University Of Groningen Polarization Transfer In Ion .
University of GroningenPolarization transfer in ion-surface scatteringWinters, Danyal Ferdinant AlexanderIMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite fromit. Please check the document version below.Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of recordPublication date:2004Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research databaseCitation for published version (APA):Winters, D. F. A. (2004). Polarization transfer in ion-surface scattering Groningen: s.n.CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of theauthor(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons).Take-down policyIf you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediatelyand investigate your claim.Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons thenumber of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum.Download date: 10-02-2018
Polarization transferinion-surface scattering
Omslag: Photograph of a water reflection. All reflections from objects abovewater are partially polarized.This work is sponsored by the ’Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie’ (FOM) which is financially supported by the ’Nederlandse organisatievoor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek’ (NWO).Druk: Drukkerij Van Denderen, Groningen, april 2004.
RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGENPolarization transferinion-surface scatteringProefschriftter verkrijging van het doctoraat in deWiskunde en Natuurwetenschappenaan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningenop gezag van deRector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts,in het openbaar te verdedigen opvrijdag 7 mei 2004 om16.15 uurdoorDanyal Ferdinant Alexander Wintersgeboren op 25 maart 1973te Meppel
Promotores:Prof. dr. R. MorgensternProf. dr. ir. R. HoekstraBeoordelingscommissie:Prof. dr. W. HeilandProf. dr. R.G.E. TimmermansProf. dr. L. Niesen
Contents1 General introduction1.1 Introduction . . . . . .1.2 Ion-surface interaction1.3 Alternative techniques1.4 This thesis . . . . . . .112452 Ion-surface fundamentals2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .2.2 Classical over the barrier model2.3 Reaction processes . . . . . . .2.3.1 Resonant transitions . .2.3.2 Collective excitations . .2.3.3 Auger neutralization . .2.3.4 Auger de-excitation . .2.3.5 Autoionization . . . . .2.3.6 Radiative decay . . . . .778111113131415163 Experiment3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . .3.2 ECRIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.3 Surface physics setup . . . . . .3.3.1 Beam deceleration . . .3.3.2 Electrostatic analyzer .3.3.3 Photon detection system3.3.4 Polarization analysis . .3.3.5 Sample holders . . . . .1919212225262931334 Sputtering of hollow carbon atoms4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2 Sample preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.3 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35353536.v
CONTENTSvi4.44.5Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Spin-polarized surfaces5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2 Spin polarization by optical pumping . . .5.3 Temperature dependent spin polarization5.4 Magnetically induced spin polarization . .4047.49494955576 Atomic features of Auger spectra6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2 Helium electronic structure . . . . . . . . .6.3 The free atom model . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4 Auger spectra: metal versus semiconductor6.4.1 Target electronic structure . . . . . .6.4.2 Resonant ionization . . . . . . . . .6.4.3 State population . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.4 Modified DOS . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.5 Parallel velocity . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.6 Spin ordering . . . . . . . . . . . . .67676869717576798083847 Summary and outlook87Atomic units91KLL Auger energies93Nederlandse samenvatting101Dankwoord105
ion-surface scattering Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 7 mei 2004 om 16.15 uur door Danyal Ferdinant Alexander Winters geboren op 25 maart 1973 te Meppel
Control of lateral balance in walking Experimental findings in normal subjects and above-knee amputees At L. Hofa,b,*, Renske M. van Bockela, Tanneke Schoppena, Klaas Postemaa aCenter for Rehabilitation, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The Netherlands bCenter for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD Groningen, The .
1 Center for Human Movement Science, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 2 Center for Rehabilitation, University of Groningen, . stability decreases when standing on materials with low resil-iency [15]. Besides centre of pressure control, shear stress can also have effects on balance .
Cornelis J Vermeulen 2,3, Brian G Oliver 5,6, Klaas Kok 7, Martijn M Terpstra 7, Maarten van den Berge 2,3, Corry-Anke Brandsma 1,2,y,* and Joost Kluiver 1,y 1 Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; j.ong@umcg.nl (J.O.);
[Intervention Review] Bronchodilators delivered by nebuliser versus pMDI with spacer or DPI for exacerbations of COPD Wouter H van Geffen 1,2, W R Douma , Dirk Jan Slebos1, Huib AM Kerstjens 1Department of Pulmonary Diseases and Tuberculosis, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen,
* University of Groningen, Groningen & The Conference Board, Brussels . may be standing in the way of a rapid catch-up of Europe on the U.S. as well. iv Table of contents 1. Introduction and Summary of Results 1 2. The Growth Accounting Framework 6 Measuring the Contributions of ICT to Growth 6 .
What polarization means? Polarization describes the alignment of a particle's spin with its momentum. Quantified using the helicity: Transversal polarization (T): the spin and momenta are (anti)-aligned (h 1, -1) Longitudinal polarization (L): spin parallel with the momenta (h 0) A caveat Polarization measurements are frame dependent
PMD (Polarization Mode Dispersion) is the differential arrival time of the different polarization components of an input light pulse, transmitted by an optical fiber. This light pulse can always be decomposed into pairs of orthogonal polarization modes. These polarization modes propagate at different speeds according to a slow and
whose signature measurements are sensitive to the polarization ofthe targets and their backgrounds. Fusion is achieved by constructing the joint statistical measures for the target's polarization states. Target polarization states are in terms ofthe intensity, percent of linear polarization, and the angle ofpolarization plane. Applications .
