ISSN 2347-2677 Advances And Applications Of Bioinformatics .

International Journal of Fauna and Biological StudiesProtein-nucleotide 6-frame translation (tblastx)This program compares a protein query against the all sixreading frames of a nucleotide sequence database.What is done in bioinformatics?The development of new algorithms and statistics with whichto assess relationships among members of large data sets.The analysis and interpretation of various types of dataincluding nucleotide and amino acid sequences, proteindomains, and protein structures.The development and implementation of tools that enableefficient access and management of different types ofinformation.ProcessBLAST works through use of heuristic algorithm.Heuristic algorithm, is an algorithm that is able to produce anacceptable solution to a problem in many practical scenarios.Heuristics are typically used when there is no known methodto find an optimal solution, under the given constraint.Using a heuristic method, BLAST finds homologoussequences, not by comparing either sequences in its entirety,but rather by locating short matches between the twosequences. This process of finding initial words is calledseeding.While attempting to find homology in sequences, sets ofcommon letters, known as words. For example, the sequencescontain the following stretch of letters, GLKFA. If a BLASTpwas being conducted under default conditions, the word sizewould be 3 letters.In this case, using the given stretch of letters, the searchedwords would be GLK, LKF, and KFA.The heuristic algorithm of BLAST locates all common wordsbetween the sequences of interest (query) and the hitsequences (sequences from database).How do we use Bioinformatics?Store/retrieve biological information (databases)Retrieve/compare gene sequencesPredict function of unknown genes/proteinsSearch for previously known functions of a geneCompare data with other researchersCompile/distribute data for other researchersSoftware and toolsSoftware tools for bioinformatics range from simplecommand-line tools, to more complex graphical programs andstandalone web services available from various bioinformaticscompanies or public institutions.The computational biology tool best-known among biologistsis probably BLAST, an algorithm for determining thesimilarity of arbitrary sequences against other sequences,possibly from curated databases of protein or DNAsequences.BLAST is one of a number of generally available programsfor doing sequence alignment. The NCBI provides a popularweb-based implementation that searches their databases.BLAST can be used for several purposesIdentifying SpeciesWith the use of BLAST, you can possibly correctly identify aspecies and/or find homologous species. This can be useful,for example, when you are working with a DNA sequencefrom an unknown species.BLASTBasic Local Alignment Search Tool.It is an algorithm for comparing biological sequencesinformation, such as amino acid sequence of different proteinsor the nucleotides of DNA sequences.BLAST is used to identify library sequences that resemblesthe query sequences.The BLAST program was designed by Eugene Myers,Stephen Altschul, Warren Gish, David J. Lipman and WebbMiller at the NIH and was published in J. Mol. Biol. in 1990.BLAST is a tool for alignment of sequences.E.g. To identify the unknown gene (query sequences) in themouse, the scientist will perform a BLAST search of thehuman genome (library sequences) to see whether the humancarrying the similar gene or not.BLAST was originally developed by NCBI (National Centerfor Biotechnology Information).Link: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/ed to mapannotations from one organism to anotherLocating DomainsWhen working with a protein sequence you can input it intoBLAST, to locate known domains within the sequence ofinterest.Establishing PhylogenyUsing the results received through BLAST, you can create aphylogenetic tree using the BLAST web-page.DNA mappingWhen working with a known species, and looking to sequencea gene at an unknown location, BLAST can compare thechromosomal position of the sequence of interest, to relevantsequences in the database(s).ComparisonWhen working with genes, BLAST can locate common genesin two related species, and can be us.Proteome and ProteomicsThe terms proteome and proteomics were coined by MarkWilkins and colleagues in the early 1990.It is the complementprotein found in a single cell in a particular environment. It iscomplete collection of proteins encoded by genome of anorganism. It is the study of composition, structure, functionand interaction of the proteins directing the activities of eachliving cell.Kinds of BlastNucleotide 6-frame translation-protein (blastx)This program compares the six-frame conceptual translationproducts of a nucleotide query sequence (both strands) againsta protein sequence database.Nucleotide 6-frame translation-nucleotide 6-frametranslation (tblastx)This program is the slowest of the BLAST family. Thepurpose of tblastx is to find very distant relationships betweennucleotide sequences.Applications of proteomicsOncologyOncology refers study of Tumor cell, Tumor metastasis, is the 5

International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studieschemical compounds to generate charged molecules ormolecule fragments and measuring their mass to chargeratios. MALDI-TOF is the most useful technique for proteinidentification.process spread of cancer from one organ to another nonadjacent organ cause death in patients. The major challenge inmedicine to describe the molecular and cellular mechanismsunderlying tumor metastasis. Analyse the protein expressionscorrelated to the metastatic process which help to understandthe mechanism of metastasis and thus facilitate thedevelopment of strategies for the therapeutic interventionsand clinical management of cancer. Proteomics is asystematic research, the main aim of this research is tocharacterize the protein expressions, functions of tumor cellsand widely used in biomarker discovery.Human Genome ProjectGenomics is the study of the genome of an organism - itsentire genetic material in the form of RNA, DNA, genes andchromosomes. It concentrates on understanding the structureand function of an organism's genetic material from themolecular level upwards, including interactions betweengenes, interactions between genes and the proteins theyproduce, and interactions between genes and environmentalfactors.Human Genome Project (HGP) is the name for aninternational consortium of publicly funded projects tosequence the human genome and map every gene on everychromosome. The consortium includes the US Department ofEnergy, the US National Institutes of Health and the UKWelcome Trust, alongside groups in Japan, France, Germany,China, and other countries. HGP Began in 1990 and wassuccessfully completed in April 2003.The main aims of the Human Genome Project are toDetermine the sequence of the three billion or so nucleotidesthat constitute the human genome.Identify the 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome.Develop tools for storing and analyzing this information.Transfer some of the technologies involved to the privatesector, to produce a biotechnology industry that can developnew medical applications.Examine the ethical, social and legal implications of theinformation obtained.The HGP uses the so-called hierarchical shotgun sequencingtechnique, in which the genome is divided into relatively largesections that are mapped onto the appropriate chromosomesbefore being sequence. Every single cell in the body containsa complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA basepairs.Bio-medical applicationsThe study of interactions between microbial pathogens andtheir hosts is called “infectomics”. It is very interesting area inproteomics. It deals with the fundamentals of the infectionsorigin and their effect on organs. The main aim of thisresearch is to prevent or cure disease at starting level.Advanced diagnostic issues related to emerging infections,increasing of fastidious bacteria, and generation of patienttailored phenotypes.Agricultural applicationsStress is a key limiting factor that impairs the growth andyield of agricultural crops. Stressful conditions often lead todelayed seed germination, reduced plant growth, anddecreased crop yield. Proteins associated with the primaryfunction of an organ are specifically accumulated in thatorgan/tissue or organelle. The need for organ-specificproteomic analyses to identify proteins that are commonlyaccumulated in organs under a wide range of abiotic stresses(Komatsu and Hossain, 2013) [8]. Jacoby et al., (2013) [7]described the application of the emerging proteomictechnology of multiplexed selective-reaction monitoring MS,which has increased accuracy and throughput, for enhancingthese approaches and providing a clear method to rank therelative importance of the growing cohort of stress-responsiveproteins. The applications of plant proteomics scientificresearch is still in budding stage. Proteomics is also used toknow plant-insect interactions that help identify candidategenes involved in the defensive response of plants toherbivore. Population growth and effect of global climatechanges imposing severe limits on the sustainability ofagricultural crop production.Life Science Vs Computer ScienceScientific algorithms made it possible to put together a vastamount of data from sequencing machines when the humangenome was sequenced. Computer science’s computationalparadigm has shaped new modes of inquiry in life sciences.Applications of bioinformatics in various fieldsInsect ResistanceMany plants have been made insect resistant by incorporatingthe desired genes. Bacillus thuringiensis is a bacterial specieswhich increases the soil fertility and protects the plantsagainst pests. When the researchers mapped its genome, theyused its genes to incorporate into the plant to make it resistantagainst insects. For example, corn, cotton and potatoes havebeen made insect resistant so far. By having the genes ofbacteria in the plants genome, when insects eat the plants, thebacteria enter in their bloodstream and make them starved,ultimately they die. B.t corn is one species of food plantswhich have been modified by inserting bacterial genes in it. Itis effective against insects by developing resistance againstthem. The use of B.t genes in the plants genome has made theagriculturists to use the insecticides in very little amount. As aresult the productivity and nutritional value of plants will alsoincrease and will be beneficent for human health.Food MicrobiologyThe use of proteomics in food technology is presentedespecially for characterization and standardization of rawmaterials, process development, and detection of batch-tobatch variations and quality control of the final product.Further attention is paid to the aspects of food safety,especially regarding biological and microbial safety and theuse of genetically modified foods.MS analysisThe protein mixture is subjected to digestion so as to getpeptide mixture, from which a specific peptide is isolated andthen identified. Mass spectrometry is an analytical techniquethat produces spectra of the masses of the atoms or moleculescomprising a sample of material. The spectra are used todetermine the elemental or isotopic signature of a sample, themasses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate thechemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and otherchemical compounds. Mass spectrometry works by ionizing 6

International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studiesinterdisciplinary with bioinformatics as both are dependent oncomputer science and statistics. This field is based on themolecular data and many databases are being developed tostore the DNA profiles of known offenders. This field is beingpushed due to technological and statistical advances inmicroarray, Bayesian networks, machine learning algorithms,TFT biosensors and others. This provides the effective way ofevidence organization and inference (Bianchi and Lio, 2007)[3]. Scientists used their genomic tools to distinguish betweenthe strains of Bacillus anthraces that was used in the summerof 2001 terrorist attack in Florida with that of closely relatedanthrax strains.Nutritional QualityWhen the changes are made in the genome of the plants, thenutritional value of plants also increases. Golden rice is animportant achievement in this endeavour. Here the genes areinserted in the rice genome to increase the Vitamin A level inthe crop. Vitamin A is an important component for the eyesand if the Vitamin A deficiency occurs in the body, it mayresult in blindness. This work has allowed the scientists toreduce the rate of blindness from the world by givinggenetically modified rice to the people.Waste Clean-upIn bioinformatics bacteria and microbes are helpful incleaning waste. Deinococcus radiodurans Bacterium is pointout in the Guinness Book of World Records and thisbacterium has the ability to repair damaged DNA and smallfragments from chromosomes by isolating damage segmentsconcentrated area. This is because it has additional copies ofits genome. Genes from other bacteria have been inserted intoD. radiodurans for environmental clean-up. It was used tobreak down organic chemicals, solvents and heavy metals inradioactive waste sites. Bioinformatics tools are important forunderstanding of the mechanisms of bio degradative pathways(Sadraeian and Molaee, 2009) [10].Bioenergy/BiofuelsBiofuels offer great promise in contributing to the growingglobal demand for alternative sources of renewable energy.Bioinformatics is important in understanding and analysis ofbiofuel producing pathways. Recent progress in algalgenomics, in conjunction with other “omics” approaches, hasaccelerated the ability to identify metabolic pathways andgenes that are potential targets in the development ofgenetically engineered micro-algal strains with optimum lipidcontent (Misra et al., 2013) [9].Veterinary ScienceFood production from livestock can meet demand of humanpopulation for food. For better bio-economy, there is a needof efficient animal production and reproduction. This isachieved with better understanding of livestock species.Current and new methods in livestock species using data fromexperimental or field studies with bioinformatics are helpingin understanding the systems genetics of complex traits andprovide biologically meaningful and accurate predictions.Finally, almost all of the next generations-omics tools andmethods that are used in other fields of biological sciences,can also be used in veterinary sciences (Kadarmideen, 2014).Evolutionary Studies/PhylogeneticsThe study of evolutionary relationship among individuals orgroup of organisms is defined as Phylogenetics. Taxonomistsfind the evolutionary relationship using various anatomicalmethods that takes too much time. Using Bioinformatics,phylogenetic trees are constructed based on the sequencealignment using various methods. Various algorithmicmethods are developed for the construction of phylogenetictree that are used depending on the various evolutionarylineages (Allaby and Woodmark, 2004) [1].Climate Change StudiesAnother Global concern is the Climate change because of lossof sea ice, accelerated sea level rise and longer and moreintense heat waves. To solve this issue, bioinformatics mayhelp by way of sequencing microbial genome which canreduce levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.This plays an important role in stabilizing the global climatechange. Not much work has been done in this area inbioinformatics domain, and more region-specific work mustbe conducted considering microbes of that region and theircapability in CO2 reduction (Sinha, 2015) [11].Plant breeding and crop improvementPlant genomics helps in understanding the genetic andmolecular basis of all biological process which helps indeveloping new cultivars with improved quality and reducedeconomic and environmental cost. Now-a-days the Genomeprogram is an important tool for the plant improvement. Thisgenome programme helps in identifying the key genes andtheir function. This genome project generates data, whichincludes sequence information, markers etc. These data arethen distributed to the multinational research community. Thebioinformatics tools helps in the submission of all datathrough ENTREZ Global Query Cross-Database SearchSystem to the public domain. This helps in retrievingsequence from the NCBI. Genome sequencing of severalimportant plants species has enabled researchers to identify‘chromosome’ and ‘difference’ factor in sequences. This inturn has been used to identify value traits for cropimprovement. For instance, the barley stem rust resistancegene has been identified from rice-barley comparisons and thesugarcane rust resistance gene based on maize-sorghumcomparisons.BiodefenseBiodefense includes measures to restore biosecurity to agroup of organisms who are subjected to biological threats orinfectious diseases (in context of bio-war or bioterrorism).Today, bioinformatics has a limited impact on forensic andintelligence operations. There is a need of more algorithms inbioinformatics for biodefense so that the developed databasesmay show interoperability with each other. In order to usenext generation genome sequencing for forensic operation,bio threat awareness, mitigation and medical intelligence,there is a need for development of more computationalapplications (Valdivia-Granda, 2010) [13].Development of stress tolerant varietiesStress tolerant varieties can be developed by identifying theStress tolerance genes and alleles. Various tools have beendeveloped to study the physiology, expression profiling,comparative genomics. The KEGG database contains all theForensic ScienceForensic science includes the study regarding identificationand relatedness of individuals. It is inherently 7

International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studiesmetabolic pathways like the pathway for the carbohydrateproduction. Genes in the ABA production pathway areimportant for the development of drought resistant varieties.KEGG databases can be important in identifying the pathwayfor carbohydrate production and ABA production. After theidentification of the pathway the genes involved in the samepathway are studied for the development.Progress has been made in developing cereal varieties thathave a greater tolerance for soil alkalinity, free aluminium andiron toxicities. These varieties will allow agriculture tosucceed in poorer soil areas, thus adding more land to theglobal production base. Research is also in progress toproduce crop varieties capable of tolerating reduced waterconditions. The publication of the completed Arabidopsisthaliana genome sequence (Arabidopsis Genome Initiative,2000) [2] and draft sequence for rice genome (Goff et al.,2002) [5], the plant research and industry has step over thethreshold of the genomics era.their patients healthy. It is also a unique medical subjectaffi

Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary area of the science composed of biology, mathematics and computer science. Bioinformatics is the application of information technology to manage biological data that helps in decoding plant genomes. The field of bioinformatics emerged as a tool to facilitate biological discoveries more than 10 years ago.