SIS Detector Simulation With Coupled Antennas For .
164IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017Fig. 1 The electromagnetic spectrum [11]Table 1: Standard division of waves [12]Up tofrequency300 exahertzFrom thefrequency30 exahertz30 exahertzName of frequency spectrumIn EnglishGamma-rayJ3 exahertzHard X-rayHX3 exahertz30 petahertzSoft X-raySX33 petahertz3 petahertzFar ultraviolet radiationEUV3 petahertz750 terahertzNear ultraviolet radiationNUV750 terahertz400 terahertzvisible lightVisible400 terahertz214 terahertzNear-infraredNIR214 terahertz100 terahertzShort wave infrared (terahertz)SIR100 terahertz37 terahertzMedium wave infrared (terahertz)MIR37 terahertz20 terahertzLong-wave infrared (terahertz)HIR20 terahertz300 gigahertzFar infrared (THz)FIR300 gigahertz30 gigahertzUltra-high frequency (millimeter wave)EHF30 gigahertz3 gigahertzVery high frequency (microwave)SHF3 gigahertz300 megahertzUltra-high frequency (microwave)UHF300 megahertz30 megahertzVery high frequency (microwave)VHF30 megahertz3 megahertzHigh frequency (microwave)HF3 megahertz300 kilohertzMedium frequency (microwave)MF300 kilohertz30 kilohertzLow frequency (microwave)LF30 kilohertz3 kilohertzVery low frequency (microwave)VLF3 kilohertz300 hertzIn the audio frequency (microwave)VF300 hertz30 hertzExtremely Low FrequencyELFPhysics of electromagnetic waves is a category of Physicsof Waves, which has the following characteristics: Electromagnetic waves have the same nature and speedand only differ in terms of the frequency, or wavelength.
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017Suppose another logarithmic spiral will be creating thesame as the spiral in figure 5 with rotation anglerelative to it, so that (1) is as follows:And consider two other spirals in the form of:Thus, with167cable can be connected to the other arm.Radiation from antennas in Figures 6 and 7 is double-sidedand is side radiation compared to the antenna. The patternhas a wide lobe, in both directions, so, the gain is only afew dBi. Input impedance depends on parameters and aand the terminals distance. Values of input impedance are188 ohms. The smallest measured amounts are clearlyfrom the non-zero spiral thickness. According to Figure 6,the radial k in each arm, for example, on spirals 2 and 3,will be obtained by dividing equation (8) with (7):rotation, four spirals are created at anangle of 90 degrees. Connecting a generator or receiver tothe internal terminals of the flat spiral antenna,independent of Dyson frequency, Figure 6 is obtained.We havefor antenna in Figure 6, then:The inner conductor is connected to the otherarmFig.6 Antenna independent of the flat spiral frequency [2]The arrow shows the direction of moving wave outward onconductors, which leads to radiate a right circularpolarization wave 1 in outward of a paper, and a leftcircular polarization wave, in line with the inside of apaper. High-frequency limit, the gap d is determined by ddistance between the inner terminals and lower limit offrequency by the total D diagonal distance, and theantenna ratio ofin Figure 6 is about 25 to 1. If, wedetermine the high frequency limit with d low frequency limit with D , and the, an antenna with abandwidth of 5 to 1 is obtained. The spiral should continuewith a smaller radius, but in Figure 6, the internalterminals are shown for greater clarity. Half the distancewould result in a doubling of bandwidth.In practice, it is better to cut gaps in the large metal plane,and the obtained antenna is supplied with a coaxial cable,attached to one of the spiral arms, as shown in Figure 7, sothat the spiral acts as a balloon 2. For symmetry, an inactive1 RCP2 The purpose of the balloon is balanced to unbalancedtransformersFig. 7 The antenna independent of cut flat spiral frequency in a largemetal plane [2]4.1.1. Short Electric DipoleSince each linear antenna can be considered as an arraywith a large number of very short series conductors,examining radiative properties of short conductors isconcerned. Knowing the radiative properties of shortconductors, we can study long conductors, which are usedin practice.the short linear conductor is usually called the short dipole.In the following topics, short dipole, has always limitedlength, even if it is very short. If the dipole has limitedlength, we call it unlimited small dipole.First, we consider a short dipole, as Figure 8 (a). Length Lis very small against the wavelength (L). Planesacross the capacitor create the capacitive load. Theseplanes and short length make the flow-rate will be uniformand equal to I throught the dipole. The dipol can be fedwith a balanced transmission line, as shown. We assumethat, transmission line has no radiation and, therefore, itsexistence can be ignored. Radiation from the final plane isassumed negligible. The d diameter of the dipole is small
168IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017against its length, (d). So, in this analysis, we canconsider the short dipole as in Figure 8 (b). In this figure,there is a uniform flow I on a thin semiconductor antennawith the length L, and q point loads on its two ends. Loadand flow are connected together as follows.(11)Ending planes that are load for antenna and have little effect on thepattern transfer lineFig.10 Short dipole geometry [2]Fig. 8 (a) Short dipole antenna and (b) its equivalent [2]4.1.2. Short dipole fieldsNow, we continue to find the field around the short dipole.Suppose that, dipole, with the length L is on the axis z, andthe center is as shown in Figure 9 in origin. In this figure,,andcomponents of the field are shown. Weassume that, the surrounding of the dipole is air or vacuum.Fig.11 The short dipole relationships for rWorking with an antenna and radiator systems is veryimportant during releasing the time. So if a flow passes thedipole in Figure 10, the effect of this flow is not felt, at thepoint P, on impulse, but the time equals to the distance rdivided by the propagation speed is necessary to measurethis effect. Here, we describe it with the name of delayeffect. So instead of writing the I flow, as below:(12)I The immediate release is associated with the effect of flow,and we consider the release time (delay), in a way that,Lorentz has done and write:Fig.9 The relationship between dipole and coordinate system [2](13)[I] And [I] is called the delay flow. Specifically, delay timeresults in phase lag: 2Radian (14)
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017Where T 1 / f the period of one cycle and f is frequency.Equation (14) is the expression of the fact that, a change,at time t, at a distance r from a flow element, is a result ofchanges that have happened in time t- (r /c) in the flow.The time lags r /c are the time required to publish changesto the distance r, c speed of light.We can express the electric and magnetic fields in terms ofvector and scalar potentials. Since we are interested in nearand far dipole fields, we should use delay potentials, whichare statements include t-r /c. For dipole in Figure 9 or 10,delayed vector potential of electric current has only onecomponent, that is . The value of this component is:169And(21)[q] Placing (21) in (20) gives:(22)V [-](15)According to Figure 11, for r, we can consider thelines that are connected to the P point from the two ends ofthe dipole, parallel, so:(23)Where [I] is the delay flow and it is as follows:(16) AndIn (16) and (17):Z Point distance on the conductor Peak of uniform flow on the wire(24) Permeability of free spaceIf the distance to the dipole will be much larger than thelength of the dipole (rand the wavelength will beBy placing (23) and (24) in (22), we can show that thefield of an electric dipole are:(25)PXFK ODUJHU WKDQ WKH OHQJWK RI WKH GLSROH Ȝs rand we can ignore the field phase shift caused by differentsections of wire. In this case, Integral (16) can beconsidered constant and (16) can be written:(17)()(26)Delay scalar potential, V of a load distribution is asfollows:)(18)V Where [ ], delay load density is as follows: (19) 1is used in obtaining (25) and (26).Now, we focus our attention to the magnetic field, whichcan be obtained of Curl A, as follows: Infinit small sized volume element Permittivity of free spaceBecause in the study dipole, the zone containing endpointloads are in Figure 8 (b), (18) will be as follows:(20)V {- }[Sinceand since[] [] (27)] 0, the first and fourth sentences (27) are zero,andare independent of, second and
170IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017third sentences (27), are also zero. So, two sentences areremained andcomponent. So:and as a result, H only has(28))(29)Therefore, the dipoleand fieldsariem nshavehiw ch incldu e: only threecomponents.,and,andcomponents are zero.If r is very large, sentences 1/and 1/in (25), (26)and (28), can be ignored against the sentence 1/r. So thefar fieldis negligible and in fact, only two fieldcomponents,andremains which include:(30)ponmc ents,
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017 ܥ ߝ ܣ ݀(34)Where, A is cross- section of the link andߝ ߝ ߝ is thecoefficient of permittivity index and d is the thickness ofthe insulating layer. Also, ܩ is obtained from thefollowing formula(35) ܩ ݃ܣ Where ݃ is the conductivity of the insulation, in the areaand depends on the material of superconducting and thetype and the thickness of insulation and the process ofmaking link and there is no certain formulation, for it. Inorder to obtain it, for an identified insulating material andsuperconductivity, it can be measured in a singlemanufacturing process, for different thickness of theinsulating layer, and use it as a reference for the design.The ability to detect SIS link is due to the nonlinearproperties of the flow resulting from normal electrontunneling in this link. ܥ Capacitors spend part of link flowon charging and discharging of the link and do not attendin the tunneling process, thus for having an ideal SIS link,the value of the capacitor should be zero, therefore, forhaving detectors, with more bandwidth, links with fewercapacitors should be used, but due to constraints on theconstruction of the lower dimensions that we can build, thedimensions with the width and length of 40ߤ𝜇𝜇, can bemade and we design with these dimensions in thisresearch, as a result, we have: ܨ (36)ߝ 8.85 10ିଵଶ𝑚𝑚 ܨ ߝ 40𝑚𝑚ߤ𝜇𝜇 40ߤ𝜇𝜇 1600ߤ𝜇𝜇ଶA 40d 2nm ܣ ܥ ߝ ߝ 282ܲ𝑃𝑃݀The amount of ܩ is usually in the SIS detectors between0.01ߗ ିଵ and 0.1ߗ ିଵ that in this study, according to thevalues obtained in the laboratory of superconductivity,approximately 0.1ߗ ିଵ is obtained.5.1.3. Selecting Bias Voltage for SIS LinkIn this link, the response of the flow in the ideal state inthe distanceܸ െin the distance 𝜔𝜔ೞ ܸ ܸ , is equal toܸ ܸ ܸ 𝜔𝜔ೞ 𝜔𝜔ೞ and 𝜔𝜔ೞis equal - ,which is equal to its quantum limit, and outside of thisdistance, the value of this quantity is zero. For a real link,the response of the flow is in the form of the curve, thus,171for optimal performance, the bias voltage link must be 𝜔𝜔ೞ, and otherwise,selected approximately equal toܸ ଶ responding SIS link flow, which has a direct effect on thedetection gain, will be low for the desired frequency.Since, the impact noise is as the most importantcomponent of the noise in the SIS link, from the dc flow ofthe link and the dc flow of the link increases suddenly withan increase in dc link voltage of the amount ofܸ , so, twoof the above selects theܸ 1.05 10ିଷସ ܬ . ݏ f 35GHze 1.6 10ିଵଽ ܥ ܸ 2.9𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚V ܸ െ 𝜔𝜔ೞെ 𝜔𝜔ೞଶ amount. [8](37) 2.8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚ଶ 5.2. The Design of AntennasNow, due to the above conditions, we design the antennas,that we design and simulate two antennas (Spiral Antennaand bow tie Antenna).5.2.1. Antenna Independent of the Logarithmic FlatSpiral FrequencyTable 2. Overall specifications of spiral antenna [4]QuantityPolarisationRadiation rcularBi-directionalbroadside lobes5 dBi5:1Minimum Maximum-Medium4 dBi1.5:1(40 %)-6 dBi 10:1-The lowest radius of the spiral part is determined by thehighest frequency, and the maximum radius is determinedby the low frequency of the antenna. For frequencies of 30to 40 GHz, the radius of the antenna is calculated asfollows. ݎ ଵ ൎ ܥ 3 10଼(38)2ߨ ඥߝ 𝑟𝑟 ݂ ௫ 2ߨξ2.2 40 0.8𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚(39) ܥ 3 10଼ ݎ ଶ ൎ ଽ2ߨඥߝ 𝑟𝑟 ݂ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2ߨξ2.2 30 10 1.07𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚The number of rounds can be obtained from the followingformula ି ଵ. ି .଼(40)N మ భ 0.27ସ௪ସ .ଶହ10ଽIn practice, ݎ ଵ radius should be lower than the amount
172IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017above, and the ݎ ଶ radius should be more than the obtainedamount that as a result, it will increase the number ofrounds. By selecting ݎ ଵ .011𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and ݎ ଶ 7.765𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and the number of 2.16 rounds, the followingresults are obtained.Fig.13 View of Designed Spiral5.2.2. Designing the bow tie antennaBow antenna is the modified form of the dipole antenna[6] that is often appropriate for wide band frequencyinterval without increasing complexity, and given thesimplicity, it has a logical performance [10]. This antennais generally used in the UHF range to the millimeter waverange, and also, the antenna can be used in arrays. Thebow tie antenna is not sensitive to small changes inparameters and therefore, it improves the manufacturingerrors. This antenna has a good gain between 1 dBi to 4.5dBi with the broad bandwidth. A bow tie antenna is anomnidirectional antenna on H plane. Its broadbandperformance, in principle, is limited by its patternperformance, so that the pattern is ideal in frequenciesclose to݂ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and 2݂ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 and in the frequencies of 3݂ 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 andmore, the pattern of the antenna will be non-ideal, but a 3:1 antenna can be designed [10-7] and due to the limitedoperating frequency of this research, we use the antenna inthis dissertation. For designing an antenna with suitablegain, we design the antenna in transmission mode andcalculate its gain.Table 3. The general specifications of bow tie antenna [1]Maximum-Minimum-4.5 dBi3:11 dBi1.5:1TypicalLinearOmnidirectionalin a plane4 GainPerformancebandwidthComplexityAccording to what was mentioned, as shown below, wedesign an antenna with flare angle of 60 degrees, 3.17 mmarm's length, feed gap distance of 83 micrometers, andfeed width of 100 micrometers that the results of thesimulations are as below.Fig.15 View of the bow designed in the first stageTable 4. The specification of the designed bow tie in the first stageNameLaWfSfș IFig.14 Designed spiral pattern in the frequencies 30, 35 and 40 GHzDescriptionArm lengthFeed widthFeed gapFlare angleValue3.177 mm ȝP ȝP60 The pattern of the antenna in the frequency of 30 GHz, 35
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017GHz and 40 Ghz is in the form below:173The simulation results are matched with what wasmentioned in the theory, and this antenna, with thisspecification, has a good gain.SIS link dimensions are 40 micrometers in 40 micrometers,and according to the gap distance in the obtained design ofthese dimensions is smaller than the gap distance.Therefore, in the stimulations, we consider the limitationof the size and consider the gap distance 40 micrometers,and according to it, we perform the simulations that theantenna with the following characteristics is obtained.Fig.17 View of the designed bow ties in the second stageTable 5. The specification of the designed bow tie in the second stageNameLaWfSfș IDescriptionArm lengthFeed widthFeed gapFlare angleValue3.177 mm ȝP ȝP85 The pattern of the antenna in the frequency 30 GHz, 35GHz and 40 GHz are in the form below.Fig. 16 Bow tie pattern designed in the first stage at frequencies of 30, 35and 40 GHz
174IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017Figure 20 View of the designed bow tie, in the third stageThe pattern of the antenna in the frequency 30 GHz, 35GHz and 40 GHz are in the form below.Fig.18 The designed bow tie pattern, in the second stage, in thefrequencies of 30, 35 and 40 GHzAccording to imposing the limitations, the simulationresults are matched with what was said in theory, and thisantenna, with this specification, has a good gain.The location of the sample in Cryocooler system used totest the samples in 4 K as well as its Fixture structure,which can be seen in the following figure, determineslimitations for the sample size and the location of theconnectors 1.Figure 19 A view of the fixture structureDue to the limitations mentioned and considering that inthe simulation according to the figure? , the followingresults were obtained1 PadFigure 21 The designed bow tie pattern on the third stage at frequenciesof 30, 35 and 40 GHz
IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.17 No.11, November 2017As it is shown in the figure, the viewing angle hasdecreased in the frequency of 40 GHz, but given theproper gain, this problem can be ignored.6. ConclusionLogarithmic spiral antenna with dBi3-dBi4.75 gain wasdesigned and simulated at frequencies (40-30) GHz andthe gain can be matched with the values that werediscussed in theory, and, the antenna can be used.Bow tie antenna with the gain from dBi1.62 to dBi4.13was designed and simulated at frequencies (40-30) GHzand this gain can be matched with the values that werediscussed in theory, and the antenna can be used.6.1. The Future Suggestions- Given the wide frequency band of spiral antenna and theability to detect SIS link, in GHz frequencies, to the extent1000 GHz designing the SIS detector should be done inthis frequency range.- Analysis of analytical methods of transmission lines,antennas, filters and other microwave devices thatsuperconductors have been used in them rather than metal.This could, eventually, lead to an appropriate applicationfor analysis and the detailed design of the superconductingmicrowave devices.- Optimal design of a complete milimeter andsubmillimeter wave detector system of superconducting,such as different combinations in the configuration of adetector, integrated superconducting (ie series and parallelcombinations of SIS links).References[1] Ilari Khusheh Mehri, making the Salitani diode, MasterThesis, autumn 2010.[2] Kraus and Marfka, antenna, translator Mahmoud Diani,third edition, 2005.[3] David J. Griffiths. Introduction to Electrodynamics (2ndEdition). Prentice Hall ˬ1989.[4] Fixsen, D.J., Bennett, C.L and Mather, J.C., COBE FIRASOBSERVATIONS OF GALACTIC LINES, AstrophysicalJournal, 526, 207,1999.[5] J.D., Dyson, R. Bawer, P.E. Mayes, J.I. Wolfe,“A Note onthe Difference Between Equiangular and Archimedes SpiralAntennas (Correspondence) “IRE Transactions onmicrowave Theory and Techniques, vol. 9, pp. 203—205,March 1961.[6] K. L. Shlager, G. S. Smith, J.G. Maloney, “Optimization ofbow-tie antennas for pulse radiation”, IEEE Transactions onAntennas and Propagation,vol. 42, pp. 975—982, July 1994.[7] M. Bailey,” Broad-band half-wave dipole”, IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol 32, pp 410 –412, Apr 1984.175[8] Pieternel, F., Levelt, E., Hilsenrath, G.W,. Leppelmeier,C.H.J., Van den Oord, P.K., Bhartia, J., Tamminen, J.F., deHann, J.P and Veefkind, J.P., Science objectives of the ofthe ozone monitoring instrument.IEEE Trans. OnGeoscience And Remote Sensing.44, 1199, 2006.[9] Prof. Dr. Rudolf Gross andDr. Achim Marx ’’AppliedSuperconductivity:Josephson Effect and SuperconductingElectronics’’ Manuscript to the Lectures during WS2003/2004, WS 2005/2006, WS 2006/2007,WS 2007/2008,WS 2008/2009, and WS 2009/2010[10] R. C. Compton, R. C. McPhedran, Z. Popovic, G. M. Rebeiz,P. P. Tong and D. B. Rutledge, "Bow-tie antennas on adielectric half-space: theory and experiment", IEEETransactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 35, pp. 622– 631, June 1987.[11] Ronald G. Driggers,Introduction to Infrared and ElectroOptical Systems, Artech House,1998[12] Withington, S.,Terahertz astronomical telescopes andinstrumentation, Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A,362,395-402. 2004.[13] Woolard, D., Loerop,W and Shur,M.S and Editors,Terahertz Sensing Technology, Volumw II.EmerginingScientific Application and Novel Device Concepts, WorldScientific, ISBN 981-238-611-4. 2003.
750 . terahertz : Near ultraviolet radiation . NUV : 750 . terahertz : 400 . terahertz . 300 megahertz . Ultra-high frequency (microwave) UHF . 300 megahertz . 3 megahertz . High frequency (microwave) HF . 3 megahertz : 300 kilohertz . Medium frequency (microwave) MF . 300 kilohertz : 30 k
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