Canine Vaccine Guidelines - Gakugeidai-vet
VETERINARY PRACTICE GUIDELINES2011 AAHACanine Vaccination Guidelines*yMembers of the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccination Task Force:Link V. Welborn, DVM, DABVP (Chairperson), John G. DeVries, DVM, DABVP, Richard Ford, DVM, MS, DACVIM,(Hon)ACVPM, Robert T. Franklin, DVM, DACVIM, Kate F. Hurley, DVM, MPVM, Kent D. McClure, DVM, JD,Michael A. Paul, DVM, Ronald D. Schultz, PhD, DACVMIntroductionTask Force addresses several topical and controversial canineThe previous versions of the American Animal Hospital Associ-vaccination issues posed by practicing veterinarians. The sectionation (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Guidelines, published in 2003 andis subdivided into four categories to address questions on Ad-2006, and updated in 2007, represented a collaborative effort byministration of Vaccines, Vaccine Products, Adverse Reactionsacademicians, private practitioners, and industry to facilitateto Vaccines, and Legal Issues related to administration of vac-efforts of veterinarians in the United States (US) and Canada incines, and is intended to provide additional advice on keymaking decisions regarding the selection and use of canine vac-points of concern where scientific documentation may not becines. Vaccination guidelines for shelter-housed dogs were alsoavailable.included in 2006. Since that time, new canine vaccines have beenThe AAHA Canine Vaccination Task Force developed thelicensed, others have been withdrawn, and new information on2011 Guidelines in a manner consistent with best vaccinationexisting vaccines has led to the revision of current recom-practices. The Guidelines include expert opinion supported bymendations. The 2011 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines offerscientific study and encompass all canine vaccines currentlya comprehensive review of canine vaccines currently available inlicensed in the US and Canada. The Guidelines include rec-North America, updated recommendations on administration ofommendations that may differ from statements on productcore versus noncore vaccines, and revised recommendations forlabels and product literature, especially with respect to initialvaccination of shelter-housed dogs. Also included are updatedvaccination and revaccination (booster) intervals. It is the view ofrecommendations on serologic testing as a means of documentingthe Task Force that veterinarians have considerable latitude in theand monitoring immune responses to vaccines, an expandedselection and use of veterinary biologic products licensed fordiscussion on vaccine adverse events (AEs), and an updated reviewdogs, with rabies vaccine being a noted exception, and that theseof the legal implications associated with administering vaccines inGuidelines, although not intended to dictate an exclusive pro-clinical practice.tocol or standard, do meet accepted standards of professionalThe reader is reminded that scientific studies and refereedpractice.journal publications are not available to support all of theThis document was developed by AAHA through a collabo-vaccination recommendations included within this document.rative effort among Task Force members to aid practitioners inSome recommendations are based on unpublished studies,making decisions about appropriate care of their canine patientscurrent knowledge of immunology, and the experience ofwith respect to currently available vaccines. The Task Forceexperts in the field. To that point, the reader is referred to a newincluded experts in immunology, infectious diseases, internalsection of the AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines, entitledmedicine, law, and clinical practice.Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs). Within this section, theThe Guidelines are supported by professional, scientific,and clinical evidence, as well as published and unpublished* These guidelines were sponsored by a generous educational grant fromBoehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica Inc., Merck Animal Health, Merial, andydocumentation.These Guidelines and recommendations should not bePfizer Animal Health.construed as dictating an exclusive protocol, course of treat-Reviewers were provided by the American College of Veterinary Micro-ment, or procedure. Variations in practice may be warrantedbiologists.based on the needs of the individual patient, resources, andª 2011 by American Animal Hospital AssociationJAAHA.ORG1
limitations unique to each individual practice setting. TheAcronyms and TermsGuidelines are not intended to be an AAHA standard ofRegulatory Agency Acronymscare.AMDUCA Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act—appliesTABLE OF CONTENTSonly to animal drugs regulated by FDA, not veterinary biologicsAcronyms and Termsregulated by USDA; APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspec-Part 1: Canine Vaccination in Veterinary Practicetion Service—an agency of the USDA; CFIA Canadian FoodVaccine TypesInspection Agency—the agency responsible for licensing veteri-Vaccine Licensurenary vaccines made and/or used in Canada; CVB Center forUnited StatesVeterinary Biologics; FDA Food and Drug Administration—Canadalicenses all human vaccines and veterinary pharmaceuticals;Serologic Testing to Determine and Monitor ImmunityInterpreting Results of Serologic TestsUSDA United States Department of Agriculture—licenses allveterinary vaccinesApplications of Serologic TestingApplication of Serology to Evaluate Duration ofImmunityVaccine Adverse Events—Recognition and ResponseAvirulent live attenuated bacterial vaccine; bacterin wholekilled cell bacterial vaccine; killed antigen inactivated vaccineWhat Constitutes a Vaccine Adverse Event?antigen (viral or bacterial); infectious vaccines vaccines thatHow to Report a Known or Suspected Adverse Eventinfect the host’s cells to induce a protective immune response (e.g.,Managing Adverse Event Risk in Individual Patients.modified-live [attenuated] viral vaccines [see text for specificCanadian Food Inspection Agencyexamples]); noninfectious vaccine vaccines that are incapablePatients with a Known or Suspected Vaccine Adverse Eventof infecting host cells to produce additional antigen (e.g., killedHistory[inactivated] vaccines [see text for specific examples]); r recombinantSmall Breed Dogsvaccine antigen—this notation generally precedes the name of theLaw Considerationsvaccine (e.g., recombinant canine distemper virus [rCDV]); sub-Professional Discretion in the Use of Vaccinesunit vaccine a vaccine produced using conventional or recombi-Potential for Liability Associated with Vaccinenant technology that contains specific subunits rather than aAdministrationcomplete virus or bacteria; viral vector a live nonpathogenic (orConsent Versus Informed Consentattenuated) virus in which selected DNA or RNA of a pathogenicMedical Record Documentationvirus is recombined for purposes of vaccine development; virusPart 2: Vaccination of Shelter-Housed DogsDefinition of a Shelter EnvironmentGeneral Vaccination Guidelines for Sheltersvectored vaccines represent one form of recombinant vaccinetechnology.AAHA American Animal Hospital Association; AE adverseCore Vaccinesevent; Bb Bordetella bronchiseptica; CAV-1 canine adenovirus, type 1Noncore Vaccines(cause of canine viral hepatitis); protection from CAV-1 infectionVaccines Not Recommended for Use in the Shelteris provided by parenterally administered CAV-2 vaccine; CAV-2EnvironmentDogs with a Documented Vaccination History at Time ofAdmissionVaccination of Long-Term Shelter-Housed Dogscanine adenovirus, type 2; CCoV canine coronavirus cause of entericcoronavirus infection (antigenically distinct from the canine respiratory coronavirus [CRCoV]); CDV canine distemper virus; CIVcanine influenza virus—H3N8; CPiV canine parainfluenza virus;Vaccination of Pregnant DogsCPV-2 canine parvovirus, type 2; DOI duration of immunity; HIVaccination of Sick Dogshemagglutination inhibition—a laboratory technology used tomeasure antibody levels (e.g., parvovirus antibody); HOD hyper-AppendixAdverse Event Report Form (United States)trophic osteodystrophy; IgG immunoglobulin G—a class of humoralAdverse Event Report Form (Canada)antibody; most common type associated with immune response toFrequently Asked Questions2Vaccine Terms and Acronymsparenteral vaccine; also the most common class of antibody measuredAdditional Readingas serum titers; IgM immunoglobulin M—a class of antibody, gen-Referenceserally short lived and associated with early infection and initialJAAHA 47:5 Sep/Oct 2011
Veterinary Practice Guidelinesvaccination; IM intramuscular (route of administration); IN in-protein A [OspA] Lyme, and conventional subunit Leptospira outertranasal or mucosal (route of administration); MDA maternallymembrane component [OMC] vaccines), a cellular antigen ex-derived antibody; MLV modified live virus, attenuated virus vaccine;tract of the Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) vaccine, and WesternMV measles virus; NSAIDs nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;diamondback rattlesnake avenomous vaccine (Table 1). As theOMC outer membrane component—used in reference to bacterialname “noninfectious” implies, these vaccines do not infect thesurface proteins (subunit antigens) in selected bacterins; also referredhost to produce new antigen. Thus, they must contain adequateto as “conventional” subunit vaccines; OspA outer surface proteinamounts of antigen to immunize. Because the antigen aloneA (antigen) of Borrelia burgdorferi; OspC outer surface proteinmay not be adequate to immunize a dog, many of the non-C (antigen) of Borrelia burgdorferi; PCR polymerase chaininfectious vaccines must also contain adjuvant. Adjuvants in-reaction—a very sensitive test that measures the presence orclude a wide variety of substances that maintain or depot theamount of RNA or DNA of a specific organism; RV rabies virus;antigen as well as stimulate an inflammatory response to pro-SAE serious adverse event; sIgA secretory immunoglobulin A—vide a more robust immune response to the vaccine antigens.5,6a class of antibody, most commonly associated with a local (mucosal)This increased nonspecific stimulation of the immune systemimmune response after IN vaccination; SQ subcutaneous (route ofcaused by adjuvants is required to induce a protective responseadministration); US United States; VN virus neutralization—a labo-to antigens. Some of the killed whole cell bacterial vaccines doratory technology used to measure antibody levels (e.g., caninenot require the addition of adjuvant because the bacterial celldistemper antibody)walls or portions of cell wall (e.g., lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycans) of Bordetella, Leptospira, or Borrelia have adjuvantPart I: Canine Vaccination inGeneral Veterinary Practiceproperties, in addition to serving as antigens.5,6 Together, theVaccines provide proven life-saving benefits, are associated withmune response.antigen and adjuvant are designed to stimulate a protective im-minimal risk, and should be part of routine preventative healthCritical to production of a noninfectious vaccine is thecare. Life stage and lifestyle, risk of exposure, and underlyingprocess used to inactivate the virus or bacteria, to ensure that itmedical conditions should all be considered when developingis dead. At the same time, this process must not significantlya vaccination protocol.alter the antigenic properties of the organism. Chemicals,ionizing irradiation, and other methods are used to kill theVaccine Typesorganisms. Chemicals used for inactivation include formalin,Over the last 5 decades, significant advances in vaccine tech-b-propiolactone, ethylenediamine, and other agents. Some ofnology have resulted in many types of biologicals (vaccines) beingthese agents cannot be completely eliminated from the finallicensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) andproduct. Injection site pain or hypersensitivity have sometimesCanadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) for use in dogs. Thebeen attributed to the residual chemicals.7 When comparedtwo general types of vaccines now available include the non-with infectious (attenuated, avirulent, modified live, recombi-infectious (inactivated, killed, dead, conventional and recombi-nant viral vectored) vaccines, noninfectious vaccines are morenant subunit, plasmid DNA, and avenomous) vaccines and thelikely to produce local and systemic adverse reactions in someinfectious (attenuated, avirulent, modified live, recombinant viraldogs.7–9 These AEs can be caused by the antigen (e.g., virus orvectored) vaccines.1–4The availability of a wide variety ofbacteria), the adjuvant, serum or cellular proteins, or a com-products provides veterinarians with multiple options whenbination of vaccine components. Noninfectious vaccines areselecting and administering core and noncore vaccines. Themore stable than infectious vaccines, as the microbial agents dofollowing section provides a summary of the theory and tech-not need to remain viable (i.e., do not need to infect cells) tonology behind the different types of canine vaccines currently onimmunize.the market.Noninfectious vaccines are often considered to be the safestvaccine type because the immunizing agent (virus or bacteria) isNoninfectious (Inactivated, Killed) Vaccinesdead; thus, it cannot revert to virulence and cannot cause theThe noninfectious (inactivated, killed) vaccines include killeddisease that the vaccine was intended to prevent.1–10 However, itviral (e.g., rabies virus [RV], canine influenza virus [CIV], andshould be understood that hypersensitivity reactions are morecanine coronavirus [CCoV]), whole killed cell bacterins (certaincommon with the noninfectious vaccines than infectious vaccines;Lyme, Leptospira), bacterial subunit (recombinant outer surfacethus, they may not be perceived to be as safe as the infectiousJAAHA.ORG3
4JAAHA 47:5 Sep/Oct 2011Dogs (puppies) completing the initialvaccination series by 16 wk of ageor younger should receive a singlebooster vaccination no later than1 yr after completion of the initialseries and be revaccinated every 3 yr thereafter, regardless ofthe product used.Not recommendedNot recommendedA single dose is recommendedfor administration to healthydogs between the ages of6 and 12 wk.MV (MLV–an aid in theprevention of CDV infectionin puppies only) (Note:measles antigen is currentlyavailable in a 4-waycombined MLV vaccine: CDV 1measles 1 CAV-2 1 CPiV)and a 2-way combined MLVvaccine: CDV 1 MeaslesIM route onlyRevaccination (Booster)RecommendationOne dose is consideredprotective and acceptable.Revaccination isrecommended every 3 yrafter completion of theinitial vaccination,regardless of theproduct used.Initial Vaccination(.16 wk of age)Puppies should be vaccinated every3–4 wk between the ages of 6 and16 wk (e.g., at 6, 10, and 14 wk, or8, 12, and 16 wk). To minimize therisk of maternal antibody interferencewith vaccination, the final dose of theinitial series should be administeredbetween 14 and 16 wk of age,regardless of the product used.Initial Vaccination (,16 wk of age)CDV (MLV) or rCDVVacciney2011 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines* for the General Veterinary PracticeTABLE 1·········(Table continues)expected to induce a sustainedprotective immune response lastingat least 5 yr.Among healthy dogs, the rCDV vaccinehas been shown to induce a protectiveimmune response lasting at least 5 yr.Although rare, some dogs aregenetically predisposed “nonresponders”and are incapable of developing protectiveimmunity subsequent to CDV vaccination.The rCDV vaccine can be usedinterchangeably with MLV-CDV vaccine.It is recommended that all CDV vaccinesbe administered within 1 hr afterreconstitution; vaccine held .1 hr shouldbe discarded. MLV-CDV vaccine isparticularly vulnerable to inactivationafter reconstitution (rehydration).NoncoreMeasles vaccine is only intended to providetemporary immunization of young puppiesagainst CDV. MV has been shown tocross-protect puppies against CDV inpresence of MDA to CDV.These vaccines should not be administeredto dog ,6 wk or female dogs .12 wk ofage that will be used for breeding, as thesepuppies may have maternally derivedmeasles antibody and will block MV inducedimmunity.After administration of a single dose ofmeasles virus-containing vaccine, subsequentvaccination with a CDV vaccine that doesnot contain MV is recommended at 2–4 wkintervals until the patient is 14–16 wk of age.Vaccine that contains MV must beadministered by the IM route.It is recommended that MV-containingvaccine be administered within 1 hr afterreconstitution; vaccine held .1 hr shouldbe discarded.Corehealthy dogs, all commercially· Amongavailable distemper vaccines areComments and Recommendations
Puppies should be vaccinatedevery 3–4 wk between the agesof 6 and 16 wk (e.g., at 6, 10, and14 wk, or 8, 12, and 16 wk).To minimize the risk of maternalantibody interference withvaccination, the finaldose of the initial series should beadministered between 14 and16 wk of age, regardless of theproduct used.Puppies should be vaccinated every3–4 wk between the ages of 6 and16 wk (e.g., at 6, 10, and 14 wk,or 8, 12, and 16 wk). To minimizethe risk of maternal antibodyinterference with vaccination,the final dose of the initialseries should be administeredbetween 14 and 16 wk of age,regardless of the product used.CAV-2 (MLV parenteral)Initial Vaccination (,16 wk of age)CPV-2 (MLV)VaccineyTABLE 1 (continued )Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationDogs (puppies) completing the initialvaccination series by #16 wk ofage should receive a singlebooster vaccination not laterthan 1 yr after completion ofthe initial series and berevaccinated every 3 yrthereafter, regardless of theproduct used.Dogs (puppies) completing the initialvaccination series by #16 wkof age should receive a singlebooster vaccination not later than1 yr after completion of theinitial series and be revaccinatedevery 3 yr thereafter,regardless of the product used.Initial Vaccination(.16 wk of age)One dose is consideredprotective and acceptable.Revaccination isrecommended every 3 yr after completionof the initial vaccination,regardless of theproduct used.One dose is consideredprotective and acceptable.Revaccination isrecommended every 3 yrafter completion of theinitial vaccination,regardless of theproduct used.·········(Table continues)CoreAll MLV-CPV-2 vaccines available todayare expected to provide immunity fromdisease caused by any field variantrecognized today (CPV-2a, -2b, and -2c).As new variants of CPV-2 occur, thosevariants will need to be evaluated, asthe previous ones have, to ensurevaccines in use at the time are protective.Among healthy dogs, all commerciallyavailable MLV-CPV-2 vaccines areexpected to induce a sustained protectiveimmune response lasting at least 5 yr.Although rare, some dogs are geneticnonresponders and are incapable ofdeveloping protective immunitysubsequent to CPV-2 vaccination nomatter how often vaccine is administered.Today, specific breed-susceptibility toCPV-2 nonresponsiveness is notrecognized. There is no value inextending initial CPV-2 vaccination seriesbeyond 16 wk of age.It is recommended that CPV-2 vaccine,especially when administered incombination with CDV vaccine, beadministered within 1 hr afterreconstitution; vaccine held .1 hrshould be discarded.CoreCAV-2 induces protection against CAV-1(canine hepatitis virus) as well as CAV-2(one of the agents known to be associatedwith canine infectious respiratory disease).Among healthy dogs, all commerciallyavailable MLV-CAV-2 vaccines areexpected to induce a sustained protectiveimmune response lasting at least 7 yr.It is recommended that CAV-2 vaccine,especially when administered in combinationwith CDV vaccine, be administered within 1 hrafter reconstitution; vaccine held .1 hrshould be discarded.Comments and RecommendationsVeterinary Practice GuidelinesJAAHA.ORG5
6JAAHA 47:5 Sep/Oct 2011Administer a single dose of a “3-yr”rabies vaccine within 1 yr afteradministration of the initial dose,regardless of the animal’s ageat the time the initial dose wasadministered. Subsequently,revaccination with a “3-yr rabies”vaccine should be administeredevery 3 yr thereafter, unlessstate, provincial, and/or localrequirements stipulate otherwise.Veterinarians who elect toadminister parenteral CPiVvaccine should follow thesame administrationrecommendations as outlinedabove for the core vaccines.AnnuallyAnnually or more often inhigh-risk animals.Administer a single dose ofa “3-yr” rabies vaccineor as required by state,provincial, and/or localrequirements.Veterinarians who elect toadminister parenteralCPiV vaccine shouldfollow the sameadministrationrecommendations asoutlined above for thecore vaccines.Two doses, 2–4 wk apartare required.A single dose isrecommended.Administer a single dose of a “3-yr”rabies vaccine not earlier than12 wk of age or as requiredby state, provincial, and/orlocal requirements.Parenteral CPiV vaccine is only availablein combination with core vaccines(CDV-CPV-2 and CAV-2). Therefore,veterinarians who elect to administerparenteral CPiV vaccine shouldfollow the same administrationrecommendations as outlinedabove for the core vaccines.Administer first dose at 8 wk of age andsecond dose at 12 wk of age (seecomments).A single dose should be administered inconjunction with 1 of the core vaccinedoses. Note: The initial IN dose maybe administered to dogs as youngas 3–4 wk of age (depending onmanufacturer) when exposurerisk is considered to be high(see comments).CPiV (MLV) For parenteraladministration only. (Availableonly as a combined productfor parenteral administration)Bb (inactivated-cellular antigenextract)For parenteral administrationonly.Bb (live avirulent bacteria)For IN administrationonly.Administer a single dose of a“1-yr”rabies vaccine annually.State, provincial, and/or local lawsapply.Administer a single doseof a “1-yr” rabies vaccine.Rabies 3 yr (killed)Revaccination (Booster)RecommendationInitial Vaccination(.16 wk of age)Administer a single dose not earlierthan 12 wk of age or as requiredby state, provincial, and/or localrequirements.Initial Vaccination (,16 wk of age)Rabies 1 yr (killed)VaccineyTABLE 1 (continued )···(Table continues)NoncoreThere is no known advantage toadministering parenteral and IN Bbvaccines simultaneously.On initial vaccination, administrationshould be scheduled such that thesecond dose can be administered atleast 1 wk before exposure (kennel,dog show, daycare, etc).The parenteral vaccine is notimmunogenic if administered bythe IN route.NoncoreTransient (3–10 days) coughing, sneezing,or nasal discharge may occur in a smallpercentage of vaccinates.IN Bb vaccine must not be administeredparenterally.··NoncoreParenterally administered CPiV vaccinedoes prevent clinical signs but has notbeen shown to prevent infectionand shedding.Use of the parenteral vaccine isrecommended for use in those patientsthat aggressively resist IN vaccination.··for products labeled as “3-yr rabies”vaccines.Use of rabies vaccine multidose (“tank”)vials in companion animals is notrecommended.Route of administration may not beoptional; see product literature for details.provincial, and local statutes· State,govern the frequency of administrationCoreof administration may not be· Routeoptional; see product literature for details.products labeled as “1-yr” rabies vaccine.provincial, and local statutes govern· State,the frequency of administration forCoreComments and Recommendations
Annually or more oftenin high-risk animals.Annually or more oftenin high-risk animals.AnnuallyAnnually. Alternatively, it has beenrecommended that initialvaccination or revaccination(booster) be administeredbefore the beginning of tickseason, as determinedregionally.Annually. Administration of boostervaccines should be restricted todogs with a reasonable risk ofexposure.A single dose isrecommended.A single dose isrecommended.Two doses, 2–4 wk apart arerequired. A single initialdose will not immunize aseronegative dog.Two doses, 2–4 wk apart. Asingle initial dose will notimmunize a seronegative dog.Two doses, 2–4 wk apart. Asingle initial dose will notimmunize a seronegativedog.A single dose should be administered inconjunction with 1 of the core vaccinedoses. Note: The initial IN dose maybe administered to dogs as youngas 3–4 wk of age (depending onmanufacturer) when exposure riskis considered to be high(see comments).Administer 1 dose not earlier than 6 wkof age and a second dose 2–4 wklater.Administer 1 dose not earlier than12 wk of age and a seconddose 2–4 wk later. For optimalresponse, do not administer todogs ,12 wk of age.Administer 1 dose not earlier than12 wk of age and a seconddose 2–4 wk later. For optimalresponse, do not administer todogs ,12 wk of age.CAV-2 (MLV) (for INadministration only)(Available only incombination with IN Bband CPiV vaccine)Canine influenza vaccine(killed virus)Borrelia burgdorferi (Lymedisease) (killed wholecell bacterin) orBorrelia burgdorferi(rLyme: rOspA)Leptospira interrogans (4-waykilled whole cell or subunitbacterin) Contains serovarscanicola 1 icterohemorrhagiae 1grippotyphosa 1 pomonaRevaccination (Booster)RecommendationInitial Vaccination(.16 wk of age)A single dose should be administered inconjunction with 1 of the core vaccinedoses. Note: The initial IN dosemay be administered to dogs as youngas 3–4 wk of age (depending onmanufacturer) when exposure risk isconsidered to be high (see comments).Initial Vaccination (,16 wk of age)CPiV (MLV) For IN administrationonly. (IN CPiV vaccine isonly available in combinationwith IN Bb vaccine orBb 1 CAV-2)VaccineyTABLE 1 (continued )····(Table continues)living in or visiting regions where therisk of vector tick exposure is consideredto be high, or where disease is known tobe endemic.In addition to vaccination, prevention ofcanine Lyme borreliosis includes regularutilization of tick control products.NoncoreSpecific vaccination recommendationsvary on the basis: (1) known geographicoccurrence/prevalence, and (2) exposurerisk in the individual patient.It is recommended that the first doseof leptospira vaccine be delayed until12 wk of age.DOI based on challenge studies hasbeen shown to be approximately 1 yr.recommended only for use in· Generallydogs with a known risk of exposure,Noncore··vaccination. Parenterally administeredCPiV vaccine does prevent clinicalsigns, but has not been shown toprevent infection and shedding. INCPiV vaccine prevents not only clinicaldisease but also infection and viralreplication (shedding).NoncoreAdministration of IN CAV-2 vaccine isrecommended for use in dogsconsidered at risk for respiratoryinfection caused by the CAV-2 virus.IN CAV-2 vaccine may not provideprotective immunity against CAV-1(canine hepatitis virus) infection andshould not be considered a replacementfor parenteral MLV-CAV-2 vaccination.NoncoreNoncorefeasible, IN vaccination is· Whenrecommended over parenteralComments and RecommendationsVeterinary Practice GuidelinesJAAHA.ORG7
8JAAHA 47:5 Sep/Oct 2011Initial vaccination recommendationmay depend on size of theindividual dog. Refer tomanufacturer’s label. Currentrecommendations are toadminister 2 doses, 1 mo apart,to dogs as young as 4 mo.Intentionally left blankCrotalus atrox (WesternDiamondback rattlesnakevaccine) (toxoid)Canine coronavirus(CCoV) (killedand MLV)Intentionally left blankRefer to manufacturer’s label.Annual revaccinationrequirements vary dependingon prior exposure, size ofdog, and risk of exposure.Refer to manufacturer’s label.Initial vaccinationrecommendation maydepend on size of theindividual dog. Refer tomanufacturer’s label.Current recommendationsare to administer 2 doses1 mo apart.Intentionally left blankSee Manufacturer’s indicationsfor use.Intentionally left blankRevaccination (Booster)RecommendationSee Manufacturer’sindications for use.Intentionally left blankIntentionally left blankNot applicable. See Manufacturer’sindications for use.Initial Vaccination(.16 wk of age)Initial Vaccination (,16 wk of age)Canine oral melanoma (plasmidDNA vaccine-expresses humantyrosinase). Availability iscurrently limited to practicingoncologists and selectedspecialists.Leptospira interrogans (2-waykilled bacterin) Containsserovars canicola 1icterohemorrhagiae onlyVaccineyTABLE 1 (continued )·····(Table continues)Use of this vaccine is limited to the treatmentof dogs with malignant melanoma.This vaccine aids in extending survival timesof dogs with Stage II or III oral melanomaand for which local disease control hasbeen achieved (negative local lymph nodesor positive lymph nodes that were surgicallyremoved or irradiated). The human tyrosinaseprotein will stimulate an immune responsethat is effective against canine melanomacells that over express tyrosinase.Vaccination is not indicated for theprevention of canine melanoma.Field efficacy and experimental challengedata in dogs are not available at this time.Intended to protect dogs against thevenom associated with the bite of theWestern Diamondback rattlesnake.Some cross-protection may existagainst the venom of the EasternDiamondback rattlesnake. There iscurrently no evidence of cross-protectionagainst the venom (neurotoxin) of theMojave rattlesnake.Vaccine efficacy and doserecommendations are based on toxinneutralization studies conducted in mice.Conventional challenge studies in dogshave not been conducted. Neitherexperimental nor field data are currentlyavailable on this product.Note: Veterinarians should advise clienteleof vaccinated dogs that vaccination does noteliminate the need to treat individualdogs subsequent to envenomation.Not recommendedNeither the MLV vaccine nor thekilled CCoV vaccines have beenshown to significantly reduce diseasecaused by a combination of CCoV andCPV-2. Only CPV-2 vaccines have beenshown to protect dogs against adual-virus challenge.Not recommendedComments and Recommendations
vaccinates nor control dogs developedclinical evidence of disease afterexperimental virus challenge.has never been established. In· DOIcontrolled challenge studies, neither* The AAHA 2011 Canine Vaccine Guidelines are provided to assist veterinarians in developing a
ation (AAHA) Canine Vaccine Guidelines, published in 2003 and 2006, and updated in 2007, represented a collaborative effort by academicians, private practitioners, and industry to facilitate efforts of veterinarians in the United States (US) and Canada in
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REPORT of the AAHA Canine Vaccine Task Force 2003 Canine Vaccine Guidelines and Recommendations 3 Tab le 1 AAHA 2003 Canine Vaccination Guidelines and Recommendations* Initial Puppy Vaccination ‡ Initial Adult Vaccination Revaccination (Booster) Overall Comments and V accine † (
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