Lecture 24b: Hydropower - MIT OpenCourseWare

JSUSTAINABLE ENERGYProf. Michael W. GolayNuclear Engineering Dept.

HYDROPOWER1

HYDRO POWER –A CASE STUDY Some facts and figuresLarge-scale versus small scaleHigh head versus low–headEnergy conversion technologyEnvironmental and social impactsEconomic issues2

FOUR TYPES OFHYDROPOWER SYSTEMS1. Impoundment Involving Dams: e.g., Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee2. Diversion or Run-of-River Systems: e.g., Niagara Falls3. Pumped Storage Two way flow Pumped up to a storage reservoir and returned to lowerelevation for power generation4. Tidal: e.g., la Rance3

BOSTON BACK BAYPhoto by Peter Stevens on Flickr.4

BC BEAVER DAM5

HYDRO-QUÉBECPRODUCTION 97% renewable energy57 hydroelectric generatingstations (35,647 MW)26 reservoirs(capacity of 175 TWh / year)1 nuclear power plantAnnual investment: 2 billion6

CANIAPISCAU RESERVOIRAerial photo of Caniapiscau Reservoir removed due to copyright restrictions.Caniapiscau Reservoir is a man-made lake, created as part ofthe La Grande Complex (James Bay) Hydro-electric html7

THREE GORGES DAMImage by Jesse Allen, Earth Observatory, using ASTER data madeavailable by NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS, and U.S./Japan ASTERScience Team. Via NASA Visible Earth, Goddard Space Flight Center.

BONNEVILLE DAM9

DORDOGNE DAM10

ITAIPU DAM11Photo by Herr stahlhoefer on Wikimedia Commons.

ITAIPU DAM12

ITAIPU DAM13

ASWAN DAMPhotos by Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA JohnsonSpace Center and NASA Visible Earth, Goddard Space Flight Center.14

COMMON FEATURES OF CONVENTIONALHYDROPOWER INSTALLATIONSTypical Hydroelectric DamGenerators - Rotated by theturbines to generate electricityDam - Stores waterTransmission lines - Conductelectricity, ultimately to homesand businessesPenstock - CarriesCross section of conventionalwater to the turbineshydropower facility that usesan impoundment damTurbines - Turned bythe force of the wateron their bladesImage by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Tennessee Valley Authority.15

CONVENTIONAL HIGH HEAD RUN-OF-RIVERHYDROPOWER, e.g., NIAGARA FALLSTop ViewOriginal river bedSpillwayPenstockReservoirDamSurge tankIntake structurePower housePenstockDamming sectionSupply sectionTailrace sectionSection of river exploitationCross-SectionThe characteristic components of a river-diversion hydroelectric plant.Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.16

HYDRO POWER – SOMEFACTS AND FIGURES Current World Hydropower Production (2006) 3000 TWh -- about 20% of the world’s electricity andabout 88% of electricity from renewable sources 777 GWe of capacity in 150 countriesUS capacity 100,451 MWe (2009) 78,951 MWe conventional hydro 21,500 MWe pumped storage About 8% of US electricity equivalent to 2.9 quads Approximately 70% of US renewable energyAverage Capacity/Availability Factor – 42% ( 6% of totalcapacity)17

COMPARISON OF ELECTRIC GENERATIONCAPACITY IN NORTH AMERICA (2006)United 22%42%59%1.1%6%92%6%Natural gasOilCoalOtherNuclearHydroelectricityInstalled capacity1,076,000 MW124,000 MW40,000 MWElectricity generation4,064 TWh592 TWh180 TWhImage by MIT OpenCourseWare. Source: Statistics Canada.18

ELECTRICITY SUPPLY OPTIONS IN QUÉBECAND THE REST OF NORTH AMERICACourtesy of Hydro-Québec. Used with permission.19

TRANSMISSION SYSTEMCourtesy of Hydro-Québec. Used with permission.20

HYDROELECTRIC PROJECTS ‒2005-2020Map of projected Hydro-Quebec hydroelectric construction removed due tocopyright restrictions. Please see this map of current Hydro-Quebec construction instead.

HYDRO POWER – SOME FACTSAND FIGURES, continued Big Range in Capacity and Size Power capacity – 1 kWe to 14500 MWe Hydraulic head 1 m to 1500 m (from low-head to high-head)(S. Fiorano, Italy) Largest earth dam height – 300 m (Tajikistan) Largest reinforced concrete dam height– 305 m (China) Reservoir volume – 180 km3 (Zimbabwe) Reservoir area – 8,482 km2 (Lake Volta, Ghana)Theoretical Potential, Technically Exploitable – 15000 TWh/yr or about 4,000,000 MWe of capacity22

REPRESENTATIVE MEGA-SCALEHYDROPOWER PROJECTSNameLocationTypeCapacity, MWeReservoir sizeGrand CouleeColumbia River, LakeRoosevelt, WashingtonImpoundment dam, 550 ft(170m) high6809Niagara FallsNiagara River. New YorkDiversion, run of river2400Hoover DamColorado River, LakeMead, NevadaImpoundment dam, 726 ft(223m) high2080Norris Dam TVAClinch River, Norris Lake,TennesseeImpoundment dam, 265 ft(81m) high131.4Glen CanyonColorado River, LakePowell, ArizonaImpoundment dam, 710 ft(261m) high1296James Bay ProjectLa Grande 1, 2A, 3, 4Robert-BourassaLaforge 1, 2BrisayEastmain 1, 1ALa Grande River Watershedand Laforge River, Quebcc,CanadaImpoundment and run-ofriver, multiple damsItaipuParana River, Itaipu Lake,Paraguay/BrazilImpoundment dam, 643 ft(196 m) high14,00023.5 x 1012 acre ft.29 million km3Three GorgesYangze River, ThreeGorges Lake ChinaImpoundment dam, 607 ft(185 m) high18,20031.8 million acre ft.39.3 km3GuriCaroni River, Venezuela10,235KrasnoyarskYenisey River, KrasnoyarskLake, RussiaImpoundment dam, 531 ft(162 m) highImpoundment dam, 407 ft(124 m) high109.4 million acre ft.135 km359.4 million acre ft.73.3 km38671 5616 1197 469 7686,0009.6 million acre ft.11.9 km3nil28.5 million acre ft.35.2 km324.3 million acre ft.30 km3 100 Quabbins!!Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Table 12.1 in Tester, Jefferson W., et al.Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. MIT Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780262201537.23

HYDROPOWER IS STRATEGICALLYIMPORTANT WORLDWIDE (2008) North America661,991 GWh/yrCentral and South America665,316 GWh/yrAfrica99,449 GWh/yrAsia and Oceania878,332 GWh/yr Europe547,732 GWh/yrEurasia222,254 GWh/yrMiddle East25,064 GWh/yr1,560 North American Plants (5,000 Units)13,000 International Plants (42,000 Units)World Total 3,100,139 GWh/yrWorld Total 50,000,000,000/yr24

TEN OF THE LARGESTHYDROELECTRIC PRODUCERS (2009)CountryInstalledCapacity % of totalAnnual hydroelectricproduction (TWh) capacity (GW) 88.9740.5961.12Brazil363.869.0800.5685.56United .2090.4644.3467.1725

FUTURE HYDROELECTRICPROJECTS OVER 5,000 MWNameRed Sea DamCapacity (MW)50,000CountryDjiboutiConstruction CompletionProposedYemenGrand Inga Dam39,000Congo DR 20142025Three Gorges Dam 22,500China19942011Baihetan Dam13,050China20092015Belo Monte Dam11,233BrazilProposedWudongde Dam7,500China2009201526

Table 12.4 Potential for hydropower development in selected countriesbased on technical potential and economic potential in today’s energymarketsCountryNorwayHydro as % oftotal electricityRatio of theoreticalpotential to actualRatio of economicpotential to 0.16.6Indonesia1431.33.13United States101.82World total1918.341.3 2.78Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. Adapted from Table 12.4 in Tester, Jefferson W., et al.Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. MIT Press, 2005. ISBN: 9780262201537.27

HYDROPOWER CAPACITYESTIMATESContinentAfricaNorth AmericaSouth AmericaAsiaEuropeMiddle EastOceaniaCapacity in 2225.2705.57.216.913.540.4Total 3,8848,0547,12116,2854,94541849541,202Technically EconomicallyPossiblePossibleTWh/yrTWh/yr1,852 2003,012 1,5003,036 2,0005,523 2,5002,714 1,000168 100189 10016,494Source: World Energy Council28

BASIC OPERATING EQUATIONSFOR HYDROPOWERTotal power from hydropower including bothstatic (PE) and dynamic (KE) contributionPower (total hydrualic head ) (volumetric flowrate) (efficiency )2Power ( ρ gZ 1/ 2 ρ (v ) ) Q εFor impoundment hydro systemswith only static hydraulic head (PE) recoveredand no recovery of flowing head (KE)Power 9.81 103 ZQ ε in watts 9.81 10 3 ZQ ε in MWe29

TURBINE TYPES Impulse Turbine Pelton Turgo Wheel Cross-FlowReaction Turbine Propeller Bulb Straflo Tube Kaplan Francis KineticImages of turbines removed due to copyright restrictions.Please see "Types of Hydropower Turbines."U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy.Also see Turgo, Cross-Flow, Straflo, and Kinetic turbines.30http://www1.eere.energy.gov/water/hydro turbine types.html

HYDROPOWER IS STRATEGICALLYIMPORTANT WORLDWIDE (2008) North America661,991 GWh/yrCentral and South America665,316 GWh/yrAfrica99,449 GWh/yrAsia and Oceania878,332 GWh/yr Europe547,732 GWh/yrEurasia222,254 GWh/yrMiddle East25,064 GWh/yr1,560 North American Plants (5,000 Units)13,000 International Plants (42,000 Units)World Total 3,100,139 GWh/yrWorld Total 50,000,000,000/yr24

FRANCIS AND KAPLANTURBINESFranke, Gary F,. et al. "Development of Environmentally Advanced Hydropower TurbineSystem Design Concepts." U.S. Department of Energy, Idaho National EngineeringLaboratory (August 1997): INEEL/EXT-97-00639. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/56321332

HYDRAULIC TURBINES: DOMAINS OF HEAD ANDSCALE IN THE ENGINEERING PRACTICE OFPELTON, FRANCIS AND KAPLAN TURBINES2,000S Fiorano (1967)1,000Lang-Sima (1975)PeltonMinimum net HeadmetersPradella (1964)Tonstad (1968)New Colgate (1965)Churchill Falls(1972)Nacazaki (1957)Francis100St-Sima (1975)Itaipu (1978)Grand Coulee IV (1973)St Martin (1954)Vilovi (1963)Kanayama (1966)Ilma Soltiera (1968)Ligga III (1981)Jerdapiron Gate (1969)Little Goose (1974)Kesikkopru (1961)Kaplan10510Wallssee (1965)Isola Serafini (1957)1001,000Turbine PowermegawattsImage by MIT OpenCourseWare.33

MAJOR ATTRIBUTES OFHYDROPOWERPositiveNegativeEmissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOx,SOx, hydrocarbons, or particulatesFrequently involves impoundment of largeamounts of water with loss of habitat due toland inundationRenewable resource with high conversionefficiency to electricity (80%)Variable output - dependent on rainfall andsnowfallDispatchable with storage capabilityImpacts on river flows and aquatic ecology,including fish migration and oxygen depletionUsable for base load, peaking, and pumpedstorage applicationsSocial impacts of displacing indigenous peopleScalable from 10 kWe to 10,000 MWeHealth impact in developing countriesLow operating and maintenance costHigh initial capital costsLong lifetime - 50 years typicalLong lead time in construction in mega-sized projectsImage by MIT OpenCourseWare.34

HYDRO POWER – ECONOMICISSUES Very capital intensive include “fuel costs”Large projects 100 MWe have long lead times (4-6 yr)Long lifetimes and low operating and maintenance costsLarge seasonal variation [factors of 2 to 10 in flow common]Costs very sensitive to natural terrain and climate e.g., compareSwitzerland’s mountainous relief and high rainfall to the flatter,dryer Midwestern regions of the US Installed costs range from about 750/kW to 2000/kW for10-1000 MWe plants With intrinsic output variability need to inflate costs- typicallyrange from 1500 to 6000 per reliable kilowatt35

HYDRO POWER – ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL ISSUES Land Use – Inundation and Displacement of PeopleImpacts on Natural Hydrology Infiltration Increase evaporative losses Altering river flows and natural flooding cycles Sedimentation/siltingWater Chemistry Changes Mercury, nitrates, oxygen Bacterial and viral infections (maleria, schitosomiasis,cholera, )36

EFFECTS OFHYDROELECTRICFACILITIES Biological Effects Change in aquatic ecosystem – species change Damage to organisms passing through turbine Oxygen depletion downstream of dams Blockage of migration/breeding paths Parasite growth37

EFFECTS OF HYDROELECTRICFACILITIES, cont’ Physical Effects Interruption of flooding cycles (silt, flood, transport) Increased temperature Increased evaporation Increased leakage Silting Earthquakes Dam failures and overtopping38

SYMMARY – HYDROPOWER Is Simple, Ancient TechnologyIs the Most Important Industrial-Scale Renewable EnergyTechnologyIs Largely Opposed by “Green” Lobbies Opposition to new dams Decommissioning of existing damsDisruptive Ecological and HydraulicallyCatastrophic Failures are Possible39

ARCHIVAL WEB SITES wable org40

MIT OpenCourseWarehttp://ocw.mit.edu22.081J / 2.650J / 10.291J / 1.818J / 2.65J / 10.391J / 11.371J / 22.811J / ESD.166JIntroduction to Sustainable EnergyFall 2010For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.

Current World Hydropower Production (2006) 3000 TWh -- about 20% of the world’s electricity and about 88% of electricity from renewable sources 777 GWe of capacity in 150 countries US capacity 100,451 MWe (2009) 17 78,951 MWe conventional hydro 21,500 MWe pumped storage About 8% of US electricity equivalent to 2.9 quads