measuring change in capacity of institutions. The framework can be applied equally to a variety of institutions: national and sub-national institutions; state and non-state institutions; partner institutions as well as those within the UN development system. Institutions can encompass organizations as well as the enabling environ-
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Integration EMR/EHR Integration "Healthcare data exchange platform" "Data extraction and interoperability" "Data integration for healthcare" "EHR-specific, cloud-based interface engine" "EHR integration and third-party developer marketplace" "EMR integration to software products" "Specific EHR integration for HL7
or universities (under 5,000 students); 38% were medium-sized (5,001 to 14,999 students); 15% were large institutions (15,001 to 29,999 students); and 10% were very large institutions (over 30,000 students). Across Cohorts 1 and 2, 62% were public institutions, 38% private institutions, 20% religiously affiliated institutions, and 10%
institutions. Institutions are the rules and norms constraining human behavior.8 Policies are choices made within a political and social structure, i.e., within a set of institutions. Institutions have a flrst order efiect over policies as a determinant of capital ows. Given this, it is important to know the role left for the policy.
di erences in political institutions. Inclusive economic institutions are the result of polit-ical choices which arise under inclusive political institutions; a strong state and a broad distribution of power in society. When either of these conditions fails one has extractive political institutions that lead to extractive economic institutions.
institutions (e.g. a parliamentary system based on a constitution) need to be embedded within the existing informal institutions in order to be respected by individual actors (i.e. to "stick"). Embeddedness means that new formal institutions are adapted to local culture and to existing informal institutions 4. Japan's Meiji Era is often .
“Nurses working together for a healthy West Virginia” . working together to make sure we had what we needed to do our jobs, and all of us working together to educate the public about the importance of social distancing, wearing a mask, and hand hygiene, we have been able to keep our
