Effects Of Phosphoramides On Wood Dimensional Stability
;j&f;Mr BM 15(1):137-45,2000137[ Research paper 1Effects of Phosphoramides on Wood Dimensional StabilityHong-Lin Lee 1,3), George C. Chen 2), Roger M. Rowell2)[ Summary ITo evaluate the dimensional stability of phosphoramide-reacted wood, wood was reacted with amixture which was derived from compounding phosphorus pentoxide and each of 12 aminesalkyl, halophenyl,and phenyl amines in gofsuchreacted wood was analyzed by antishrink efficiency (ASE) using the water-soak method. Volumetricswelling and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of phosphoramide-reacted woods were also determined after being maintained at 27 C and 30% RH, 27 C and 65% RH, and 27oC and 90% RH for 21 d.The results revealed that phosphoramide-reacted woods had lower antishrink efficiency values thanthose of acetylated wood, expoxided wood, and isocyanated wood. Volumetric swelling and equilibrium moisture content of phosphoramide-reacted wood were increased when exposed to an environment with a higher relative humidity. Phosphoramides had less effect on improving the dimensionalstability of wood.Keywords: phosphoramide, antishrink efficiency, equilibrium moisture content, volumetric swelling,dimensionalstability.mistry, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. 53 Nanhai Rd., Taipei, Taiwan.2) @j j #@ & USDA, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One GiffordPinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53705-2398,3)%‘&I? USACorresponding author1999p:6fl @ 1999%IOR&@eceivedReceived June 1999, Accepted October 1949.
138Lee HL, Chen GC, Rowell RM. 2000. Effects of phosphoramides on wood dimensional stability.
f@;M; l5(1):137-45.2000139Table 1. Chemicals reacted with wood through the phosphorus pentoxide and amines r weightSymbolP2O5141.94PPropylamineC 3H 3N H 259.11PAMButylamineC 4 H 9 NH 373.14BAMC 6 H 13NH2101.19HAMOAM4-FluoroanilineC 8H 17N H 2C 6H 4F N H ineC 6H 5N H ilineC6H4NO2NH2138.13NANHexylamineOctylamineASD
L--L!-.v4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000Wavenumber (cm-‘)I500Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of control wood andwood reacted with PBAM at 52% weightgain:(a) control wood: (h) reacted wood.
141Table 2. Volumetric swelling coefficients (S) and antishrink efficiencies (ASE) of phosphoramide-reacted woods as determined in water 1)Treatment WPG S1ASE1S2ASE2Wt1S3ASE3S4ASE4Wt 2.919.0neg20.4neg14.51)WPG: Weight percent gain; specimens recorded at 0 WPG are the control.S1: Volumetric swelling coefficient determined from initial O. D. volume and 1st water-swollen volume.ASE1: Antishrink efficiency based on S1.S2: Determined from 1st water-swollen volume and reoven-drying.ASE2: Based on S2.Wt1: Percent weight loss based on the difference between initial O. D. weight and O. D. weight after 1stwater soaking.S3: Determined from reoven-dry volume and 2nd water-swollen volume.ASE, Based on S3.S4: Determined from 2nd water-swollen volume and 2nd reoven-drying.ASE4: Based on S4.Wt2: Total weight loss based on O. D. weight, %.Table 3. Changes in volume of phosphoramide-reacted wood in water 3Vw 1(mm3)Vo1(mm3)Vw 2(mm3)Vo2(mm 3 57.65093.54327.65126.14256.40.1Va: Air-dry volume. Vd: Oven-dry volume. Vo: Oven-dry volume after reaction. dV1: Increase inwood volume with reaction, (Vo - Vd) / Vd. VW 1: First 7d water-swollen volume. Vo1: First reovendry volume. Vw2: Second 7d water-swollen volume. Vo2: Second reoven-dry volume. dV2: Increase inwood volume with reaction, (Vo2 - Vd)/Vd.
1t37*I(*IExpwre time(d)IIIIIExposuretime(d)Exposuretime Cd)Exposuretime(d)‘Fig. 2. Equilibrium moisture content(EMC)of wood reactecd with phosphoramides at 27oC and 30% RH conditions for 1,2,3,7,14,and21d.Fig. 3. Changes in volumetric swelling ofwood reacted with phosphoramides at 27 Cand 30% RH conditions for 7, 14, and 21d.
#j 15(1):137-45,2000Fig. 4. Equilibrium moisture content(EMC)of wood reactecd with phosphoramides at 27oC and 65% RH conditions for1,2,3,7,14,and 21d.Fig. 5. Changes in volumetric swelling ofwood reacted with phosphoramides at 27 Cand 65% RH conditions for 7, 14,and 21d.
IExparure7I4IIExposure7time(d)I4ExposureFig. 6. Equilibrium moisture conrent(EMC)of wood reactecd with phosphoramides at 27oC and 90% RH conditions for1,2,3,7,14,and 21d.21time (d)2,time(d)Fig. 7. Changes in volumetric swelling ofwood reacted with phosphoramides at 27 Cand 90% RH conditions for 7,14, and 21d.
&?# 15(1):137-45,2000145ties of wood reacted with phosphorus pentoxide-aminessystem. In: Lewin M, editor. TheAnnual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy:Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials; 1998 June 1-3; Stamford, CT:Business CommunucationsCompany. p 98-119.Lee HL, Chen GC, Rowell RM. 1999. Evaluation of phosphoramides to improve thermalresistance of wood. In: Wang SY, Yeh ntationonTimber:EffectiveTimberandWood Composites for the Next Century; 22-24May 1999; Chi-Tou, Taiwan. p 266-73.RowellRM. 1991. Chemical modification ofwood. In: Hon DNS, Shiraishi N, editors.SlR*l#WoodBullock JB, Welch CM, Guthrie JD. 1964.Basel: Marcel Dekker. p 703-56.andcelluiosicchemistry.NewYork,The weathering characteristics of light weightRowellflame-retardant finishes for cotton fabrics.wood composites. In: Vigo TL, Kinzig BJ,RM. 1992. Property enchancementofText Res J 34:691-700.editors. Composite applications-The role ofChen GC. 1992. Fungal decay resistance andmatrix, fiber, and interface. New York: VCHdimensional stability of loblollyPublishers. p 365-82.with 1,6-diisocyanatohexane.pine reactedWood Fiber SciRowellRM, Ellis WD. 1978. Chemical modi-24(3):307-14.Colthup NB, Daly LH, Wiberly SE. 1964.fication of wood-Reaction of methyl isocya-Introduction to infrared and rarnman spec-Rowelltroscopy. New York : Academic Press. p 273.modification of wood-Reactions of alkyleneEllis WD. 1994. Moisture sorption andoxides with southern yellow pine. Wood Sci 7swelling(3):240-6.Rowell R M , S u s o t t R A , DeGroot W F ,Shafizadeh F. 1984. Bonding fiber retardantsofwood-polymercomposites.WoodFiber Sci 26(3):333-41.Langley JT, Drews MJ, Barker RH. 1980.nate with southern pine. Wood Sci 12( 1):52-8.RM, Gutzmer DI. 1975. ChemicalPyrolysis and combustion of cellulose-VII.to wood. Part I. Thermal behavior of chemicalThermal analysis in the presence of aromaticbonding agents. Wood Fiber Sci 16(2):214-23.phosphates and phosphoramides. J Appl PolymRowellSci 30:2263-77.1986. DimensionalLee HL, Chen GC, and Rowell RM. 1998.by chemical modification, Wood Fiber Tech-Flame-retardant and decay-resistant proper-nol 20:83-95.RM, Tillman AM, Zhengtian L.stabilizationofflakeboard
2,4,6-Tribromoaniline C 6H2Br3NH2 329.83 Aniline C 6H5NH2 93.13 p-Anisidine ASDC 6H4OCH3NH2 123.16 p-Toludine CHC 6H4 3NH2 107.16 4-Nitroaniline C 6H4NO2NH2 138.13 Symbol P PAM BAM HAM OAM FAN CAN BAN TBAN AN TLD NAN. L--L!-. v I 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 Wavenumber (cm-‘) Fig. 1. FTIR spectra of control wood and
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