RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS USING BUILDING .
2019 European Conference on Computing in ConstructionChania, Crete, GreeceJuly 10-12, 2019RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS USING BUILDINGINFORMATION MODELLINGDimitra Papachatzi and Yiannis XenidisAristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GreeceAbstractRisks reduction in construction projects is feasiblethrough Building Information Modelling (BIM)according to the respective literature; however, so far,BIM-based risk management (RM) has not beenaddressed in a systematic way. This paper attempts toformalize BIM-based RM by suggesting anddemonstrating the performance of a three-stagemethodology. The methodology is applied on two riskscenarios in a building project through four commercialsoftware applications that perform in combination, afull risks analysis regarding time and cost levels for thebuilding project. The advantages and disadvantages ofthe proposed methodology and risk management inconstruction projects using BIM are presented.IntroductionBuilding Information Modelling (BIM) methodologyand technology is a way to digitalize planning, designand operation of buildings and infrastructures (EU BIMTask Group, 2017). The majority of large constructionenterprises, worldwide, use BIM software for theirprojects (Lam et al., 2017), while adoption of BIM isincreasing year after year, as the AECOO (Architecture,Engineering, Construction, Owner and Operator)industry recognizes the advantages and potential of thistechnology (Farnsworth et al., 2015).BIM offers a user-friendly environment for designingand modifying a project’s 3D model. Moreover, whatconstitutes the biggest advantage of this methodologyand technology is the data that is contained in thecreated model (Eastman, 2008) that can describe thegeometry and the attributes of the model’s elements andcan be useful to all phases of the project (Volkov &Kuzina, 2016). Another critical aspect is that BIMensures the interoperability of information amongdifferent parties involved throughout a project’s lifecycle (Jupp, 2017).Based on these features BIM can be a very effectiveplatform for performing risk management (Bråthen &Moum, 2016; Farnsworth et al., 2015; Kelly & Ilozor,2016; Lam et al., 2017; Eadie et al., 2013; Bryde et al.,2013; Ciribini et al., 2016), which is one of the mostimportant aspects when planning and developing aconstruction project (Zou et al., 2017). BIM canspecifically help in handling the high complexity whichis inherent in modern constructions at the developmentand operation phases and hinders control of quality,time and cost in a project (Bryde et al., 2013). BIM alsofacilitates communication among the project’sparticipants, which is a prerequisite for having asuccessful risk management (PMI, 2013). Finally, itcontributes to project’s coordination, through a greatnumber of available collaboration tools for the project’sstakeholders (Jupp, 2017).To investigate the current level of use of BIM tools intorisk management and identify the benefits andimprovements that they offer, a literature review wascarried out. Zou et al., (2017) have presentedthoroughly the state-of-the-art concerning the use ofBIM for risk management. Their conclusion was thatwhile BIM-based risk management is a growingresearch interest for the AECOO industry, the last still,largely, depends on manual, empirical and cognitiveprocesses for managing risks. Furthermore, theyidentified that BIM-based risk management tools arestill in their infancy, while they are not covering thewhole spectrum of risks but rather focus on specifictypes of them (e.g. safety risks) (Zou et al., 2017).Following the Risk Breakdown Structure proposed byEl-Sayegh (2008), Table 1 associates different types ofrisks sources with previous research efforts on the useof BIM for risk management in construction projects.As shown in Table 1, BIM technology has so far beenaddressed to tackle with internal risks, i.e. risksassociated to the main stakeholders in developing aproject, namely the designers, contractors, andsuppliers. Some examples of such applications are: a)the use of BIM by Zhang et al. (2013) to reduce risks ofPage 198 of 490DOI:10.35490/EC3.2019.199
injuries through automated hazards identification on thesite, and b) the use of BIM in conjunction withGeographic Information Systems (GIS) by Irizarry,Karan and Jalaei (2013) to reduce late deliveries ofmaterials on the site.Table 1: An overview on how BIM is addressed for managingrisks in construction projectsSourceExternalRisksInternal RisksOwnersDesignersContractorsSuppliersPolitical, Social& Cultural,Economic,Natural, OthersCitationPeckien & Ustinovi ius,2017; Kelly & Ilozor, 2016;Al Hattab & Hamzeh, 2015Peckien & Ustinovi ius,2017; Bråthen & Moum,2016; Kim, Cho & Zhang,2016; Barazzetti et al., 2015;Whong & Zhou, 2015; Chen& Luo, 2014; Bryde et al.,2013; Zhang et al., 2013;Irizarry et al., 2013-Therefore, the conclusion from the conducted literaturereview is that two main issues are interesting for furtherinvestigation: a) the use of BIM for managing externalrisks of construction projects is very limited if any, andb) the use of BIM for risk management is rather casebased as there is no description of a clear methodologyin order to apply BIM for risk management (Zou et al.,2017). Both identified limitations prevent BIM fromfully supporting and becoming a standard approach forrisk management for construction projects. The goal ofthis paper is to propose such a methodology anddemonstrate its application through an example of abuilding project.calculations related to quantities of materials, tasks’schedules, costs and budget, etc., while they facilitatesite planning and management. At the implementationphase, BIM models are required for organizing andcontrolling the construction process by monitoringactivities, controlling outflows and timeline, etc. At thisphase, BIM models are very critical for the project’sdevelopment as they can provide adaptations of thedesign to real time conditions, something which iscrucial in the dynamic environment of a constructionproject. Required changes of a qualitative or/andquantitative nature can be early identified, investigatedfor their impact and adopted properly in the context of amonitoring, risks management or facility managementprocesses towards ensuring the project’s unhindereddevelopment.Managing risks with the use of BIM, currently, requiresa combination of software solutions that should include:a BIM software program for designing the project’s3D model,a software program for project management,a software program for risk analysis, anda software program for construction management.There are several criteria of choosing such solutions,including cost, easy use, etc.; however, the fundamentalcriteria are interoperability and compatibility of thevarious file formats of different software programs. Inorder to decide about the proper software solutions toapply, proper information flow (i.e., inputs and outputsof different nature to the modules of a fully automatedmodel) between them is required. Figure 1 depicts thetypes of software programs used to support thisinformation flow in BIM-based risk management inconstruction projects.Methodology and analysisThe project’s lifecycle can be generally distinguished ion and closing (Volkov & Kuzina, 2016).The project’s pre-selection phase is when conductingthe respective feasibility studies, whose assumptionsand baselines become the critical data that define alongwith existing regulations the project’s requirements atthe design phase. Furthermore, the design’srequirements define for the project’s developers theobjectives to achieve during the implementation phase.BIM technology may be applied even from thefeasibility studies’ phase, but it definitely applies at thevery early stages of the design phase. The initial draftsare usually designed in 2D plans, which then elaborateto 3D plans and BIM models that follow in the nextversions. The created BIM models contribute to severalFigure 1: Information flow of software combinationPage 199 of 490
As shown in Figure 1 the final model produced is an ndimensions model, where n depends on the informationthat is included in the model. For instance, a 4D modelincludes information about geometry and time, a 5Dmodel about geometry, time and cost, and so on. Anexample of a combination of software programs thatwas actually applied in the case study described in theSimulation section is the following:Revit 2017 by Autodesk for designing the 3D BIMmodel,MS Project by Microsoft for project management,Risky Project by Intaver for risk analysis, andNavisWorks 2017 by Autodesk for constructionmanagement.The software products combined in this research arevery well-known and used in practice, thus indicatingthat an integrated and largely computer-aidedconducting of risk management is feasible for commonpractitioners that possess the appropriate respectivetheoretical background.Proposed methodologyThe proposed methodology consists of three stages,which are described in detail below.Stage 2Once the building’s model is at hand the project’sdetails must be inserted to allow project management.All necessary project tasks and their attributes (i.e.prioritization, start and finish times, resources, etc.)must be inserted through another software suite thatallows scheduling, resources assignments, budgetcalculations and controls, etc. MS Project is an exampleof such software that was also used in this research.As project management software does not allow fullrisk management (and whenever it does, this software isnot compatible with BIM software), another softwaresuite is required for managing project risks. This suitemust be compatible with and operate either as astandalone program or as add-in to the projectmanagement software suite used. An example of suchsoftware solutions is RiskyProject that allows anintegrated schedule and cost risk analysis of a project,along with a sensitivity analysis on risks, cost, duration,tasks’ finish times, etc. Co-ordination of these softwaresolutions produces a full file of project and riskmanagement as shown in Figure 3.Stage 1The plans of the project are designed in 2D CADsoftware that must be compatible with a BIM software.For example, AutoCAD by Autodesk allows 2D and 3Ddesigning, while its .dwg format can be imported ability. The BIM software must produce anintegrated unique model of the project with as manydetails as possible; therefore, several add-ins facilitatingstructural analysis, photorealistic rendering, energyanalysis, etc. should be added to it. The output of thefirst stage is a BIM software’s file (e.g., rvt in the caseof Revit) with the project’s full model. Figure 2 depictsthe information flow at Stage 1.Figure 3: Information flow of Stage 2Stages 1 and 2 are independent and can be run eithersimultaneously or asynchronously; however, it ishelpful if Stage 1 precedes Stage 2, because changes inthe building model affect the input at Stage 2.Stage 3The final stage integrates the outputs of previous stageswith the use of a third appropriate software tool thatenables such integration. In this case, NavisWorks byAutodesk, is selected as it is compatible with both. rvtand .mpp formats.Figure 2: Information flow of Stage 1At this stage every scheduled task is assigned to therespective objects of the BIM model thus allowingsimulation of different scenarios of the constructionprocess showcased in respective videos. Figure 4depicts the information flow at Stage 3.Page 200 of 490
scenarios. Figure 6 shows the implementation of Stage2 for n different scenarios.SimulationThe proposed methodology is demonstrated through anexample that represents the construction of a groundfloor residence of 120m2.Firstly, the top view is designed in AutoCAD and thedwg file is imported to Revit to create the 3D model.Figure 7 showcases the BIM model with screenshotsFigure 4: Information flow of Stage 3The total proposed methodology is depicted in Figure 5.Figure 7: Screenshots of creating BIM modelFigure 5: Information flow of proposed methodologyWhen the study team wants to examine and comparemore than one scenario, the implementation of Stage 2must be repeated as many times as the differentA new parameter, the 4D Task ID, is added to themodel’s objects’ properties as shown in Figure 8. Thisextra parameter facilitates the connection between themodel’s objects and the project’s tasks, which isintroduced at the methodology’s Stage 3 and is essentialfor addressing to the BIM model the risks related to theseveral tasks. Filling the parameter’s field with the IDnumber of the proper task links the BIM model with theproject’s schedule and concludes the implementation ofthe methodology’s Stage 1.Figure 6: Information flow of Stages 2 & 3 for examining more than one different scenariosPage 201 of 490
Stage 2 includes the definitions of all tasks and theirmodelling in MS Project. Activities’ sequence, durationand cost are set for every task. Then the programcalculates the total project’s duration and cost. Theresults are the following:Total duration: 135 daysTotal cost: 115,870.00 Stage 2 proceeds with risk identification. In thepresented case study, the most common - according tothe literature presented in Table 1 – risks met during theconstruction phase of building projects are identified.These risks are listed in Table 2.Figure 8: Adding the new parameter “4D Task ID” on RevitTable 2: Identified risks of the current projectSourceOwnersInternalDesignersRiskChange of design – ImproperinterventionDefective design –Deficiencies in drawingsPoor qualityExternalLow productivitySuppliersDelay of material supplyNaturalUnexpected weatherEconomicRise material’s valueAfter the simulations three .mpp files are created eachone corresponding to a different scenario, i.e. the norisk, the optimistic, and the pessimistic one. These filesconstitute the final outputs of Stage 2.Continuing with the methodology’s Stage 3, the.mppand .rvt files are imported to NavisWorks, thus,achieving every task’s assignment to the proper objectsin the model. The simulation in NavisWorks producesthe videos of the construction process for each scenario.Figures 11 to 19 depict screenshots of these videos.ConclusionsRisk management is one of the most importantprocesses in planning and constructing a project. BIMtechnology can undoubtedly facilitate this process,thanks to its advantages. The – as accurate as possible and in time risk assessment can reduce time and cost,while increase quality and safety of a constructionproject. The conventional methods of risk managementrequire many hours of team work and a great amount ofdata. BIM software expedites the risk managementprocess as the produced models include all the requiredinformation, in a uniform manner, thus facilitating theproject’s stakeholders’ understanding and acceptance ofthe risk management process and outcome.Construction accidentsContractorsThe introduction of risks allows the creation of differentscenarios based on the created BIM model; in theexample’s case, two scenarios are proposed, namely theoptimistic and the pessimistic one. The optimisticscenario considers that the application of BIMtechnology can reduce to the maximum both theprobability of the modeled risks and their impact on theproject’s duration and cost. On the other hand, thepessimistic scenario, considers that the application ofBIM technology contributes only to a minimumreduction of them. To illustrate the studied example thearbitrary – yet plausible – values shown on Table 3 areused for an indicative subset of risks. The identifiedrisks are then introduced into Risky Project andsubsequently to MS Project where they are assigned tothe several tasks. For each scenario a different file iscreated that addresses the different values of the risks’determinants (i.e. chance and outcome of the riskoccurrence), and the simulations’ results (i.e., durationand cost for different values of risks) are presented inFigure 9. The new durations and costs for each scenarioare the following: a) for the optimistic scenario the totalduration is 142 days and the total cost is 121,112.00 ,b); for the pessimistic scenario the results are 163 daysand 125,420.00 , respectively. Figures 9 and 10 depictthe simulation results in Risky Project.The application of BIM technology can contribute tothe mitigation of some of these risks (e.g. deficienciesin drawings can be minimized thanks to the integrated3D BIM model).A three-stage methodology is proposed in this paperthat introduces the combination of four software suites.At the first stage, the BIM model of the project iscreated, then, at the second one, the current risks arePage 202 of 490
Table 3: Chances and outcomes for every riskRiskPessimistic ScenarioOptimistic ScenarioTypeChanceOutcomeChanceOutcomeRelative delay20%20%5%5%Relative cost increase20%30%5%5%Relative delay10%10%5%10%Relative cost increase10%20%5%20%Relative delay20%10%10%5%Relative cost increase20%15%10%15%Relative delay20%20%5%5%Relative cost increase20%30%5%30%Defective designConstructionaccidentsPoor qualityChange of designFigure 9: Risk assessment for the optimistic scenarioFigure 10: Risk assessment for the pessimistic scenarioPage 203 of 490
low the impact of their consequences uponoccurrence, rather than taking precautionarymethods to deal with their sources.identified and analyzed, and, finally, at the thirdstage, all elements are integrated to a single modeland risk assessment arise. The advantages of theproposed methodology are that:Risk identification is not automatedspecialist’s experience is required.It is applicable for all types of projects throughouttheir whole life cycle and especially at theimplementation and design phases.The results are presented in a clear andcomprehensible way and they can be studied evenby non-specialists.Many different risk scenarios can be examinedusing a unique model for the project.The proposed software combination allows timeand error reductions, especially during datatransfer.andRisks that cannot be assigned to the model’sobjects require a different approach to getincluded in the analysis. In this way the risksmanagement process becomes fragmented andcomplicates co-ordination.Figure 13: Simulation video’s screenshots from 60 th dayfor the optimistic scenarioFigure 11: Simulation video’s screenshots from 60th day forthe no-risk scenarioFigure 14: Simulation video’s screenshots from 120th dayfor the no-risk scenarioFigure 12: Simulation video’s screenshots from 60th day forthe pessimistic scenarioOn the other hand, there are several shortcomingsthat need to be confronted, including the following:Only internal risks of the project can be fullymanaged with the use of BIM software. Externalrisks are generally non-technical and while some of them - can be modelled through BIM,they can be mitigated only by attempting to keepFigure 15: Simulation video’s screenshots from 120th dayfor the pessimistic scenarioPage 204 of 490
The whole process of the methodology is not fullyautomated as several imports and exports of filesare required.Different software programs’ versions mayobstruct information flow (e.g. Revit andNavisWorks should have common year’s versionsto collaborate) as, often, software updates result toincompatibilities between older and recentversions of the same product.Future work could focus on the further developmentof the proposed methodology especially regarding: a)the inclusion of a more comprehensive list of risksthat would address also more risks typologies(including external ones), b) the further limitation ofmanual processes most probably with the use ofaugmented reality, and c) the inclusion in themethodology of a well-defined decision-makingprocess to select the appropriate software. Futurework could, also, include the application of themethodology to constructio
building project. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed methodology and risk management in construction projects using BIM are presented. Introduction Building Information Modelling (BIM) methodology and technology is a way to digitalize planning, design and operation of buildings and infrastructures (EU BIM Task Group, 2017).
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