Water Supply And Sanitation In Togo - WSP
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewWaterSupply andSanitation inTogoTurning Finance intoServices for 2015and BeyondFor enquiries, contact:Water and Sanitation Program–Africa RegionThe World Bank, Upper Hill RoadP.O. Box 30577, 00100, Nairobi, KenyaTel: (254) 20 322 6300E-mail: wspaf@worldbank.orgWeb site: www.wsp.org
The first round of Country Status Overviews (CSO1) published in 2006 benchmarked the preparedness of sectors of 16countries in Africa to meet the WSS MDGs based on their medium-term spending plans and a set of ‘success factors’selected from regional experience. Combined with a process of national stakeholder consultation, this promptedcountries to ask whether they had those ‘success factors’ in place and, if not, whether they should put them inplace.The second round of Country Status Overviews (CSO2) has built on both the method and the process developed inCSO1. The ‘success factors’ have been supplemented with additional factors drawn from country and regional analysisto develop the CSO2 scorecard. Together these reflect the essential steps, functions and results in translating financeinto services through government systems—in line with Paris Principles for aid effectiveness. The data and summaryassessments have been drawn from local data sources and compared with internationally reported data, and, whereverpossible, the assessments have been subject to broad-based consultations with lead government agencies and countrysector stakeholders, including donor institutions.This second set of 32 Country Status Overviews (CSO2) on water supply and sanitation was commissioned by theAfrican Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW). Development of the CSO2 was led by the World Bank administeredWater and Sanitation Program (WSP) in collaboration with the African Development Bank (AfDB), the United NationsChildren’s Fund (UNICEF), the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO).This report was produced in collaboration with the Government of Togo and other stakeholders during 2009/10.Some sources cited may be informal documents that are not readily available.The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of thecollaborating institutions, their Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The collaborating institutionsdo not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and otherinformation shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the collaborating institutionsconcerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent towsp@worldbank.org. The collaborating institutions encourage the dissemination of this work and will normally grantpermission promptly. For more information, please visit www.amcow.net or www.wsp.org.Photograph credits: Getty Images 2011 Water and Sanitation Program
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewWaterSupply andSanitation inTogoTurning Finance intoServices for 2015and Beyond1
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewStrategic OverviewSince the early 1990s, Togo experienced a period of politicalinstability which severely hampered the development ofits water supply and sanitation infrastructure. Pro-activeinstitutional reform of the water supply sector initiatedin 1999, ongoing to date, is enabling the country togradually get the sector back on track. The sector’s policyand regulatory framework is now being developed.Although still incomplete, particularly for sanitation, thisframework has greatly improved over the last few years. In2006 Togo put in place a national policy for water supplyand sanitation in rural and semi-rural areas. In addition,there is a complementary integrated water resourcesmanagement policy and strategy.Nevertheless, Togo will not meet its MillenniumDevelopment Goal (MDG) targets. Overall the access ratesare still very low. National data shows that only one-thirdof the population has access to an improved source ofdrinking water and to improved sanitation facilities.To meet the MDG targets, this figure needs to increasetwofold, yet the current development trends are notvery encouraging. The overall service quality is belowaverage, as all the subsectors suffer from severe lack offinance: the urban water supply subsector is not able tocover its operating costs through the tariff, nor is it ableto attract external funding. The contribution of users anddevelopment partners to the rural water supply subsector2is also insufficient. Lastly, households’ limited ability topay and limited hygiene awareness means householdsare not motivated to install their own sanitation facilities.The number and capacity of the sector stakeholders is toolimited to offset this trend.As far as financing is concerned, budget forecasts fallwell below requirements. The allocation of funds stilllacks transparency. Furthermore, the financial instabilityof services means that the opportunities for self-fundedexpansion are few and far between and are highlydependent upon ad hoc funding.The main challenge now lies in continuing the institutionalreform and overall improvement efforts within thesector. The ongoing reforms should enable effectiveimplementation of investment plans, improved monitoringand coordination of stakeholder interventions, as well asdomestic stakeholder capacity-building. Only once theseconditions are met will Togo be able to attract increasedcommitments from international support agencies,thereby remedying the chronic underinvestment currentlyplaguing the sector.This second AMCOW Country Status Overview (CSO2)has been produced in collaboration with the Governmentof Togo and other stakeholders.
Water Supply and Sanitation in Togo: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and BeyondAgreed priority actions to tackle these challenges, and ensure finance is effectivelyturned into services, are:Sectorwide Finalize the institutional structure of the sector, particularly by integrating the decentralized local authorities,nongovernmental organizations, and water users’ associations.Develop national funding channels for all sectors, prioritizing sanitation.Improve budget control mechanisms by ensuring financial data is consistent and by ensuring the majority of donorfinancing is included in the state budget.Put in place a coherent and comprehensive system for monitoring sector activity (physical and financial) so as to beable to control and improve the effectiveness of public expenditure.Rural water supply Improve the way in which the rural and semi-urban policy is communicated, as there is still little awareness of thisamongst stakeholders, and define strategies for its implementation.Improve the local participation of communities, who are often unaware of the role attributed to them under thenational policy, meaning they are not systematically involved in projects.Urban water supply Clarify the institutional framework of the subsector with the creation of an asset-holding company.Mobilize additional financial resources to fund the increase in production capacity, the extension of water supplynetworks and promote affordable connections.Review the tariff structure to create a tool that (a) guarantees a cost recovery for both the operator and the assetholding company; (b) reduces inequality through cross-subsidies and prevents water being wasted; (c) leads tofinancial sustainability within the subsector; and (d) is simple to set up.Rural sanitation and hygiene On an institutional level, ensure sector coordination by clarifying roles and clearly defining an institutional lead.Adopt a clear and ambitious investment plan that enables additional financial resources to be mobilized to fundsubsidy mechanisms for infrastructure and awareness-raising.Select effective tools for the development of latrines: put a public subsidy system in place and/or increase promotionaland awareness-raising activities and/or the establishment of credit systems.Urban sanitation and hygiene Clarify the institutional landscape of the sector to improve its coordination: address the issue of conflicting contractingauthority responsibilities between the Directorate of Sanitation and the communes, appoint an institutional lead, andso on.Encourage pit emptying services and develop sludge treatment facilities.3
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ContentsAcronyms and Abbreviations. 61.Introduction. 72.Sector Overview: Coverage and Finance Trends. 83.Reform Context: Introducing the CSO2 Scorecard. 114.Institutional Framework. 135.Financing and its Implementation. 156.Sector Monitoring and Evaluation. 177.Subsector: Rural Water Supply. 188.Subsector: Urban Water Supply. 209.Subsector: Rural Sanitation and Hygiene. 2210.Subsector: Urban Sanitation and Hygiene. 24Notes and References. 265
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewAcronyms and AbbreviationsAEP(A)Water Supply (and Sanitation)(Approvisionnement en eau potable (etassainissement))AFDFrench Development Agency (Agencefrançaise de développement)AfDBAfrican Development BankAMCOWAfrican Ministers’ Council on WaterCAPEXCapital expenditureCLTSCommunity-Led Total SanitationCSO2Country Status Overview (second round)DAEPDirectorate of Water Supply (Direction del’Approvisionnement en Eau Potable)DGEAGeneral Directorate of Water and Sanitation(Direction Générale de l’Eau et del’Assainissement)DHEDirectorate of Water Supply and Energy(Direction de l’Hydraulique et de l’Energie)DHVDirectorate of Village Water Supply(Direction de l’Hydraulique Villageoise)DPDevelopment partnerEUEuropean UnionFODESEPA Development fund for the WSS sector inurban areas (Fonds de développementdu secteur de l’eau potable et del’assainissement en milieu urbain)GNIGross national incomeIWRMIntegrated Water Resources ManagementJMPJoint Monitoring Programme (UNICEF/WHO)MAEPMinistry of Agriculture, Livestock andFisheries (Ministère de l’Agriculture, del’Élevage et de la Pêche)MDGMillennium Development GoalMEAHVMinistry of Water, Sanitation and Village WaterSupply (Ministère de l’Eau de l’Assainissementet de l’Hydraulique Villageoise)M&EMonitoring and evaluationExchange rate: US 1 472.1863 CFA Francs.16MERFMinistry of the Environment and ForestResources (Ministère de l’Environnement etdes Ressources Forestières)MICSMultiple Indicator Cluster SurveyMUHMinistry of Urban Development andHousing (Ministère de l’Urbanisme et del’Habitat)NGONongovernmental organizationO&MOperation and maintenanceOPEXOperations expenditurePAPPriority Action Program(Programme d’Actions Prioritaires)PANSEANational action plan for the WSS sector(Plan d’Action National pour le Secteur del’Eau et de l’Assainissement)PIPPriority Investment Program(Programme d’Investissements Prioritaires)PNHATNational Hygiene and Sanitation Policy forTogo (Politique Nationale d’Hygiène etd’Assainissement au Togo)PRSP-C(Complete) Poverty Reduction StrategyPaperRNETTogo national water company(Régie Nationale des Eaux du Togo)RSHRural sanitation and hygiene subsectorRWSRural water supply subsectorSSASub-Saharan AfricaTdETogolese water company(Société Togolaise des Eaux)UNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUNICEFUnited Nations Children’s FundUSHUrban sanitation and hygiene subsectorUWS Urban water supply subsectorWHOWorld Health OrganizationWSP Water and Sanitation ProgramWSS Water Supply and Sanitation
Water Supply and Sanitation in Togo: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond1. IntroductionThe African Ministers’ Council on Water (AMCOW) commissioned the production of a second round of Country StatusOverviews (CSOs) to better understand what underpins progress in water supply and sanitation and what its membergovernments can do to accelerate that progress across countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).2 AMCOW delegated thistask to the World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program and the African Development Bank who are implementing itin close partnership with UNICEF and WHO in over 30 countries across SSA. This CSO2 report has been produced incollaboration with the Government of Togo and other stakeholders during 2009/10.The analysis aims to help countries assess their own service delivery pathways for turning finance into water supply andsanitation services in each of four subsectors: rural and urban water supply, and rural and urban sanitation and hygiene.The CSO2 analysis has three main components: a review of past coverage; a costing model to assess the adequacy offuture investments; and a scorecard which allows diagnosis of particular bottlenecks along the service delivery pathway.The CSO2’s contribution is to answer not only whether past trends and future finance are sufficient to meet sectortargets, but what specific issues need to be addressed to ensure finance is effectively turned into accelerated coverage inwater supply and sanitation. In this spirit, specific priority actions have been identified through consultation. A synthesisreport, available separately, presents best practice and shared learning to help realize these priority actions.7
An AMCOW Country Status Overview2. Sector Overview:Coverage and Finance TrendsCoverage: Assessing Past ProgressThe unfavorable economic situation that has resulted fromyears of political crisis, added to the lack of internationalfinance, is one of the reasons why the water supply andsanitation (WSS) access rates are so low. The current rateof progress is not encouraging and will not enable Togo toachieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targetsunless there is a dramatic change in pace. As can be seenin Table 1, there are significant differences between thedata reported by sector authorities3 and that of the JointMonitoring Programme (JMP),4 partly because these twosources use different calculation methods. This report usesthe JMP access rates published in the 2010 report,5 aimedmainly at providing regional comparisons. Accordingto these two data sources, there needs to be a twofold(for water supply) or tenfold increase (for sanitationand hygiene) in progress if the MDG targets are to be metby 2015.According to the JMP, to reach the MDG targets, Togoneeds to guarantee access to drinking water to 75Table 1Current and target access rates to water supply and sanitation servicesCurrent access rate2015 targetsJMP data(2008)National data(2007)JMP dataNational dataWater supply — all areas60%33%75%66%Water supply — rural areas (including semi-rural)41%30%68%63%Water supply — urban areas87%39%90%69%Sanitation — all areas12%32%57%73%Sanitation — rural areas (including semi-rural)3%10%54%61%Sanitation — urban areas24%67%63%87%Sources: JMP and national data.6Figure 1Progress in water supply and sanitation ter supply60%40%20%40%20%0%1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 20200%1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020Government estimatesGovernment targetGovernment estimatesGovernment targetJMP, improvedMDG targetJMP, improvedMDG targetSources: JMP and national data.860%
Water Supply and Sanitation in Togo: Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyondpercent of its population, compared to the access ratein 2008 which stood at 60 percent. Togo also needsto provide access to improved sanitation facilities to 57percent of its population, compared to an access rateof 12 percent in 2008 (see Table 1 and Figure 1). Onaverage, 110,000 additional people have gained accessto drinking water each year since 1990 compared to the260,000 required going forward. As far as sanitation isconcerned, the situation is even more acute as fewer than14,000 additional people have gained access to improvedsanitation facilities each year, whereas the requirementfor reaching the MDG target stands at 505,000 goingforward (37 times more).that this investment has to be financed by the state withthe support of development partners (DPs). With regardto this financing, the state and external support agencies’commitments for the years to come stand at aroundUS 17.4 million per year, which equates to 60 percent ofthe estimated requirement. However, there is a significantdifference between subsectors: of the US 16.4 millionrequired, US 14.5 million per year has been committed forrural water supply, covering 88 percent of the requirement;in contrast, less than US 3 million per year of the US 12.8million required has been mobilized for urban water supply,which equates to only 23 percent of the investment required(see Table 2).Investment Requirements: Testing theSufficiency of FinanceAs far as sanitation is concerned, the national policy doesnot give guidance on whether on-site sanitation should besubsidized. US 2.8 million is forecast each year for publicinvestment within the sector; this is considerably lowerthan the estimated requirement of US 55.1 million. Thefunding deficit therefore stands at US 52.3 million per year(see Figure 2 and Table 2). Although part of this financingcould be taken on by households, by encouraging themto invest in the construction of their own latrines, it isunrealistic to expect families to fund these latrines in full.The costs pertaining to this sector should be met, at leastin part, by the public authorities (regardless of the methodchosen: contributing equipment, mobilizing awarenessraising teams, using community-led total sanitation, orCLTS, techniques, and so on).The investment requirements are considerably higherfor the sanitation sector than for the water supplysector (US 386 million compared with US 204 million);7however, the prospects for investment are far better forwater supply than for sanitation (60 percent of financecommitted compared to 5 percent).8 All the investmentrequirements identified concern the construction andrehabilitation of infrastructure and do not includeoperation and maintenance (O&M) costs.For drinking water, the tariff paid by users in both urban andrural areas is not sufficient to cover investment, meaningFigure 2Required vs. anticipated (public) and assumed (household) expenditure for waterSanitationWater supplyRequired CAPEX01020Required CAPEXRequiredOPEX304050020RequiredOPEX406080US million/yearUS million/yearPublic CAPEX (anticipated)Public CAPEX (anticipated)Household CAPEX (assumed)Household CAPEX (assumed)CAPEX deficitCAPEX deficitSource: CSO2 estimates.9
An AMCOW Country Status OverviewTable 2Coverage and investment figuresCoverage Target PopulationCAPEXAnticipated publicAssumed Totalrequiring requirementsCAPEXHHdeficitaccessCAPEX1990 20082015External TotalTotal Public Do
Water and Sanitation Program–Africa Region The World Bank, Upper Hill Road P.O. Box 30577, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya Tel: (254) 20 322 6300 E-mail: wspaf@worldbank.org Web site: www.wsp.org An AMCOW Country Status Overview Water Supply and Sanitation in Togo Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond
Equitable management of water and sanitation in Pacific Island Countries/Leonie Crennan & Ilana Burness.- Suva : SOPAC, 2005. 35 p. : ill.; 30 cm ISSN : 1605-4377 1. Water & sanitation - management 2. Water & sanitation - Pacific Islands 3. Water & sanitation equitable management I. Burness, Ilana II.
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Framework for Provision and Regulation 2010 The National Water Policy 2000 Statutory Instrument No. 63 2014 . Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management Policy2 is expected to continue the shifting focus and moment for sanitation in Zambia. 2. National institutional arrangements for sanitation in Zambia
Water supply and sanitation are among two of the most important sectors of development (Bendahmane 1993). Development of community water supplies and sanitation results in improved social and economic conditions and improved health (Davis et al. 1993). The benefits of improved water supply and sanitation are many, including prevention of
for Water Supply and Sanitation Service Delivery, and forms part of the Water Supply and Sanitation Global Solutions Group (WSS GSG) agenda. This work was financed by the World Bank's Global Water Security and Sanitation Partnership and the Swiss State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO). This discussion paper was prepared by a team led by
and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, sup - porting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, sup - porting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
accelerated and sustainable water supply and sanitation service delivery. The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group’s Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services.
Box 1.5: Water supply and sanitation technologies considered to be “improved” and those considered to be “not improved” Box 3.1: Community participation in problem-solving: the Participatory Hygiene And Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) approach Box 3.2: Support provided for the water supply and sanitation sector in developing countries
