Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy: Future And .

King Fahd University Of Petroleum & MineralsWater Desalination using Renewable Energy:Future and ChallengesByDr. Fahad A. Al-SulaimanD i r e c t o r : C e n t e r o f R e s e a r c h E x c e l l e n c eR e n e w a b l e E n e r g y , K F U P M ,i nf a h a d s @ k f u p m . e d u . s aSTEM 2020 Forum: R&D in Clean Energy: Challenges and Opportunities

ContentsIntroduction about water scarcity and needsProgress of renewable energy water desalinationChallengers of Renewable energy water desalinationSolutions for Challenges MitigationsCORE-RE/KFUPM Laboratories and Facilities

IntroductionOverall water riskWorld Resources Institute

Introduction Overall water riskPresent Saudi Arabia is located in extreme arid region withlimited water suppliers. Depletion of groundwater resources by 80% in2017 (National Geographic, 2017). Rapid increase in population, industrialization,high per capita water consumption lead toincrease in water demand. Growing gap between supply and demand of freshwaterFutureUNDESA, 2014; CCAFS

Introduction Global water desalination Rapid increase of Desalination plant RO technology dominate the market since 1990E. Jones et al. / Science of the Total Environment 657 (2019) 1343–1356

Introduction Global water desalination The largest producers according toIDA Saudi Arabia UAE North America Spain Kuwait Algeria Middle East and North Africa havethe highest share.Distribution of global desalination capacity2%6%Mena Region12%Asia47%12%North AmericaEuropeLatin Americaother21%E. Jones et al. / Science of the Total Environment 657 (2019) 1343–1356

Introduction Renewable energy With Increasing renewable energy power generation capacity, desalination plants powered by renewables are most promising. By 2019, a total of 2,588 GW of power is generated through renewable sources with a share of 24.5% in global electric production. Solar PV and wind generation have a total of 627 GW and 651 GW respectively by 2018.

Introduction Saudi Arabia renewable energytargets and long-term visibility20232030Dumat Aj Jandal 400 MW Wind Power Plant(under construction)Sakaka 300 MW PV Power Plant (underconstruction)8

RenewableEnergy WaterDesalinationprogress

Progress in renewable energy water aldesalinationprocessesBrineFreshwaterEmerging desalinationprocesses (small scale) HDH desalination Membrane distillation Forward osmosis Capacitive deionization(CDI)

Progress in renewable energy water desalinationPossible RE based desalination methods

Progress in renewable energy water desalination.Status of operated RE desalination technologiesAhmed et al. 2019

Progress in renewable energy water desalination.PV-RO desalination pilot plantsLocationPV CapacityProductionAl-khafji, KSA15 MW60,000 m3/dayJordan32 kWp40 m3/dayNauru,Australia131 kWp100 m3/dayOman3.25 kW7.5 m3/dayEthens18 modules0.35 m3/dayGran CanarianIslands4.8 kW3 m3/dayEgypt------5 m3/dayNREL 2016Sobhani, Energy Footprint analysis of brackish groundwater desalination with zero liquid discharge in inland areas of the Arabian Peninsula, Desalination 201213

Progress in renewable energy water desalination.Wind-RO desalination pilot plantsWind EnergySystemDC23ChargecontrollerSalineFeedwater Wind Energy most widely used RE after Solar energy and god optionfor power desalination plants Canary Island, Spain: A capacity of 5000 m3/day plant capacitywith a share of 2.64 kW from wind turbine. Perth seawater desalination : A part of Electrical load for ROdesalination of 24MW is taken care by a wind farm comprising of 48wind turbines. Germany: ENERCON in 2006 installed a Wind power system thendrives an RO desalination plant with a capacity of 1400 brane AssemblyPost TreatmentPreTreatmentHigh PressurePumpBrineFresh water

Progress in renewable energy water desalination.Hybrid PV-Wind RO desalination pilot plantsThe advantage of hybrid PV-wind system is that the desalinationunit can be operated in the absence of any one of therenewable energy sources.Libya: An integrated PV-Wind RO desalination plant with acapacity of 300 m3/day, and a share of 50 kW by PVgenerator and 275 kW by wind energy system with grid backupoption.Athens: A hybrid PV-Wind RO desalination plant with a capacityof 130 L/h powered by 3.96 kW PV generator and 900 W windgenerator with battery backup option is implemented Wind EnergySystemPV rageGACInverterBackupGeneratorMembrane AssemblyPost TreatmentPreTreatmentHigh PressurePumpBrineFresh water

RenewableEnergyChallengesand Solutions

RE Desalination Challenges Selection of geographical location and plant site.Selection of renewable energy sources and desalination process.Type of feed-water intake.Environmental factors like brine disposal options and safety concernespecially in rural communities. Intermittent nature of power generation from Renewable energysources seriously affects accurate forecasting, demand sidemanagement, voltage control, and system stability. High investment and financial burden. Water crisis in remote areas and small communities

RE Desalination Challenges KSA harsh conditions (temperature , dust, UV ) have an impact on the performance of PVmodules, solar receivers and batteries. Lack of standards and policies regarding grid integration of RES.Temperature effect on a Li-ion cell BatteryDesalination processes are energy-intensive. Therefore RE desalination will reduce the huge energy consumption andimprove export of excess oil which is the primary source of the energy

RE Desalination Solutions Hybrid renewable energy sources, Energy efficiency and advanced desalination technologies Reclaimed water should be an integral part of sustainable water resource management. Develop a regulatory framework for regulating, evaluating and monitoring the performanceof the Renewable Energy water desalination industry. System optimization with intermittency, and autonomous grids. Demand side management. Energy storage.

Selected RE Desalination ProjectsNo.12320Research ClustersProjectsThesisPublicationsSolar - Desalination4624116TitleInnovative Sustainable Water Desalinationhybrid systemDevelopment and Assessment of a New WaterHumidifier for Water Desalination ApplicationsSeawater Desalination using Thermal, Solar,and Hybrid Systems, including HumidificationDesalinationStatusIn progress,2016In progress20172010-2014AgencyDISC-KFUPMDSR, KFUPMCenter for Clean Waterand Clean Energy, MITKFUPM

RE Desalination Solutions (KFUPM)PV-RO PROJECTExperimental, simulation and performance evaluation of a community scale PVRO water desalinationsystem operated by fixed and tracking PV panels: A case study for Dhahran city, Saudi Arabia byAhmed. Et al., 2015Process flow diagram and setup PV-RO water desalinationDr. Anwar Team

RE Desalination Solutions (KFUPM)PV-RO PROJECTDesign a controller that generates the optimum set pointfor feed and pressure control loop Permeate flow improved by 19% with optimized tracked-PV panels Specific energy consumption was 2 KWh/m3 for Brackish water.Dr. Anwar Team

RE Desalination Solutions (KFUPM)HDH PROJECTPerformance evaluation of humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems with and withoutheat recovery options: An experimental and theoretical investigationThe cost of the desalinated water produce by Modified HDH ranges between and 0.79/m3 and 2.25/m3Dr. Antar and Dr. Zubair

RE Desalination Solutions (KFUPM)HDH PROJECTCurrent system with multi-stage bubblehumidifier and condenser The problem with single-stage bubble systemis the homogenous mixing of air and water inthe humidifier in a single column This leads to large temperature difference andirreversibility in the system. Multi-staging is introduced to increase theenergy efficiency of the system. This leads to better productivity.Al-Sulaiman FA, Abd-Ur-Rehman H.M, (2019) US 10,456,780 B1

RE Desalination Solutions (KFUPM)HDH Technology in KFUPM KFUPM faculty and MIT developedhigh efficient humidificationdehumidification technique. Many patents obtained, and a spinoff company in the USA established. Invented HDH process implementedin many industrial applications(Desalination, treatment and recyclecontaminated oilfield water)Carrier gas extraction plant using HDH technique

CORE-RE-KFUPM Research ProjectsSolar Membrane Desalination ProjectLaboratory setup solar driven air sweeping multistage membrane desalinationOptions:Direct contact MDAir gap MDWater gap MD1. Design and construct an air sweeping multistage MD module.2. Study the integration of solar heating system to MD.Dr. Atia and Dr. Antar

Solar Desalination LaboratoriesSolar PV-RO unitSolar PV-Wind hybriddesalination system at KFUPM27Solar air-heated HDHdesalination system:experimental test

RE Desalination Solutions (KFUPM)Hybrid wind-solar-RO ProjectThe cost of the desalinated water produce by the optimum hybrid wind/solarsystem ranges between and 3.693/m3 and 3.812/m328Dr. Mokheimer Team

KFUPM RESEARCH PROJECTSMITStudy of dust deposition on PV for different anglesUniversityofStuttgartSolar absorption and aircondition applicationKFUPMCOREREK A CAREFraunhoferSocietyPV module performance under dusty environment29

King Fahd University of Petroleum & MineralsRenewable EnergyLaboratories andFacilities at KFUPMCenter of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy, KFUPM

Brief highlights about CORE-REVision :Contributing to the advancement of research and commercialization ofrenewable and sustainable energy technologies.Mission : Conducting research and development to link education, business andgovernment resources for technology transfer and the advancement ofemerging renewable energy technologies.Objectives :1. Building RESEARCH CAPACITY composed of high quality manpower in a state-of-the-art infrastructure.2. Conducting RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT in renewable energy technologies (RET) on par with global standards.3. Creating a new market value chain for the emerging RET through COLLABORATION.4. Promoting ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT through advancement and commercialization of RET.5. Conducting ENERGY POLICY STUDIES on renewable and alternative energy resources.6. Creating AWARENESS for promoting RET and their benefits towards economy.7. Generating and providing EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES on cutting edge development on RET.

CORERE Research cluster

Applied Research AreasWaterdesalinationEnergyAudits &studiesSolarWindintegratedsystemsFeasibility studies,energy policy, andresourcesassessment onGridIntegrationofRenewables33PV moduledevelopmentandassessmentPower andcogenerationsystemsConcentrating solarsystemsassessmentSolarthermalcollectors

Renewable Energy Research Facilities KFUPM Campus KFUPM beachSolar Cell FabricationLabPV testing units Solarabsorptionrefrigeration &air-conditioningVacuum tube CPC-18 SolarCollectors PV-RO Solar thermalPV CellFabrication& ModuleTestingSolarDesalinationSolarHeating &CoolingEnergyStorage &ConversionPV –RO unitFresnel CSP system Fuel cell Phase changematerials BatteryresearchElectricalstorage

Thin Film LaboratoriesSolar SimulatorSolar cellmeasurement systemKithley I-Vand C-V systemµ-PCDStylus ProfilometerOthersEllipsometer35FT-IR spectrometerHall Effect System Dual target sputtering systemElectrospinnerQE SR systemFlorolog3 PL systemWeather stationJASCO UV-Vis systemThermal evaporation systemTubular furnaceAccelerated Weathering TesterPlasma Enhanced Chemical VaporDeposition (PECVD)- to be operational soon

Energy Storage LaboratoriesPotentiostat/GalvanostatFurnacesPure Lab-2GBGloveboxFuel TestStationElectro-chemical Reactor36MembraneCasting MachineGasChromatograp

Solar Thermal LaboratoriesKFUPM-University of StuttgartVacuum tube CP18 Solar CollectorsEfficiency:45%Tv: -6oCTe: 8.5oCminAbsorbtion Chiller (front)Hydraullic Unit (back)

RE Grid Integration LaboratoriesHardware capabilities: RTDS STATCOM/FACTS Power Amplifier Active Filter SEL Relays Phasor Measurement Units OPAL-RT dSPACE Controller Wind Generator (PMSG, IG) PV Panel and PV Simulator Advanced Power Electronics Electrical Machine Programmable AC/DC Loads/Supply38

KFUPM On-campus Test facility39