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Lockheed Martin Information TechnologiesEnvironmental Services Assistance Team, Region IThe Wannalancit Mills, 175 Cabot Street, Suite 415, Lowell, MA 01854Phone: 978-275-9730 Fax: 978-275-9489June 23, 2005Office of Environmental Measurement and EvaluationUS EPA - Region I11 Technology DriveNorth Chelmsford, Massachusetts 01863To: Mr. Bart Hoskins, EPA TOPOVia: Mr. Louis Macri, ESAT Program ManagerTDF No. 1743Task Order No. 21Task No. 05Subject: Summary of Observed Biological Activity in Temporary Pools on and around the Hatheway &Patterson Superfund Site, Mansfield, MA.Dear Mr. Hoskins:The Environmental Services Assistance Team (ESAT) performed six site visits between April 14,2005 and June 20, 2005 to observe and document biological activity in temporary pools located on andaround the Hatheway & Patterson Superfund Site (the Site), in Mansfield, MA. The goal of this effort wasto determine if two particular temporary pools at the Site could be classified as vernal pools.The task was requested by Mr. Hoskins, the TOPO, and was authorized under TDF No. 1743.An interim deliverable was provided to the TOPO on April 26, 2005. The final completion date is June 23,2005.Should you have any questions or comments, please do not hesitate to contact me at (617) 9188669 at the EPA/OEME Biology Section, North Chelmsford, MA.Sincerely,Lockheed Martin Information TechnologiesStan PauwelsEnvironmental Scientist*237347*SDMS DOC ID 237347
Summary of Observed Biological Activityin Temporary Pools on and aroundthe Hatheway & Patterson Superfund Site,Mansfield, MA.TDF No. 1743 ATask Order No. 21Task No. 05Submitted to the:Task Order Project OfficerOffice of Environmental Measurement and EvaluationUSEPA - New England Regional Laboratory11 Technology DriveNorth Chelmsford, MA 01863-2431Submitted by:ESAT - Region ILockheed Martin Information TechnologiesThe Wannalancit Mills, 175 Cabot Street, Suite 415Lowell, MA 01854June 23, 2005EPA Contract 68-W-01-0082
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTIONOn April 13, 2005, EPA issued TDF No. 1743 requesting that ESAT evaluate temporary pools atthe Hatheway & Patterson Superfund Site (the Site), located in Mansfield, MA. The survey consisted ofbiweekly visits between April 14, 2005 and June 20, 2005 to determine if several temporary pools at theSite could be certified as vernal pools (VPs) based on MA VP certification guidelines.The main temporary pools of interest were “VP-C2” (vernal pool 2 in Area C of the Site) and “VPD1” (vernal pool 1 in Area D of the Site). These designations were developed by Metcalf & Eddy (M&E)following a limited survey and sampling effort in April, 2002. The use of the term “vernal pool” by M&E(2002) was premature because they did not evaluate the specific physical and biological criteria requiredto certify a temporary pool as a VP. However, the M&E terminology was used in this memorandum toprovide continuity with past work on this issue.Under TDF No. 1706, ESAT performed a screening-level ecological risk assessment (SLERA)using analytical data for two surface water and two sediment samples collected by M&E in 2002 from VPC2 and VP-D1. The potential for significant ecological risk to aquatic receptors was identified in VP-C2due to high pentachlorophenol (PCP) concentrations in the sediment sample (690,000 ug/kg) and surfacewater sample (680 ug/L). The 2005 survey was performed to determine, through long-term fieldobservations, if VP-C2 and VP-D1 possessed the characteristics of VPs to distinguish them from manytemporary pools scattered throughout the flood plain of the Rumford River at the Site. The 2005 surveyincluded concurrent visits to three certified VPs located around the town of Mansfield, MA. Thesereference locations were used to track changes would normally occur in known VPs as the seasonprogressed.As an interim deliverable, TDF No. 1743 A requested that ESAT develop recommendations forfuture potential risk assessment activities related to VP-C2. These recommendations were summarizedin a technical memorandum provided to the TOPO on April 26, 2005. The memorandum also included anattachment providing a checklist to identify vernal pools based on the certification criteria developed bythe MA Division of Fisheries and Wildlife (http://www.state.ma.us/dfwele). This checklist was used todocument conditions at the seven target pools during each visit. The checklist is included for referencesat the end of this technical memorandum as Appendix 1. Appendix 2 provides photographs of theobligate and facultative VP species included in the checklist.This technical memorandum is organized as follows: section 2.0 describes the general surveyapproach and observations, section 3.0 discusses the specific findings related to VP-C2 and VP-D1,section 4.0 describes general recommendations, section 5.0 provides a summary and conclusions, andsection 6 provides references.2.0 GENERAL SURVEY APPROACH AND OBSERVATIONS2.1 General description of the pools2.1.1 Certified VPs in the Mansfield areaThe web site for the MA Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program was searched tolocate certified VPs in the Mansfield area. Three certified VPs, easily-accessible from the road, wereselected as “field controls” to compare against observations made at the temporary pools at the Site.These three certified VPs are briefly described below (see Figure 1 for general locations of the off-sitereference pools).1
Certified VP-1 (Maple Street)Certified VP-1 is an extensive pool about two ft deep. It was originally created in the 1950’s as awatering hole for local horses (see Photograph 1, Appendix 3). According to the current propertyowner, this pool is not technically a VP because: (1) it never dries up completely in the summer and (2) itsupports a year-round population of catfish. However, as summarized in Section 3.0, this pool supporteda thriving community of breeding obligate amphibians together with several facultative benthicinvertebrate VP species and at least one breeding facultative amphibian species. Certified VP-2 (Frederic Street)Certified VP-2 is located in a suburban housing development and was connected to a smallnearby stream (see Photograph 2, Appendix 3). Its shape and setting suggested that this pool waslikely constructed at the time the subdivision was developed. The substrate in the pool was covered by areddish floc, probably because the surface water originated as iron-rich groundwater from a nearbyspring. The ability of this pool to sustain amphibian breeding during the 2005 survey appeared marginalbecause the maximum depth of the surface water ranged only between 2” and 4”. Certified VP-3 (Piasecki Street)Certified VP-3 formed the back water of a small, shallow pond (see Photograph 3, Appendix 3).The pool and the adjacent pond remained physically connected for the duration of the 2005 survey.Bushes grew in and around this pool. Even though it was a certified VP, no evidence of amphibianbreeding was found in this pool. Instead, all of the amphibian breeding was observed to take place in thenearby shallow pond.2.1.2 Temporary pools at the SiteThe limited survey by M&E (2002) at the Site indicated that only two temporary pools, namely VPC2 and VP-D1, had retained any surface water by the end of April, 2002. Those two pools were the mainfocus of the current survey. Two additional pools in the vicinity of VP-D1 (specifically, VP-D2 and VP-D4)were also included because of their favorable characteristics and proximity to VP-D1 (see Figure 2 forgeneral locations of the on-site pools).The extensive spring rainfall ensured that much of the surface around the three temporary poolsin Area D remained under water during all of April and May. VP-C2This pool was formed in a depression created when a tree was uprooted (see Photographs 4A4D, Appendix 3). The surface water appeared to be an expression of the local contaminatedgroundwater table. It was noted during the 2005 survey that the leaf litter and substrate released adistinct petroleum hydrocarbon odor. The pool lacked any kind of internal structure (e.g., submergedsticks, partially-submerged bushes, overhanging branches, etc.) which would have been required bybreeding amphibians as attachment points for their egg masses. The geographic coordinates for thispool are as follows: latitude 42.037262; longitude -71.223436. VP-D1VP-D1 had all the characteristics of an ideal amphibian breeding pool (see Photographs 5A and5B, Appendix 3). It was surrounded by bushes and trees, was relatively deep (maximum depth rangedfrom 13” to 17” until early June), and contained many submerged sticks and branches scattered along itsbanks. One striking difference separated VP-D1 from all other pools visited during this survey: its waters2
were darkly stained with little to no visibility 6” below the surface. The geographic coordinates for this poolare as follows: latitude 42.038607; longitude -71.224333. VP-D2VP-D2 was included in the 2005 survey because of the wet spring, even though a previoussurvey (M&E, 2002) showed that it had completely dried up by late April 2002. As such, it was deemedunlikely that VP-D2 would prove to be a VP. This pool was located in a shallow depression in the forestfloor (see Photographs 6A and 6B, Appendix 3). It was surrounded by bushes but had no submergedbranches. The surface water was slightly stained. The geographic coordinates for this pool are asfollows: latitude 42.038670; longitude -71.224509. VP-D4Due to the wet spring, VP-D4 was also included in the 2005 survey, even though a previoussurvey (M&E, 2002) showed that it had completely dried up by late April, 2002. As such, it was deemedunlikely that VP-D4 would prove to be a VP. This pool was nearly circular (see Photographs 7A and 7B,Appendix 3). Numerous tufts of vegetation grew out of the water. The pool was surrounded with bushesand contained numerous submerged branches and sticks. The surface water in the pool was clear. Thegeographic coordinates for this pool are as follows: latitude 42.038750; longitude -71.224463.2.2 Description of the surveyA two-member team visited the temporary pools on and around the Site on April 14, April 26, May12, May 26, June 7, and June 20, 2005. The checklist in Appendix 1 was used to record observations ateach pool during each visit. The maximum length, width, and depth was recorded at most pools on mostvisits. The survey team then carefully waded through each pool to try to locate egg masses, tadpoles,and/or adult amphibians. Leaf litter samples from the bottom of each pool were randomly collected andvisually inspected for the presence of benthic invertebrates. When present, the obligate and facultativeamphibians, and benthic invertebrates were keyed out in the field using the photographs provided inAppendix 2. When in doubt, some of the invertebrate species were brought back to the laboratory forconfirmatory identification.The goal of these field observations was to identify breeding activity by at least one obligateamphibian species (see “Method 1” in Section 2 of Appendix 1) or breeding activity by at least onefacultative amphibian species and the presence of two or more facultative invertebrate species (see“Method 2” in Section 2 of Appendix 1). If either of these conditions was present, then the target poolmet the minimum VP certification criteria developed by the State of Massachusetts.2.3 Survey resultsThe results of the 2005 temporary pool survey are discussed below. Certified VP-1 (Maple Street)Table 1 summarizes the observations for this pool. One large amphibian egg mass wasobserved on April 14, 2005. During that visit, a local home owner mentioned that spring peepers (afacultative amphibian species) were calling at night. By April 26, 2005, numerous amphibian egg masseswere found attached to branches and partially submerged bushes throughout the pool. By May 12, 2005,those eggs had hatched into wood frog tadpoles. Successful reproduction by the wood frog (an obligateamphibian species) made this pool a certifiable VP. This conclusion was supported by the presence ofcaddisfly larvae, predaceous diving beetle larvae, and dragonfly larvae, all of which are facultative benthicinvertebrate species.3
Certified VP-2 (Frederic Street)Table 2 summarizes the observations for this pool. Occasionally, an adult wood frog or greenfrog was caught in or around the pool. However, no signs of amphibian breeding were observedthroughout the survey period. This result was not unexpected given the extremely shallow depth of thesurface water ( 4”). This lack of water was unexpected considering that May had been a very wetmonth. Invertebrates were sparse in the leaf litter, even though on April 14, 2005, it yielded one smallleech, which represents a facultative benthic invertebrate species. Based on these observations, thispool failed to meet the minimum requirements for VP certification.Additional information received from the MA Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program inearly June indicated that certified VP-2 was in fact located at least 250 ft further into the woods. Thislocation was confirmed during the June 7 visit. Hence, the pool selected for the current survey was notthe VP in question. Certified VP-3 (Piasecki Street)Table 3 summarizes the observations for this pool. No signs of amphibian breeding wereobserved within the pool itself even though several adult frogs were seen in the immediate vicinity of thepool. On April 26, 2005, several spring peepers (a facultative amphibian species) were heard calling inthe immediate vicinity of the pool. As a result of the wet month of May, this pool remained connectedthroughout the entire survey period with a nearby shallow pond.Numerous wood frog tadpoles (an obligate amphibian species), salamander larvae (speciesunknown), and three facultative benthic invertebrate species (fingernail clams, caddisfly larvae, andpredaceous diving beetle larvae) were identified in the nearby shallow pond. The presence of twofacultative benthic invertebrate species (i.e., caddisfly larvae and predaceous diving beetle larvae) in leaflitter collected at the temporary pool in the back also indicated that this pool met the minimumrequirements to be certified as a VP.Additional information received from the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program inearly June indicated that the pond was in fact part of this certified VP. As such, the shallow pond and thesmaller pool in the back together formed the certified VP. VP-C2Table 4 summarizes the observations for this pool. No signs of amphibian breeding wereobserved within the pool itself throughout the survey period even though three adult wood frogs wereseen in the pool on May 12, 2005. The leaf litter also did not yield a single facultative benthic invertebratespecies. A pair of dead oligochaetes were the only two invertebrates observed in the leaf litter during theentire survey. The pool also lacked the structural elements (e.g., sunken branches or partiallysubmerged bushes) required by amphibians to attach their egg masses. By June 20, 2005, this pool hadcompletely dried out. Based on these observations, VP-C2 failed to meet the minimum requirements tobe certified as a VP. VP-D1Table 5 summarizes the observations for this pool. On April 14, 2005, a frog (species unknown)jumped into the pool when approached by the survey team. At that time, one large egg mass from anunknown amphibian species was found attached to a submerged branch in the pool. Subsequentsurveys failed to find any signs of adult amphibians or their offspring. However, on June 7, 2005,numerous wood frog tadpoles were collected from this pool. In addition, the presence of two facultativebenthic invertebrate species (i.e., a dragonfly larva and several predaceous diving beetle larvae) in the4
leaf litter indicated that this temporary pool met the minimum requirements to be certified as a VP. ByJune 20, the tadpoles in this VP had started to grow legs. VP-D2Table 6 summarizes the observations for this pool. No signs of amphibian breeding wereobserved during any of the site visits. One adult green frog (a facultative species) was observed on thispool on June 7, 2005. The leaf litter contained only a handful of invertebrates and did not yield a singlefacultative benthic invertebrate species. The pool also lacked the structural elements (e.g., sunkenbranches or partially-submerged bushes) required by amphibians to attach their egg masses. By June20, 2005, this pool had completely dried out. Based on these observations, VP-D2 failed to meet theminimum requirements to be certified as a VP. VP-D4Table 7 summarizes the observations for this pool. On several occasions, adult wood frogs anda green frog were captured within the pool. However, no signs of amphibian breeding were observedduring any of the visits. The leaf litter also lacked a robust benthic invertebrate community, even thoughpredaceous diving beetle larvae (a facultative species) were observed on May 26, 2005. By June 7,2005, VP-D4 had completely dried out. Based on these observations, this pool also failed to meet theminimum requirements to be certified as a VP.3.0 DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS ON VP-C2 AND VP-D1The goal of the temporary pool survey was to determine if VP-C2 and VP-D1 should be viewedas certifiable VPs or only as one of a dozen temporary bodies of water scattered around the floodplain ofthe Rumford River at the Site.3.1 VP-C2VP-C2 was not a certifiable VP based on the available biological observations. However, thisconclusion is complicated by the high levels of PCP detected in the sediment and surface water from thispool. The leaf litter was essentially devoid of invertebrates but also released a distinct petroleumhydrocarbon odor. A conservative conclusion would be that the presence of PCP in the substrate of VPC2 (690,000 ug/kg measured in 2002) caused the leaf litter to be acutely toxic, thereby preventing theestablishment of a viable benthic invertebrate community in this temporary pool.An additional conservative assumption would be that the surface water was also too toxic tosupport developing tadpoles, even if amphibian reproduction could take place. To check this hypothesis,aquatic toxicity data on PCP were retrieved from the EPA’s ECOTOX database and summarized inAttachment 1. Data were available mostly for invertebrates and fish, but also for a few amphibianspecies. This information clearly indicated that the high level of PCP in the surface water of VP-C2 (680ug/L measured in 2002) would be lethal for most aquatic receptors, including developing amphibians.However, regardless of the presence of contaminants, the survey proved that VP-C2 could not bea functional VP because it dried out before the aquatic lifecycle of the tadpoles at the VPs on and off theSite had been completed. The wet month of May prevented the local water table from receding quickly.However, by June 7, 2005, the pool only had 7” of surface water left. All surface water was gone by June20.5
3.2 VP-D1The available evidence indicated that VP-D1 was a certifiable VP, based on the presence ofwood frog tadpoles (an obligate species) and two facultative benthic invertebrate species in its leaf litter.4.0 GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONSThe 2005 survey achieved the goal of determining the status of two temporary pools at the Site.VP-C2 was proven not to be a functional VP because it dried up before the tadpoles in the on-site and offsite VPs had completed their metamorphosis. On the other hand, VP-D1 is a certifiable vernal pool andshould be left undisturbed during future remedial activities at the Site.Based on the results of the survey outlined in this technical memorandum, it is recommended thatVP-C2 be excavated and filled in with clean soil. The intrinsic value of this temporary pool for amphibianreproduction is non existent. There will be no impact on the local amphibian population if this small patchof habitat is filled in and resto
summarizes the observations for this pool. One large amphibian egg mass was observed on April 14, 2005. During that visit, a local home owner mentioned that spring peepers (a facultative amphibian species) were calling at night. By April 26, 2005, numerous amphibian egg masses
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